地理信息科学中尺度问题的30年研究现状
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摘要
尺度在地学中无处不在,地理信息科学也不例外。自Abler 1987年将尺度列为地理信息的几个重要科学问题之一,30年来,各国学者为尺度问题做了大量的研究工作。试图对这30年的研究作一简单的回顾,明析已解决的部分问题和尚需进一步努力的方向。讨论的重点是Goodchild等提出的5大关键问题,即尺度不变量、改变尺度的能力、尺度效应的度量、尺度作为过程模型中的参数及多尺度方法的实施。通过讨论发现,尺度效应得到了很好的研究,但主要是针对数据尺度,多种尺度(如数据尺度和分析尺度)的联合效应研究仍然严重贫乏;现在有很多转换模型可供使用,但是有些方法的理论基础不够完美;"尺度作为过程模型中的参数"这一问题最任重道远;尺度变换引起的信息量变化缺乏系统研究。这些问题需要引起高度的重视。
Scale is everywhere in all geosciences, with geographic information science being unexceptional. It has been 30 years since Abler published an article in 1987 which lists scale as one of several key research topics in geographic information science. Over the past 30 years, a lot of researches on this topic has been carried out by researchers from different countries. It seems to be appropriate time to have a close examination into the issues of this topic. This paper attempts to make a brief review of these researches. The discussions will be focused on the five key issues raised by Goodchild and his collaborators, i.e., scale invariants, ability to change scale, measure of the impact of scale, scale as a parameter in process models and implementation of multiscale approaches. It has been found that the impact of scale has been well studied, but the joint effect of scales at multiple stages(e.g., data scale and analysis scale) is still poorly investigated; various transformation models have become available, but the theoretical basis of some methods is not sound enough; the issue of "scale as a parameter in process model" has a long way to go. It is also noted that the effect of scale on information is rarely touched. All these issues deserve great attention from geo-information community.
Scale is everywhere in all geosciences, with geographic information science being unexceptional. It has been 30 years since Abler published an article in 1987 which lists scale as one of several key research topics in geographic information science. Over the past 30 years, a lot of researches on this topic has been carried out by researchers from different countries. It seems to be appropriate time to have a close examination into the issues of this topic. This paper attempts to make a brief review of these researches. The discussions will be focused on the five key issues raised by Goodchild and his collaborators, i.e., scale invariants, ability to change scale, measure of the impact of scale, scale as a parameter in process models and implementation of multiscale approaches. It has been found that the impact of scale has been well studied, but the joint effect of scales at multiple stages(e.g., data scale and analysis scale) is still poorly investigated; various transformation models have become available, but the theoretical basis of some methods is not sound enough; the issue of "scale as a parameter in process model" has a long way to go. It is also noted that the effect of scale on information is rarely touched. All these issues deserve great attention from geo-information community.
引文
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[25] Li Zhilin. Algorithmic Foundation of Multi-scale Spatial Representation[M]. Florida: CRC Press, 2006
[26] Zhang J, Atkinson P M, Goodchild M F. Scale in Spatial Information and Analysis[M]. Florida:CRC Press, 2014
[27] Ai Tinghua, Cheng Jianguo. Key Issues of Multi-scale Representation of Spatial Data[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2005, 30(5): 377-382(艾廷华,成建国. 对空间数据多尺度表达有关问题的思考[J]. 武汉大学学报·信息科学版, 2005, 30(5): 377-382)
[28] Liu Xuejun,Zhang Ping. Effective Scale of Slope and Aspect Derived from Grid-Based Digital Elevation Model[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2008, 33(12): 1 254-1 258(刘学军,张平. DEM坡度、坡向的有效尺度范围[J]. 武汉大学学报·信息科学版, 2008, 33(12): 1 254-1 258)
[29] Tang Guoan, Liu Xuejun, Fang Liang, et al. A Review on the Scale Issue in DEMs and Digital Terrain Analysis[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2006, 31(12): 1 059-1 066(汤国安,刘学军,房亮,等. DEM及数字地形分析中尺度问题研究综述[J]. 武汉大学学报·信息科学版, 2006, 31(12): 1 059-1 066)
[30] Liu Kai,Wu Hehai,Ai Tinghua,et al. Three-Tiered Concepts of Scale of Geographical Information and Its Transformation[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2008, 33(11): 1 178-1 181(刘凯,毋河海,艾廷华,等. 地理信息尺度的三重概念及其变换[J]. 武汉大学学报·信息科学版, 2008, 33(11): 1 178-1 181)
[31] Li Xiaowen, Cao Chunxiang, Zhang Hao. Progress in Scale Issues[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2009, 13(s1): 12-20(李小文, 曹春香, 张颢. 尺度问题研究进展[J]. 遥感学报, 2009, 13(s1): 12-20)
[32] Deng Min, Chen Ti, Yang Wentao. A New Method of Modeling Spatio-Temporal Sequence by Conside-ring Spatial Scale Characteristics[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2015, 40(12): 1 625-1 632(邓敏, 陈倜, 杨文涛. 融合空间尺度特征的时空序列预测建模方法[J]. 武汉大学学报·信息科学版, 2015, 40(12): 1 625-1 632)
[33] Li Lin,Ying Shen. Fundamental Problem on Spatial Scale[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2005, 30(3): 199-203(李霖, 应申. 空间尺度基础性问题研究[J]. 武汉大学学报·信息科学版, 2005, 30(3): 199-203)
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