十七至十八世纪英属大西洋世界的奴隶制度与废奴运动
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摘要
17-18世纪英属大西洋世界的奴隶制表现出很强的跨地区特征。它是英国强迫无业游民劳动的高压政策和对强制劳工的鄙视、西非将奴隶视为财富的习俗、以及白人对黑人的种族主义歧视三者相互结合的产物。无论是黑人的反抗运动还是白人的废奴运动,都无法废除奴隶制,只有通过跨种族的合作,进行世界范围的努力才有可能实现废奴目标。对于这样从诞生、发展到灭亡都表现出强烈跨国、跨地区和跨种族色彩的制度,也许通过地区史的视角才能对它有更加全面的了解。
Slavery in British Atlantic World in 17~(th)-18~(th) century had strong trans-regional characteristic.It was the product of three factors' interaction,that is,British coercion policy to force the loafer to work and its disdain to coercion labor, western African custom seeing slaves as wealth, and white man's racial discrimination to black man. Black man's resistance and white man's anti-slavery movement cannot achieve their goals,only the cooperation of trans-race and world-wide movement can abolish the slavery. To this kind of system that appeared strong trans-national,trans-regional and trans-racial characteristic in its origin,development and extinction,perhaps only through the angle of regional history can we understand it more comprehensively.
Slavery in British Atlantic World in 17~(th)-18~(th) century had strong trans-regional characteristic.It was the product of three factors' interaction,that is,British coercion policy to force the loafer to work and its disdain to coercion labor, western African custom seeing slaves as wealth, and white man's racial discrimination to black man. Black man's resistance and white man's anti-slavery movement cannot achieve their goals,only the cooperation of trans-race and world-wide movement can abolish the slavery. To this kind of system that appeared strong trans-national,trans-regional and trans-racial characteristic in its origin,development and extinction,perhaps only through the angle of regional history can we understand it more comprehensively.
引文
[1]国内学者在奴隶制度上进行的研究起步并不晚,1981年,刘祚昌先生就在《史学月刊》上发表过《美国奴隶制度的起源》一文。但此后国内学者对奴隶制度的研究步伐开始放慢,他们研究最多的是美国的奴隶制度,而且通常是把它作为美国内战的背景来考察。比如刘绪贻的《美国内战和镀金年代》等。何顺果的《美国“棉花王国”史》探讨了内战前美国奴隶制的性质和特点,但他的目光仍然局限于美国国内,没有从整个英属大西洋世界相互影响的角度来考察奴隶制。在废奴运动方面国内学者的研究成果相对而言较为丰富。如张旭、陈晓律的《英国大众废奴运动的兴起:社会运动的视角》考察了英国废奴运动作为一种群众性社会运动兴起的社会背景、动员方式和斗争方式。河南大学苏世强和华东师范大学迟小蒙的硕士论文从不同视角考察了英国的废奴运动。东北师范大学赵文器和云南大学柴文吉的硕士论文探讨了宗教在美国废奴运动中的影响。这表明在我国对于英美废奴运动的研究已经日益引起人们关注。
[2]国外学者日益开始从跨国、跨地区史的角度来研究大西洋奴隶制和废奴运动的发展,这方面的成果主要包括:克莱尔·泰勒主编的《英国和美国的废奴主义者:跨越大西洋的理解》收录了当时英美废奴主义者之间的来往信件,展现了英美废奴主义者之间的合作与分歧。西蒙·P·纽曼的《一个新的劳工世界:英属大西洋种植园奴隶制的发展》分析了英国本土、英属西非以及英属美洲的强迫劳动制度是如何相互融合,最终形成英属大西洋世界奴隶制特点的。吉拉尔德·霍恩的《1776年的反革命:奴隶反抗与美国的起源》则考察了奴隶的反抗运动给大西洋地区的奴隶制度造成了什么样的影响。克里斯托弗·莱斯利·布朗的《道义资本:英国废奴主义的基础》则研究了废奴运动是怎样利用“自由”话语占据道德制高点,从小规模的慈善运动发展为群众性社会运动的。
[3]从地理上说,英属大西洋世界指的是英国统治下的大西洋沿海地区及岛屿,包括英国本土、英国在西非为奴隶贸易建立的定居点,以及英国在加勒比海和北美大陆上的殖民地。
[4]R.S.Schofield,The Population History of England,1541~1871:A Reconstruction[M].Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1981.
[5]“Certaine Propositions for the better accommodating ye Foreigne Plantations with Servants reported from the Committee to the Councell of Foreign Plantations”(1664),Papers Relating to English Colonies in America and the West Indies,1627~1699[M].Egerton 2395,British Library Manuscripts Collection.
[6]Simon P.Newman,A New World of Labor,the Development of Plantation Slavery in British Atlantic[M].Philadelphia,PA:University of Pennsylvania Press,2013.
[7]Henry Whistle,“A Journall of a voyadg from Stokes Bay and Intended by Gods assistance for the West Inga:and performed by the Right Honorable Generall Penn:Admirall:As folowes.Taken by Mr.Henry Whistler,1654,”[J].Sloane Ms.3926,Manuscripts Collection,British Library.
[8]Marcellus Rivers and Oxenbridge Foyle,England's slavery,or Barbados merchandize;represented in a petition to the high court of Parliament,by Marcellus Rivers and Oxenbridge Foyle gentlemen,on behalf of themselves and three-score and ten more free-born Englishmen sold(uncondemned)into slavery:together with letters written to some honourable members of Parliament[M].London,1659.
[9]Hume Brown,ed.,The Register of the Privy Council of Scotland[M].Vol.3,Glasgow:James Hedderwick and Sons,1908,3rd ser.
[10]Richard Ligon,A True&Exact History of the Island of Barbados.Illustrated with a Mapp of the Island,as also the Principall Trees and Plants there,set forth in their due Proportions and Shapes,drawne out by their severall and respective Scales.Together with the Ingenio that makes the Sugar,with the Plots of the severall Houses,and other places,that are used in the whole process of Sugar-making,viz,the Boyling-room,the Filling-room,the Cruing-house,Still-house,and Furnaces;All cut in Copper[M].London:for Humphrey Moseley,1657.
[11]David Brion Davis,Inhuman Bondage,the Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World[M].New York,NY:Oxford University Press,2006.
[12]Roge Coke,A Discourse of Trade[M].London,1670.
[13]摘自David Eltis et al.,Voyages:The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database,http://www.slavevoyage.org/tast/assessment/estimates.faces,2012-05-27.
[14]Steven Deyle,“‘By Farr the Most Profitable Trade’:Slave Trading in British Colonial North America”,in Patrick Manninng,ed.,Slave Trades,1500~1800:Colonization of Forced Labor[M].Brulington,VT:Ashgate Publishing Company,2014.
[15]“An Act for the Better Ordering and Governing of Negroes”,27 September 1661,Records of the Colonial Office and Predecessors,Barbados Acts,National Archives,CO 30/2.
[16]Thomas Jefferson,Notes on the State of Virginia,in Willie Lee Rose,ed.,A Documentary History of Slavery in North America[M].New York,NY:Oxford University Press,1976
[17]Edward Littleton,The Groans of the Plantations;or,ATrue Account of Their Grievous and Extreme Sufferings by the Heavy Impositions upon Sugar and Other Hardships Relating More Particularly to the Island of Barbados[M].London:Clark,1689,Huntington Library.
[18]Minutes of Council in Assembly and Minutes of the House of Burgesses,Folder 179,Daniel Parish Slavery Transcripts.
[19]Gerald Horne,The Counter-Revolution of 1776,Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America[M].New York,NY:New York University Press,2014.
[20]Governor Robert Dinwiddie to Board of Trade,29 April1740,in Robert Dinwiddie,The Official Records of Robert Dinwiddie[M].Vol.1,Whitefish,MT:Kessinger Publisher,2006.
[21]Thomas Gage,A New Survey of the West Indies,London:Clark,1699.
[22]James Oglethorpe to Trustees,16 January 1739,in Mills Lane,ed.,General Oglethorpe's Georgia:Colonial Letters,1733-1743,Vol.2,Savannah,Georgia:Beehive,1990.
[23]Legislation,1702,“Miscellaneous Papers”,Daniel Parish Slavery Transcripts.
[24]甘蔗的生长期长达18个月,而且无论是种植、收割还是压榨和精炼都需要大量的劳动人手。
[25]Abigail L.Swingen,Competing Vision of Empire:Labor,Slavery and the Origin of British Atlantic Empire[M].New Heaven,CT:Yale University Press,2015.
[26]Report,26 January 1736,Folder 90,Daniel Parish Slavery Transcripts
[27]Journals and Letters of Eliza Lucas,no city:Wormsloe,1850,Cleveland Public Library.
[28]Boston Evening-Post[N].March 10,1755.
[29]New York Gazette[N].February 10,1775.
[30]Sir William Beeston to Sir John Trenchard,23 June1694,TNA CO138/7,pp.192~196;“A Narrative by Sir William Beeston of the Descent on Jamaica by the French”,23 June 1694,BL Add MS 12430,fols.4~13
[31]“Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives,[13]January 1777”(manuscript copy).Collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
[32]Richard S.Newman,The Transformation of American Abolitionism:Fighting Slavery in the Early Republic[M].Chapel Hill,NC:the University of North Carolina Press,2002.
[33]Christopher Leslie Brown,Moral Capital:The Foundation of British Abolitionism[M].Chapel Hill,NC.:the University of North Carolina Press,2006.
[34]John Huddleston Wynne,A General History of the British Empire in America:Containing,an Historical,Political,and Commercial View of the English Settlement;Including All the Countries in NorthAmerica,and the West-Indies,Ceded by the Peace of Paris[M].Vol.2,London,1770.
[35]John Wesley,Thoughts upon Slavery[M].3rd.ed.London,1774.
[36]这方面的相关叙述,见Bryccan Carey,British Abolitionism and the Rhetoric of Sensibility,Writing,Sentiment,and Slavery,1760~1807[M].New York,NY:Palgrave Macmillan,2006.
[37]Thomas Day,The Dying Negro,a Poetical Epistle from a Black,Who Shot Himself an Board a Vessel in the River Thames,to His Intended Wife[M].2nd ed.London,1774.
[38]英国废奴运动中的一个重要案件。萨默塞特是一个英国海关官员的黑奴,1769年他随主人来到英国之后试图逃跑,但被主人抓回。英国废奴主义者格伦维尔·夏普得知此事后,以萨默塞特的名义向英国王室法庭提出起诉。1772年大法官曼斯菲尔德勋爵判决萨默塞特应该获释。该案件往往被视为英国承认奴隶制为非法的标志。
[39]Ambrose Serle,Americans against Liberty;or,an Essay on the Nature and Principles of True Freedom Shewing That the Designs and Conduct of the Americans Tend Only to Tyranny and Slavery[M].London,1775.
[40]Ambrose Serle,Americans against Liberty;or,an Essay on the Nature and Principles of True Freedom Shewing That the Designs and Conduct of the Americans Tend Only to Tyranny and Slavery[M].London,1775.
[41]New London Gazette[N].August 10,1770.
[42]London Chronicle[N].June 20,1772.
[43]“The Somersett Case and the Slave Trade”,London Chornicle,June 18~20,1773,in Leonard W.Labaree et al.eds.,The Papers of Benjamin Franklin[M].Vol.19,New Haven,Connecticut,1959~.
[44]Maurice Morgan,Plan for the Abolition of Slavery in the West Indies[M].London,1772.
[45]Edmund Burke,“Sketch of a Negro Code”,in Paul Langford and P.J.Marshall,The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke[M].Vol.3,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015.
[46]支持受难者会议是当地贵格教徒年会的执行委员会。
[47]Society of Friends,London Meeting for Sufferings,The Case of Our Fellow-Creatures,the Oppressed Africans,Respectfully Recommended to the Serious Consideration of the Legislature of Great Britain,by the People Called Quakers[M].2nd ed.London
[48]Seymour Drescher,From Slavery to Freedom:Comparative Studies in the Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery[M].New York,NY:New York University Press,1999.
[49]Morning Post[N].15 March 1786.
[50]Henry Smeathman,Plan of a Settlement to Be Made near Sierra Leona,on the Grain Coast of Africa[M].London,1786.
[2]国外学者日益开始从跨国、跨地区史的角度来研究大西洋奴隶制和废奴运动的发展,这方面的成果主要包括:克莱尔·泰勒主编的《英国和美国的废奴主义者:跨越大西洋的理解》收录了当时英美废奴主义者之间的来往信件,展现了英美废奴主义者之间的合作与分歧。西蒙·P·纽曼的《一个新的劳工世界:英属大西洋种植园奴隶制的发展》分析了英国本土、英属西非以及英属美洲的强迫劳动制度是如何相互融合,最终形成英属大西洋世界奴隶制特点的。吉拉尔德·霍恩的《1776年的反革命:奴隶反抗与美国的起源》则考察了奴隶的反抗运动给大西洋地区的奴隶制度造成了什么样的影响。克里斯托弗·莱斯利·布朗的《道义资本:英国废奴主义的基础》则研究了废奴运动是怎样利用“自由”话语占据道德制高点,从小规模的慈善运动发展为群众性社会运动的。
[3]从地理上说,英属大西洋世界指的是英国统治下的大西洋沿海地区及岛屿,包括英国本土、英国在西非为奴隶贸易建立的定居点,以及英国在加勒比海和北美大陆上的殖民地。
[4]R.S.Schofield,The Population History of England,1541~1871:A Reconstruction[M].Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1981.
[5]“Certaine Propositions for the better accommodating ye Foreigne Plantations with Servants reported from the Committee to the Councell of Foreign Plantations”(1664),Papers Relating to English Colonies in America and the West Indies,1627~1699[M].Egerton 2395,British Library Manuscripts Collection.
[6]Simon P.Newman,A New World of Labor,the Development of Plantation Slavery in British Atlantic[M].Philadelphia,PA:University of Pennsylvania Press,2013.
[7]Henry Whistle,“A Journall of a voyadg from Stokes Bay and Intended by Gods assistance for the West Inga:and performed by the Right Honorable Generall Penn:Admirall:As folowes.Taken by Mr.Henry Whistler,1654,”[J].Sloane Ms.3926,Manuscripts Collection,British Library.
[8]Marcellus Rivers and Oxenbridge Foyle,England's slavery,or Barbados merchandize;represented in a petition to the high court of Parliament,by Marcellus Rivers and Oxenbridge Foyle gentlemen,on behalf of themselves and three-score and ten more free-born Englishmen sold(uncondemned)into slavery:together with letters written to some honourable members of Parliament[M].London,1659.
[9]Hume Brown,ed.,The Register of the Privy Council of Scotland[M].Vol.3,Glasgow:James Hedderwick and Sons,1908,3rd ser.
[10]Richard Ligon,A True&Exact History of the Island of Barbados.Illustrated with a Mapp of the Island,as also the Principall Trees and Plants there,set forth in their due Proportions and Shapes,drawne out by their severall and respective Scales.Together with the Ingenio that makes the Sugar,with the Plots of the severall Houses,and other places,that are used in the whole process of Sugar-making,viz,the Boyling-room,the Filling-room,the Cruing-house,Still-house,and Furnaces;All cut in Copper[M].London:for Humphrey Moseley,1657.
[11]David Brion Davis,Inhuman Bondage,the Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World[M].New York,NY:Oxford University Press,2006.
[12]Roge Coke,A Discourse of Trade[M].London,1670.
[13]摘自David Eltis et al.,Voyages:The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database,http://www.slavevoyage.org/tast/assessment/estimates.faces,2012-05-27.
[14]Steven Deyle,“‘By Farr the Most Profitable Trade’:Slave Trading in British Colonial North America”,in Patrick Manninng,ed.,Slave Trades,1500~1800:Colonization of Forced Labor[M].Brulington,VT:Ashgate Publishing Company,2014.
[15]“An Act for the Better Ordering and Governing of Negroes”,27 September 1661,Records of the Colonial Office and Predecessors,Barbados Acts,National Archives,CO 30/2.
[16]Thomas Jefferson,Notes on the State of Virginia,in Willie Lee Rose,ed.,A Documentary History of Slavery in North America[M].New York,NY:Oxford University Press,1976
[17]Edward Littleton,The Groans of the Plantations;or,ATrue Account of Their Grievous and Extreme Sufferings by the Heavy Impositions upon Sugar and Other Hardships Relating More Particularly to the Island of Barbados[M].London:Clark,1689,Huntington Library.
[18]Minutes of Council in Assembly and Minutes of the House of Burgesses,Folder 179,Daniel Parish Slavery Transcripts.
[19]Gerald Horne,The Counter-Revolution of 1776,Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America[M].New York,NY:New York University Press,2014.
[20]Governor Robert Dinwiddie to Board of Trade,29 April1740,in Robert Dinwiddie,The Official Records of Robert Dinwiddie[M].Vol.1,Whitefish,MT:Kessinger Publisher,2006.
[21]Thomas Gage,A New Survey of the West Indies,London:Clark,1699.
[22]James Oglethorpe to Trustees,16 January 1739,in Mills Lane,ed.,General Oglethorpe's Georgia:Colonial Letters,1733-1743,Vol.2,Savannah,Georgia:Beehive,1990.
[23]Legislation,1702,“Miscellaneous Papers”,Daniel Parish Slavery Transcripts.
[24]甘蔗的生长期长达18个月,而且无论是种植、收割还是压榨和精炼都需要大量的劳动人手。
[25]Abigail L.Swingen,Competing Vision of Empire:Labor,Slavery and the Origin of British Atlantic Empire[M].New Heaven,CT:Yale University Press,2015.
[26]Report,26 January 1736,Folder 90,Daniel Parish Slavery Transcripts
[27]Journals and Letters of Eliza Lucas,no city:Wormsloe,1850,Cleveland Public Library.
[28]Boston Evening-Post[N].March 10,1755.
[29]New York Gazette[N].February 10,1775.
[30]Sir William Beeston to Sir John Trenchard,23 June1694,TNA CO138/7,pp.192~196;“A Narrative by Sir William Beeston of the Descent on Jamaica by the French”,23 June 1694,BL Add MS 12430,fols.4~13
[31]“Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives,[13]January 1777”(manuscript copy).Collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
[32]Richard S.Newman,The Transformation of American Abolitionism:Fighting Slavery in the Early Republic[M].Chapel Hill,NC:the University of North Carolina Press,2002.
[33]Christopher Leslie Brown,Moral Capital:The Foundation of British Abolitionism[M].Chapel Hill,NC.:the University of North Carolina Press,2006.
[34]John Huddleston Wynne,A General History of the British Empire in America:Containing,an Historical,Political,and Commercial View of the English Settlement;Including All the Countries in NorthAmerica,and the West-Indies,Ceded by the Peace of Paris[M].Vol.2,London,1770.
[35]John Wesley,Thoughts upon Slavery[M].3rd.ed.London,1774.
[36]这方面的相关叙述,见Bryccan Carey,British Abolitionism and the Rhetoric of Sensibility,Writing,Sentiment,and Slavery,1760~1807[M].New York,NY:Palgrave Macmillan,2006.
[37]Thomas Day,The Dying Negro,a Poetical Epistle from a Black,Who Shot Himself an Board a Vessel in the River Thames,to His Intended Wife[M].2nd ed.London,1774.
[38]英国废奴运动中的一个重要案件。萨默塞特是一个英国海关官员的黑奴,1769年他随主人来到英国之后试图逃跑,但被主人抓回。英国废奴主义者格伦维尔·夏普得知此事后,以萨默塞特的名义向英国王室法庭提出起诉。1772年大法官曼斯菲尔德勋爵判决萨默塞特应该获释。该案件往往被视为英国承认奴隶制为非法的标志。
[39]Ambrose Serle,Americans against Liberty;or,an Essay on the Nature and Principles of True Freedom Shewing That the Designs and Conduct of the Americans Tend Only to Tyranny and Slavery[M].London,1775.
[40]Ambrose Serle,Americans against Liberty;or,an Essay on the Nature and Principles of True Freedom Shewing That the Designs and Conduct of the Americans Tend Only to Tyranny and Slavery[M].London,1775.
[41]New London Gazette[N].August 10,1770.
[42]London Chronicle[N].June 20,1772.
[43]“The Somersett Case and the Slave Trade”,London Chornicle,June 18~20,1773,in Leonard W.Labaree et al.eds.,The Papers of Benjamin Franklin[M].Vol.19,New Haven,Connecticut,1959~.
[44]Maurice Morgan,Plan for the Abolition of Slavery in the West Indies[M].London,1772.
[45]Edmund Burke,“Sketch of a Negro Code”,in Paul Langford and P.J.Marshall,The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke[M].Vol.3,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015.
[46]支持受难者会议是当地贵格教徒年会的执行委员会。
[47]Society of Friends,London Meeting for Sufferings,The Case of Our Fellow-Creatures,the Oppressed Africans,Respectfully Recommended to the Serious Consideration of the Legislature of Great Britain,by the People Called Quakers[M].2nd ed.London
[48]Seymour Drescher,From Slavery to Freedom:Comparative Studies in the Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery[M].New York,NY:New York University Press,1999.
[49]Morning Post[N].15 March 1786.
[50]Henry Smeathman,Plan of a Settlement to Be Made near Sierra Leona,on the Grain Coast of Africa[M].London,1786.