内战前美国黑人从事捕鲸业对废奴运动的影响
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摘要
捕鲸业是早期美国重要的经济产业,对美国发展起到了巨大作用,而黑人是美国捕鲸业繁荣发展的基础之一。布扎兹海湾地区的捕鲸港口深受贵格会废奴思想的影响,因此许多黑人以此作为重要目的地,捕鲸业则给予这些黑人自由和工作机会。黑人投身捕鲸业推动了捕鲸港口城市化,促进了美国捕鲸业的发展,最为重要的是,美国黑人从事捕鲸业对废奴运动的发展具有重要作用。首先,黑人从事捕鲸业赚取了大量财富,为参与废奴运动提供了物质基础;其次,黑人从事捕鲸业激发了黑人对平等权利的追求,为废奴运动提供了思想基础;最后,黑人从事捕鲸业引起了白人对黑人的同情和尊重,促使许多白人投身于废奴运动。
Whaling is an important economic industry in the early America,which has played a huge role in the development of the United States. Black is one of the foundations of the American whaling industry. Because of the influence of Quaker abolitionist thought,whaling port in Buzzards Bay became an important destination for slaves,and the whaling industry provided blacks with freedom and job opportunities. A large number of black people into the whaling industry had an important impact on the urbanization of whaling ports and the development of whaling in the United states at that time,but the most important is that black Americans engaged in whaling played an important role in the development of the abolition movement. First of all,black people engaged in whaling earned a lot of wealth,and provided a material basis for participating in the abolition movement. Secondly,the black people engaged in the whaling industry stimulated the pursuit of equal rights for blacks,and provided the ideological basis for the abolition movement. Finally,blacks engaged in the whaling industry aroused white sympathy and respect for blacks,prompting many whites to participate in the abolition movement.
Whaling is an important economic industry in the early America,which has played a huge role in the development of the United States. Black is one of the foundations of the American whaling industry. Because of the influence of Quaker abolitionist thought,whaling port in Buzzards Bay became an important destination for slaves,and the whaling industry provided blacks with freedom and job opportunities. A large number of black people into the whaling industry had an important impact on the urbanization of whaling ports and the development of whaling in the United states at that time,but the most important is that black Americans engaged in whaling played an important role in the development of the abolition movement. First of all,black people engaged in whaling earned a lot of wealth,and provided a material basis for participating in the abolition movement. Secondly,the black people engaged in the whaling industry stimulated the pursuit of equal rights for blacks,and provided the ideological basis for the abolition movement. Finally,blacks engaged in the whaling industry aroused white sympathy and respect for blacks,prompting many whites to participate in the abolition movement.
引文
(1)Richard Ellis,Men and Whales,New York:Alfred A.Knopf,1991,pp.42-47.
(2)鲸须可以做成裙子、骑士头盔的装饰物和刷子毛;鲸鱼的椎骨和肋骨可以做成椅子或者篱笆;珍贵的舌头献给牧师或者王室成员;鲸鱼的粪便则是纺织物的红色染剂;鲸油主要用作灯油,制成奶油、肥皂,也可以与焦油、麻絮混合在一起填补船缝,清洁粗糙羊毛制成的衣服。具体参考Selma Huxley Barkham,“The Basque Whaling Establishments in Labrador 1536-1632-A Summary”,Arctic,vol.37,No.4,1984,p.518.
(3)详情参见James Rosier,Prosperous Voyage,Readex Microprint Corp.,Reprint edition,1966.
(4)这得益于新英格兰地区沿岸的鲸鱼数量充足,据早期文献记载,鲸鱼数量多到甚至给船只航行带来了巨大的困难,详情参见William Bradford and Edward Winslow,Mourt's Relation or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth,Henry Martyn Dexter,Ed.,Boston:J.K.Wiggin,1865,p.4.
(5)James Freeman Clarke,Present Condition of the Free Colored People of the United States,New York:American Anti-slavery Society,1859,pp.16.
(1)James Farr,“A Slow Boat to Nowhere:The Multi-racial Crews of the American Whaling Industry”(Journal of Negro History,vol.68,No.2,1983)作者对捕鲸船上工作的黑人进行了详细的论述,但是疏于对黑人船员从事捕鲸业原因的阐述;Martha S.Putney,Black Sailors:Afro-American Merchant Seamen and Whalemen Prior to the Civil War(Greenwood Press,1987)及W.Jeffrey Bolster,Black Jacks:African American Seamen in the Age of Sail(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1997)两书对美国商船、渔船中的黑人船员进行了详细的介绍,是了解美国黑人船员海上生活、工作的重要著作,但是囿于著作主题,对从事捕鲸业的黑人船员介绍有限;Kathryn Grover,Fugitive Slave Traffic and the Maritime World of New Bedford(New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park and the Boston Support Office of the National Park Service,1998)一书介绍了美国黑人逃亡至新贝德福德的过程,缺乏对黑人从事捕鲸业影响的研究。
(2)[美]乔安妮·格兰特编:《美国黑人斗争史:1619至今的历史、文献与分析》,郭瀛等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987年,第76页。
(3)Acts and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina,Passed in December,1822,pp.11-14.
(4)Acts of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia,Passed in Dec,1829,pp.168-171;Acts of the Legislative Council of the Territory of Florida,Passed in 1832,pp.143-145;Acts Passed at the Annual Session of the General Assembly of the State of Alabama,Passed in1838,pp.134-136;Acts Passed at the Second Session of the Fifteenth Legislature of the State of Louisiana,Passed in Dec,1841,pp.308-318;Laws of the State of Mississippi,Passed at a Regular Biennial Session of the Legislature,Passed in 1842,pp.65-71;General Laws of the Sixth Legislature of the State of Texas,Passed at Its Adjourned Session,Passed in July,1856,pp.48-49;Acts Passed by the General Assembly of the State of North Carolina at the Session of 1830-1,pp.29-31.
(1)详情参阅W.Jeffrey Bolster,Black Jacks:African American Seamen in the Age of Sail,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1997,p.197.
(2)“地下铁路”是帮助黑人逃离美国奴隶制的运动,目的是从南部蓄奴州逃至北部自由州或加拿大,逃亡路线主要分为陆地和海上两条路线。陆地路线主要由肯塔基、田纳西等蓄奴州经由俄亥俄州、印第安纳州穿过五大湖区前往加拿大;另一条路线则由弗吉尼亚州、北卡罗来纳州的港口由海上抵达费城或马萨诸塞州,再由此前往北方。
(3)决议内容参见[美]乔安妮·格兰特编:《美国黑人斗争史:1619至今的历史、文献与分析》,郭瀛等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987年,第22页。
(4)Sir Reginald Coupland,The British Anti-Slavery Movement,Frank Cass&Co.Ltd.,London,1964,p.42.
(5)布扎兹海湾地区的清教势力薄弱主要有两方面原因:其一,楠塔基特、达特茅斯等地区距北美清教中心普利茅斯较远,不易掌控;其二,北美地区的清教神父谴责1675年菲利普王战争中达特茅斯地区对宗教活动的荒废以及镇中居民分散式的居住方式,因此清教不再派遣任何牧师前往达特茅斯。详情参阅Leonard Bolles Ellis,History of New Bedford and its Vicinity,1602-1892,New York:D.Mason&Co.,Publishers,1892,p.34.
(6)Massachusetts Historical Commission,Historic&Archaeological Resources of Southeast Massachusetts,2007,p.64.
(7)(8)Leonard Bolles Ellis,History of New Bedford and its Vicinity,1602-1892,New York:D.Mason&Co.,Publishers,1892,p.31、276-277.
(9)Daniel Ricketson,The History of New Bedford,Bristol County,Massachusetts:Including a History of the Old Township of Dartmouth and the Present Townships of Westport,Dartmouth,and Fairhaven,from Their Settlement to the Present Time,New Bedford:Published by the Author,1858,p.252.
(1)Robert C.Hayden,African-Americans&Cape Verdean-Americans in New Bedford:A History of Community and Achievement,Boston:Select Publications,1993,p.29.
(2)Leonard Bolles Ellis,History of New Bedford and its Vicinity,1602-1892,New York:D.Mason&Co.,Publishers,1892,p.306.
(3)Obed Macy,The History of Nantucket,Boston:Hilliard,Gray,and Co.,1835,p.138.
(4)Jessie Chickering,A Statistical View of the Population of Massachusetts,1765-1840,Boston:C.C.Little&J.Brown,1846,pp.120,33.
(5)Jessie Chickering,A Statistical View of the Population of Massachusetts,1765-1840,Boston:C.C.Little&J.Brown,1846,pp.119,30.
(6)John Hayward,Gazetteer of Massachusetts,Containing Descriptions of All the Counties,Towns and Districts in the Commonwealth,Also,of Its Principal Mountains,Rivers,Capes,Bays,Harbors,Islands,and Fashionable Resorts;To Which Are Added,Statistical Accounts of Its Agriculture,Commerce and Manufactures;with a Great Variety of Other Useful Information,Boston:Published by John O.Jewett&Co.,Revised Edition,1849,p.214.
(7)American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society,The Thirteenth Annual Report,May 11,1853,New York:Lewis J.Bates,p.143.
(1)“Free Negroes and Mulattoes”,A Report of the Massachusetts'House of Representatives,Boston:True&Green,1821,p.18.
(2)William Bradford and Edward Winslow,Mourt's Relation or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth,Henry Martyn Dexter,ed.,Boston:J.K.Wiggin,1865,pp.46-47.记载了印第安人处理鲸鱼的相关信息。
(3)印第安人出售土地是具有附加条件的,即:印第安人有权利获得搁浅鲸鱼的一部分组织。例如鲸鱼鳍,因为这是宗教仪式所需要的。
(4)James Truslow Adams,History of the Town of Southampton,New York:Ira J.Friedman,Inc.,1962,p.230.
(5)Richard C.Kugler,“The Whale Oil Trade,1750-1775.”In Seafaring in Colonial Massachusetts,Boston:Colonial Society of Massachusetts,1980,p.156.
(6)新英格兰地区从事捕鲸业的印第安人以瓦帕浓人(Wampanoag)为主。
(7)Wampanoag History:http://www.tolatsga.org/wampa.html,2017.02.24.
(8)Obed Macy,The History of Nantucket,Boston:Hilliard,Gray,and Co.,1835,pp.45-46.
(9)Nathaniel Philbrick,“‘I Will Take to the Water’:Frederick Douglass,the Sea,and the Nantucket Whale Fishery”,Historic Nantucket,vol.40,No.3,1992,p.51.
(10)Whalemen's Shipping List and Merchants'Transcript,1843-1914,April 6,1852,New Bedford,Mass.,Weekly,New Haven:Microfilmed by Opus Publications.
(1)Charles Nordhoff,Whaling and Fishing,New York:Dodd,Mead&Co.,1895,p.12.
(2)Jessie Chickering,A Statistical View of the Population of Massachusetts,1765-1840,Boston:C.C.Little&J.Brown,1846,pp.113-120.
(3)在楠塔基特,黑人在当地南部建造了许多房屋,定居下来,这一地区被称作新几内亚。详情参阅Obed Macy,The History of Nantucket,Boston:Hilliard,Gray,and Co.,1835,p.138.
(4)“Notes on Nantucket,August 1807”,Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society,2nd ser.,3,Boston:Charles C.Little&James Brown,1846,p.29.
(5)Lance E.Davis,Robert E.Gallman,and Karin Gleiter,In Pursuit of Leviathan:Technology,Institutions,Productivity,and profits in American whaling,1816-1906,Chicago:the University of Chicago Press,1997,p.38.
(6)该数据为1840-1858年新贝德福德出港捕鲸船只各职业分红平均值。数据源于Lance E.Davis,Robert E.Gallman,and Karin Gleiter,In Pursuit of Leviathan:Technology,Institutions,Productivity,and profits in American whaling,1816-1906,Chicago:the university of Chicago Press,1997,p.169.
(7)Stanley Lebergot,t“Wage Trends,1800-1900”,in Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century,Princeton University Press,1960,p.483.
(8)Martha S.Putney,Black Sailors:Afro-American Merchant Seamen and Whalemen Prior to the Civil War,Greenwood Press,1987,p.83.
(1)Frederick Douglass,Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,an American Slave,Boston:the Anti-Slavery Office,No.25 Cornhill,1845,p.63.
(2)“Notes on Nantucket,August 1807”,Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society,2ndser.,3,Boston:Charles C.Little&James Brown,1846,p.30.
(3)捕鲸船名单为New London,Connecticut-1840:Rebecca Groves;1841:Connecticut,Palladian;1842:Candace,Charles Henry,Columbus,Armata,Indian Chief,Black Warrior,Tenedos,Robert Bowne,North America,Commodore Perry,Superior,Mogul,Helvetia;1843:Friends,General Williams,White Oak,Electra,Palladium,New England,Hannibal,Connecticut,Pembroke;1844:Jason,Charles Carroll,Betsy;Vessels from Fall River,Massachusetts-1841:Rowena;1844,Elizabeth;1846,Leonidas;1852,D.W.Hall;1853,Ariel.Crew Lists and Shipping Articles,RG 36,NA,Boston Branch.Sag Harbor,New York-1837,Hudson.Log of Hudson,Log212,MSM.From Providence-1843,Bowditch.Crew List and Articles of Bowditch,Manuscript Collection,RIHS=Rhode Island Historical Society,Providence.
(4)“Coloured Sailors'Home”,Quarterly Report,January 1858,American Seamen's Friend Society Papers,Folder 2,Box 2,Collection158,G.W.Blount-White Library,Mystic Seaport Museum,Mystic,Connecticut.
(1)Martha S.Putney,Black Sailors:Afro-American Merchant Seamen and Whalemen Prior to the Civil War,Greenwood Press,1987,p.52.
(2)The Survey of Federal Archives,Division of Professional and Service Projects,Work Projects Administration,Ship Registers of New Bedford,Massachusetts,vol.1,1796-1850,Boston:the National Archives Project,1940,p.147,268,pp.310-311,p.144.
(3)John Hope Franklin,From Slavery to Freedom:A History of Negro Americans,New York:Alfred A.Knopf;5th Edition,1980,pp.108-109.
(4)新贝德福德市博物馆中存有捕鲸船员档案,内有对黑人船员称呼的列述,可查阅“船员信息检索”(CREW INFORMATIONSEARCH)条目http://www.newbedford-ma.gov/library/whaling-archives/
(5)J.Ross Browne,Etchings of a Whaling Cruise,Cambridge:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,Reprint,1968,p.108.
(6)John Thompson,The life of John Thompson,a Fugitive Slave;Containing His History of 25 Years in Bondage,and His Providential Escape,Worcester,1856,pp.107-111.
(1)《解放者报》,1831年创建于波士顿,该报主张废奴主义,对宣传废奴思想具有重要作用。
(2)Liberator,March 8,1834;June 7,1834;September 10,1834;March 29,1839.
(2)鲸须可以做成裙子、骑士头盔的装饰物和刷子毛;鲸鱼的椎骨和肋骨可以做成椅子或者篱笆;珍贵的舌头献给牧师或者王室成员;鲸鱼的粪便则是纺织物的红色染剂;鲸油主要用作灯油,制成奶油、肥皂,也可以与焦油、麻絮混合在一起填补船缝,清洁粗糙羊毛制成的衣服。具体参考Selma Huxley Barkham,“The Basque Whaling Establishments in Labrador 1536-1632-A Summary”,Arctic,vol.37,No.4,1984,p.518.
(3)详情参见James Rosier,Prosperous Voyage,Readex Microprint Corp.,Reprint edition,1966.
(4)这得益于新英格兰地区沿岸的鲸鱼数量充足,据早期文献记载,鲸鱼数量多到甚至给船只航行带来了巨大的困难,详情参见William Bradford and Edward Winslow,Mourt's Relation or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth,Henry Martyn Dexter,Ed.,Boston:J.K.Wiggin,1865,p.4.
(5)James Freeman Clarke,Present Condition of the Free Colored People of the United States,New York:American Anti-slavery Society,1859,pp.16.
(1)James Farr,“A Slow Boat to Nowhere:The Multi-racial Crews of the American Whaling Industry”(Journal of Negro History,vol.68,No.2,1983)作者对捕鲸船上工作的黑人进行了详细的论述,但是疏于对黑人船员从事捕鲸业原因的阐述;Martha S.Putney,Black Sailors:Afro-American Merchant Seamen and Whalemen Prior to the Civil War(Greenwood Press,1987)及W.Jeffrey Bolster,Black Jacks:African American Seamen in the Age of Sail(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1997)两书对美国商船、渔船中的黑人船员进行了详细的介绍,是了解美国黑人船员海上生活、工作的重要著作,但是囿于著作主题,对从事捕鲸业的黑人船员介绍有限;Kathryn Grover,Fugitive Slave Traffic and the Maritime World of New Bedford(New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park and the Boston Support Office of the National Park Service,1998)一书介绍了美国黑人逃亡至新贝德福德的过程,缺乏对黑人从事捕鲸业影响的研究。
(2)[美]乔安妮·格兰特编:《美国黑人斗争史:1619至今的历史、文献与分析》,郭瀛等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987年,第76页。
(3)Acts and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina,Passed in December,1822,pp.11-14.
(4)Acts of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia,Passed in Dec,1829,pp.168-171;Acts of the Legislative Council of the Territory of Florida,Passed in 1832,pp.143-145;Acts Passed at the Annual Session of the General Assembly of the State of Alabama,Passed in1838,pp.134-136;Acts Passed at the Second Session of the Fifteenth Legislature of the State of Louisiana,Passed in Dec,1841,pp.308-318;Laws of the State of Mississippi,Passed at a Regular Biennial Session of the Legislature,Passed in 1842,pp.65-71;General Laws of the Sixth Legislature of the State of Texas,Passed at Its Adjourned Session,Passed in July,1856,pp.48-49;Acts Passed by the General Assembly of the State of North Carolina at the Session of 1830-1,pp.29-31.
(1)详情参阅W.Jeffrey Bolster,Black Jacks:African American Seamen in the Age of Sail,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1997,p.197.
(2)“地下铁路”是帮助黑人逃离美国奴隶制的运动,目的是从南部蓄奴州逃至北部自由州或加拿大,逃亡路线主要分为陆地和海上两条路线。陆地路线主要由肯塔基、田纳西等蓄奴州经由俄亥俄州、印第安纳州穿过五大湖区前往加拿大;另一条路线则由弗吉尼亚州、北卡罗来纳州的港口由海上抵达费城或马萨诸塞州,再由此前往北方。
(3)决议内容参见[美]乔安妮·格兰特编:《美国黑人斗争史:1619至今的历史、文献与分析》,郭瀛等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987年,第22页。
(4)Sir Reginald Coupland,The British Anti-Slavery Movement,Frank Cass&Co.Ltd.,London,1964,p.42.
(5)布扎兹海湾地区的清教势力薄弱主要有两方面原因:其一,楠塔基特、达特茅斯等地区距北美清教中心普利茅斯较远,不易掌控;其二,北美地区的清教神父谴责1675年菲利普王战争中达特茅斯地区对宗教活动的荒废以及镇中居民分散式的居住方式,因此清教不再派遣任何牧师前往达特茅斯。详情参阅Leonard Bolles Ellis,History of New Bedford and its Vicinity,1602-1892,New York:D.Mason&Co.,Publishers,1892,p.34.
(6)Massachusetts Historical Commission,Historic&Archaeological Resources of Southeast Massachusetts,2007,p.64.
(7)(8)Leonard Bolles Ellis,History of New Bedford and its Vicinity,1602-1892,New York:D.Mason&Co.,Publishers,1892,p.31、276-277.
(9)Daniel Ricketson,The History of New Bedford,Bristol County,Massachusetts:Including a History of the Old Township of Dartmouth and the Present Townships of Westport,Dartmouth,and Fairhaven,from Their Settlement to the Present Time,New Bedford:Published by the Author,1858,p.252.
(1)Robert C.Hayden,African-Americans&Cape Verdean-Americans in New Bedford:A History of Community and Achievement,Boston:Select Publications,1993,p.29.
(2)Leonard Bolles Ellis,History of New Bedford and its Vicinity,1602-1892,New York:D.Mason&Co.,Publishers,1892,p.306.
(3)Obed Macy,The History of Nantucket,Boston:Hilliard,Gray,and Co.,1835,p.138.
(4)Jessie Chickering,A Statistical View of the Population of Massachusetts,1765-1840,Boston:C.C.Little&J.Brown,1846,pp.120,33.
(5)Jessie Chickering,A Statistical View of the Population of Massachusetts,1765-1840,Boston:C.C.Little&J.Brown,1846,pp.119,30.
(6)John Hayward,Gazetteer of Massachusetts,Containing Descriptions of All the Counties,Towns and Districts in the Commonwealth,Also,of Its Principal Mountains,Rivers,Capes,Bays,Harbors,Islands,and Fashionable Resorts;To Which Are Added,Statistical Accounts of Its Agriculture,Commerce and Manufactures;with a Great Variety of Other Useful Information,Boston:Published by John O.Jewett&Co.,Revised Edition,1849,p.214.
(7)American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society,The Thirteenth Annual Report,May 11,1853,New York:Lewis J.Bates,p.143.
(1)“Free Negroes and Mulattoes”,A Report of the Massachusetts'House of Representatives,Boston:True&Green,1821,p.18.
(2)William Bradford and Edward Winslow,Mourt's Relation or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth,Henry Martyn Dexter,ed.,Boston:J.K.Wiggin,1865,pp.46-47.记载了印第安人处理鲸鱼的相关信息。
(3)印第安人出售土地是具有附加条件的,即:印第安人有权利获得搁浅鲸鱼的一部分组织。例如鲸鱼鳍,因为这是宗教仪式所需要的。
(4)James Truslow Adams,History of the Town of Southampton,New York:Ira J.Friedman,Inc.,1962,p.230.
(5)Richard C.Kugler,“The Whale Oil Trade,1750-1775.”In Seafaring in Colonial Massachusetts,Boston:Colonial Society of Massachusetts,1980,p.156.
(6)新英格兰地区从事捕鲸业的印第安人以瓦帕浓人(Wampanoag)为主。
(7)Wampanoag History:http://www.tolatsga.org/wampa.html,2017.02.24.
(8)Obed Macy,The History of Nantucket,Boston:Hilliard,Gray,and Co.,1835,pp.45-46.
(9)Nathaniel Philbrick,“‘I Will Take to the Water’:Frederick Douglass,the Sea,and the Nantucket Whale Fishery”,Historic Nantucket,vol.40,No.3,1992,p.51.
(10)Whalemen's Shipping List and Merchants'Transcript,1843-1914,April 6,1852,New Bedford,Mass.,Weekly,New Haven:Microfilmed by Opus Publications.
(1)Charles Nordhoff,Whaling and Fishing,New York:Dodd,Mead&Co.,1895,p.12.
(2)Jessie Chickering,A Statistical View of the Population of Massachusetts,1765-1840,Boston:C.C.Little&J.Brown,1846,pp.113-120.
(3)在楠塔基特,黑人在当地南部建造了许多房屋,定居下来,这一地区被称作新几内亚。详情参阅Obed Macy,The History of Nantucket,Boston:Hilliard,Gray,and Co.,1835,p.138.
(4)“Notes on Nantucket,August 1807”,Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society,2nd ser.,3,Boston:Charles C.Little&James Brown,1846,p.29.
(5)Lance E.Davis,Robert E.Gallman,and Karin Gleiter,In Pursuit of Leviathan:Technology,Institutions,Productivity,and profits in American whaling,1816-1906,Chicago:the University of Chicago Press,1997,p.38.
(6)该数据为1840-1858年新贝德福德出港捕鲸船只各职业分红平均值。数据源于Lance E.Davis,Robert E.Gallman,and Karin Gleiter,In Pursuit of Leviathan:Technology,Institutions,Productivity,and profits in American whaling,1816-1906,Chicago:the university of Chicago Press,1997,p.169.
(7)Stanley Lebergot,t“Wage Trends,1800-1900”,in Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century,Princeton University Press,1960,p.483.
(8)Martha S.Putney,Black Sailors:Afro-American Merchant Seamen and Whalemen Prior to the Civil War,Greenwood Press,1987,p.83.
(1)Frederick Douglass,Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,an American Slave,Boston:the Anti-Slavery Office,No.25 Cornhill,1845,p.63.
(2)“Notes on Nantucket,August 1807”,Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society,2ndser.,3,Boston:Charles C.Little&James Brown,1846,p.30.
(3)捕鲸船名单为New London,Connecticut-1840:Rebecca Groves;1841:Connecticut,Palladian;1842:Candace,Charles Henry,Columbus,Armata,Indian Chief,Black Warrior,Tenedos,Robert Bowne,North America,Commodore Perry,Superior,Mogul,Helvetia;1843:Friends,General Williams,White Oak,Electra,Palladium,New England,Hannibal,Connecticut,Pembroke;1844:Jason,Charles Carroll,Betsy;Vessels from Fall River,Massachusetts-1841:Rowena;1844,Elizabeth;1846,Leonidas;1852,D.W.Hall;1853,Ariel.Crew Lists and Shipping Articles,RG 36,NA,Boston Branch.Sag Harbor,New York-1837,Hudson.Log of Hudson,Log212,MSM.From Providence-1843,Bowditch.Crew List and Articles of Bowditch,Manuscript Collection,RIHS=Rhode Island Historical Society,Providence.
(4)“Coloured Sailors'Home”,Quarterly Report,January 1858,American Seamen's Friend Society Papers,Folder 2,Box 2,Collection158,G.W.Blount-White Library,Mystic Seaport Museum,Mystic,Connecticut.
(1)Martha S.Putney,Black Sailors:Afro-American Merchant Seamen and Whalemen Prior to the Civil War,Greenwood Press,1987,p.52.
(2)The Survey of Federal Archives,Division of Professional and Service Projects,Work Projects Administration,Ship Registers of New Bedford,Massachusetts,vol.1,1796-1850,Boston:the National Archives Project,1940,p.147,268,pp.310-311,p.144.
(3)John Hope Franklin,From Slavery to Freedom:A History of Negro Americans,New York:Alfred A.Knopf;5th Edition,1980,pp.108-109.
(4)新贝德福德市博物馆中存有捕鲸船员档案,内有对黑人船员称呼的列述,可查阅“船员信息检索”(CREW INFORMATIONSEARCH)条目http://www.newbedford-ma.gov/library/whaling-archives/
(5)J.Ross Browne,Etchings of a Whaling Cruise,Cambridge:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,Reprint,1968,p.108.
(6)John Thompson,The life of John Thompson,a Fugitive Slave;Containing His History of 25 Years in Bondage,and His Providential Escape,Worcester,1856,pp.107-111.
(1)《解放者报》,1831年创建于波士顿,该报主张废奴主义,对宣传废奴思想具有重要作用。
(2)Liberator,March 8,1834;June 7,1834;September 10,1834;March 29,1839.