大规模可再生能源接入下的电力系统充裕性优化(一)旋转级备用的优化
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摘要
大规模可再生能源接入需要及时响应的各级备用容量支撑,合理配置立即可用的旋转级发电侧和需求侧备用容量对平衡系统可靠性与经济性至关重要。建立有偿使用备用服务的市场机制,其基本任务是购入合适的备用容量,在满足潜在风险场景下调度需求的同时,降低系统总成本。这就要求:考察每个可选备用措施(RM)在风险场景下的备用价值;从中选取性价比较高的RM或其组合。三篇连载文章完成了场景集下多等级备用协调优化的具体建模与求解,作为连载的第一篇,文中在分析现有备用优化求解方法的基础上,提出了基于RM代价性能比的旋转级备用优化方法。以穷尽式寻优方法为精度基准,通过所提方法与混合整数线性规划方法的对比,验证了所提方法的有效性。同时通过算例,从效率和精度两个方面给出了所提优化方法在不同规模系统下的表现。
Large-scale renewable energy generation connected to the grid requires support from system reserve capacity with immediate response of all grades. Wise allocation of instant spinning-grade reserve on the generation and demand side becomes a vital mission to balance the reliability and economy of power system. The core task of a market which encourages non-free use of reserve capacity is to purchase proper reserve capacity and reduce the total cost of the system by satisfying dispatch needs of all potential risk scenarios. To achieve this, the reserve values of every available reserve measure(RM) under all risk scenarios are estimated, and RMs or their combinations with high performance cost ratio are selected. Three series articles present a novel way to model and solve the multi-grade reserve optimization problem considering variant scenarios. As the first article in the series, on the basis of analyzing existing reserve optimization methods, a cost-performance ratio based spinning-grade reserve optimization method is proposed. Using the exhaustively searching method as the benchmark, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing with the mixed-integer linear programming method. Simulation cases on systems with different scales also give the general picture about the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method relative to its main competitors.
Large-scale renewable energy generation connected to the grid requires support from system reserve capacity with immediate response of all grades. Wise allocation of instant spinning-grade reserve on the generation and demand side becomes a vital mission to balance the reliability and economy of power system. The core task of a market which encourages non-free use of reserve capacity is to purchase proper reserve capacity and reduce the total cost of the system by satisfying dispatch needs of all potential risk scenarios. To achieve this, the reserve values of every available reserve measure(RM) under all risk scenarios are estimated, and RMs or their combinations with high performance cost ratio are selected. Three series articles present a novel way to model and solve the multi-grade reserve optimization problem considering variant scenarios. As the first article in the series, on the basis of analyzing existing reserve optimization methods, a cost-performance ratio based spinning-grade reserve optimization method is proposed. Using the exhaustively searching method as the benchmark, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing with the mixed-integer linear programming method. Simulation cases on systems with different scales also give the general picture about the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method relative to its main competitors.
引文
[1] 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所.中国2050高比例可再生能源发展情景暨路径研究[R/OL].[2015-04-20].http://www.echina.org/Reports-zh/china-2050-high-renewable-energy-penetration-scenario-and-roadmap-study-zh.Energy Research Institute National Development and Reform Commission. China 2050 high renewable energy penetration scenario and roadmap study[R/OL]. [2015-04-20]. http://www.echina.org/Reports-zh/china-2050-high-renewable-energy-penetration-scenario-and-roadmap-study-zh.
[2] 国家电网有限公司.促进新能源发展白皮书2018[R/OL].[2018-04-08].http://www.doc88.com/p-9744812038787.html.State Grid Corporation of China. White paper on promoting new energy development 2018[R/OL]. [2018-04-08]. http://www.doc88.com/p-9744812038787.html.
[3] 薛禹胜,雷兴,薛峰,等.关于风电不确定性对电力系统影响的评述[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(29):5029-5040.XUE Yusheng, LEI Xing, XUE Feng, et al. A review on impacts of wind power uncertainties on power systems[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2014, 34(29): 5029-5040.
[4] YUAN Xiaoming. Overview of problems in large-scale wind integrations[J]. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, 2013, 1(2): 22-25.
[5] SUN Donglei, HAN Xueshan, ZHANG Bo, et al. Frequency aware robust economic dispatch[J]. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, 2016, 4(2): 200-210.
[6] BILLINTON R, ALLAN R N. Reliability evaluation of power systems[M]. New York: Plenum, 1996.
[7] 中华人民共和国水利电力部.电力系统技术导则:SD131-84[S].北京:水利电力出版社,1985.Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity of the People’s Republic of China. Technical guidance for power systems: SD131-84[S]. Beijing: Water Resources and Electric Power Press, 1985.
[8] 薛禹胜,谢东亮,薛峰,等.智能电网运行充裕性的研究框架:(一)要素与模型[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(10):1-9.XUE Yusheng, XIE Dongliang, XUE Feng, et al. A research framework for operation adequacy in smart grid: Part Ⅰ elements and models[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2014, 38(10): 1-9.
[9] BOUFFARD F, GALIANA F D. An electricity market with a probabilistic spinning reserve criterion[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2004, 19(1): 300-307.
[10] 葛炬,王飞,张粒子.含风电场电力系统旋转备用获取模型[J].电力系统自动化,2010,34(6):32-36.GE Ju, WANG Fei, ZHANG Lizi. Spinning reserve model in the wind power integrated power system[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2010, 34(6): 32-36.
[11] ORTEGA M A, KIRSCHEN D S. Estimating the spinning reserve requirements in systems with significant wind power generation penetration[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2009, 24(1): 114-124.
[12] 张里,刘俊勇,刘友波,等.风速相关性下的最优旋转备用容量[J].电网技术,2014,38(12):3412-3417.ZHANG Li, LIU Junyong, LIU Youbo, et al. Optimal spinning reserve capacity of power grid considering wind speed correlation[J]. Power System Technology, 2014, 38(12): 3412-3417.
[13] 薛禹胜,刘强,DONG Zhaoyang,等.关于暂态稳定不确定性分析的评述[J].电力系统自动化,2007,31(14):1-7.XUE Yusheng, LIU Qiang, DONG Zhaoyang, et al. A review of non-deterministic analysis for power system transient stability[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2007, 31(14): 1-7.
[14] 张国强,吴文传,张伯明.考虑风电接入的有功运行备用协调优化[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(12):15-19.ZHANG Guoqiang, WU Wenchuan, ZHANG Boming. Optimization of operation reserve coordination considering wind power integration[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2011, 35(12): 15-19.
[15] LIU Guodong, TOMSOVIC K. Quantifying spinning reserve in systems with significant wind power penetration[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2012, 27(4): 2385-2393.
[16] 苏鹏,刘天琪,李兴源.含风电的系统最优旋转备用的确定[J].电网技术,2010,34(12):158-162.SU Peng, LIU Tianqi, LI Xingyuan. Determination of optimal spinning reserve of power grid containing wind[J]. Power System Technology, 2010, 34(12): 158-162.
[17] 杨娜娜,张建成,顾志东.消纳大规模风电的备用容量在线滚动决策与模型[J].现代电力,2015,32(1):52-58.YANG Nana, ZHANG Jiancheng, GU Zhidong. An online rolling dispatch method and model of spinning reserve for accommodating large-scale wind power[J]. Modem Electric Power, 2015, 32(1): 52-58.
[18] 王彩霞,鲁宗相,乔颖,等.基于非参数回归模型的短期风电功率预测[J].电力系统自动化,2010,34(16):78-82.WANG Caixia, LU Zongxiang, QIAO Ying, et al. Short-term wind power forecast based on non-parametric regression model[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2010, 34(16): 78-82.
[19] 张放,刘继春,高红均,等.基于风电不确定性的电力系统备用容量获取[J].电力系统保护与控制,2013,41(13):14-19.ZHANG Fang, LIU Jichun, GAO Hongjun, et al. Reserve capacity model based on the uncertainty of wind power in the power system[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2013, 41(13): 14-19.
[20] 蔡斌,薛禹胜,薛峰,等.智能电网运行充裕性的研究框架:(二)问题与思路[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(11):1-6. CAI Bin, XUE Yusheng, XUE Feng, et al. A research framework for operation adequacy in smart grid: Part Ⅱ problems and ideas[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2014, 38(11): 1-6.
[21] 蔡斌,薛禹胜,薛峰,等.智能电网运行充裕性的研究框架:(三)解耦与协调[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(12):1-5.CAI Bin, XUE Yusheng, XUE Feng, et al. A research framework for operation adequacy in smart grid: Part Ⅲ decoupling and coordination[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2014, 38(12): 1-5.
[22] 薛禹胜,李威,HILL D J.暂态稳定混合控制的优化:(一)单一失稳模式的故障集[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(20):6-10.XUE Yusheng, LI Wei, HILL D J. Optimal hybrid control of transient stability: Part Ⅰ for cases with a unique unstable mode[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2003, 27(20): 6-10.
[23] CARRION M, ARROYO J M. A computationally efficient mixed-integer linear formulation for the thermal unit commitment problem[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2006, 21(3): 1371-1378.
[24] 吴宏宇,管晓宏,翟桥柱,等.水火电联合短期调度的混合整数规划方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,29(28):82-88.WU Hongyu, GUAN Xiaohong, ZHAI Qiaozhu, et al. Short-term hydrothermal scheduling using mixed-integer linear programming[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2009, 29(28): 82-88.
[25] 邓俊,韦化,黎静华,等.一种含四类0-1变量的机组组合混合整数线性规划模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(11):2770-2778.DENG Jun, WEI Hua, LI Jinghua, et al. A mixed-integer linear programming model using four sets of binary variables for the unit commitment problem[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2015, 35(11): 2770-2778.
[26] WU Jun, XUE Yusheng, CAI Bin, et al. Unified optimization of generation and demand side reserves[C]// International Conference on Power System Technology, October 20-22, 2014, Chengdu, China.
[27] 黄杰,薛禹胜,许剑冰,等.电力市场与电力系统的动态交互仿真平台:(一)功能设计[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(10):16-22.HUANG Jie, XUE Yusheng, XU Jianbing, et al. Dynamic simulation platform for power market and power system: Part Ⅰ function design[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2011, 35(10): 16-22.
[28] 谢东亮,薛禹胜,薛峰,等.电力市场与电力系统的动态交互仿真平台:(二)支撑层设计[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(11):1-7.XIE Dongliang, XUE Yusheng, XUE Feng, et al. Dynamic simulation platform for power market and power system: Part Ⅱ support layer design[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2011, 35(11): 1-7.
[29] 谢东亮,薛禹胜,薛峰,等.电力市场与电力系统的动态交互仿真平台:(三)应用层设计[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(12):7-14.XIE Dongliang, XUE Yusheng, XUE Feng, et al. Dynamic simulation platform for power market and power system: Part Ⅲ application layer design[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2011, 35(12): 7-14.
[30] L?FBERG J. YALMIP: A toolbox for modeling and optimization in MATLAB[C]// IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, September 2-4, 2004, New Orleans, USA.
[31] BOUFFARD F, GALIANA F D. Stochastic security for operations planning with significant wind power generation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2008, 23(2): 306-316.
[32] 胡斌,娄素华,李海英,等.考虑大规模光伏电站接入的电力系统旋转备用需求评估[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(18):15-19. HU Bin, LOU Suhua, LI Haiying, et al. Spinning reserve demand estimation in power systems integrated with large-scale photovoltaic power plants[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2015, 39(18): 15-19.
[2] 国家电网有限公司.促进新能源发展白皮书2018[R/OL].[2018-04-08].http://www.doc88.com/p-9744812038787.html.State Grid Corporation of China. White paper on promoting new energy development 2018[R/OL]. [2018-04-08]. http://www.doc88.com/p-9744812038787.html.
[3] 薛禹胜,雷兴,薛峰,等.关于风电不确定性对电力系统影响的评述[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(29):5029-5040.XUE Yusheng, LEI Xing, XUE Feng, et al. A review on impacts of wind power uncertainties on power systems[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2014, 34(29): 5029-5040.
[4] YUAN Xiaoming. Overview of problems in large-scale wind integrations[J]. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, 2013, 1(2): 22-25.
[5] SUN Donglei, HAN Xueshan, ZHANG Bo, et al. Frequency aware robust economic dispatch[J]. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, 2016, 4(2): 200-210.
[6] BILLINTON R, ALLAN R N. Reliability evaluation of power systems[M]. New York: Plenum, 1996.
[7] 中华人民共和国水利电力部.电力系统技术导则:SD131-84[S].北京:水利电力出版社,1985.Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity of the People’s Republic of China. Technical guidance for power systems: SD131-84[S]. Beijing: Water Resources and Electric Power Press, 1985.
[8] 薛禹胜,谢东亮,薛峰,等.智能电网运行充裕性的研究框架:(一)要素与模型[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(10):1-9.XUE Yusheng, XIE Dongliang, XUE Feng, et al. A research framework for operation adequacy in smart grid: Part Ⅰ elements and models[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2014, 38(10): 1-9.
[9] BOUFFARD F, GALIANA F D. An electricity market with a probabilistic spinning reserve criterion[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2004, 19(1): 300-307.
[10] 葛炬,王飞,张粒子.含风电场电力系统旋转备用获取模型[J].电力系统自动化,2010,34(6):32-36.GE Ju, WANG Fei, ZHANG Lizi. Spinning reserve model in the wind power integrated power system[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2010, 34(6): 32-36.
[11] ORTEGA M A, KIRSCHEN D S. Estimating the spinning reserve requirements in systems with significant wind power generation penetration[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2009, 24(1): 114-124.
[12] 张里,刘俊勇,刘友波,等.风速相关性下的最优旋转备用容量[J].电网技术,2014,38(12):3412-3417.ZHANG Li, LIU Junyong, LIU Youbo, et al. Optimal spinning reserve capacity of power grid considering wind speed correlation[J]. Power System Technology, 2014, 38(12): 3412-3417.
[13] 薛禹胜,刘强,DONG Zhaoyang,等.关于暂态稳定不确定性分析的评述[J].电力系统自动化,2007,31(14):1-7.XUE Yusheng, LIU Qiang, DONG Zhaoyang, et al. A review of non-deterministic analysis for power system transient stability[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2007, 31(14): 1-7.
[14] 张国强,吴文传,张伯明.考虑风电接入的有功运行备用协调优化[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(12):15-19.ZHANG Guoqiang, WU Wenchuan, ZHANG Boming. Optimization of operation reserve coordination considering wind power integration[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2011, 35(12): 15-19.
[15] LIU Guodong, TOMSOVIC K. Quantifying spinning reserve in systems with significant wind power penetration[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2012, 27(4): 2385-2393.
[16] 苏鹏,刘天琪,李兴源.含风电的系统最优旋转备用的确定[J].电网技术,2010,34(12):158-162.SU Peng, LIU Tianqi, LI Xingyuan. Determination of optimal spinning reserve of power grid containing wind[J]. Power System Technology, 2010, 34(12): 158-162.
[17] 杨娜娜,张建成,顾志东.消纳大规模风电的备用容量在线滚动决策与模型[J].现代电力,2015,32(1):52-58.YANG Nana, ZHANG Jiancheng, GU Zhidong. An online rolling dispatch method and model of spinning reserve for accommodating large-scale wind power[J]. Modem Electric Power, 2015, 32(1): 52-58.
[18] 王彩霞,鲁宗相,乔颖,等.基于非参数回归模型的短期风电功率预测[J].电力系统自动化,2010,34(16):78-82.WANG Caixia, LU Zongxiang, QIAO Ying, et al. Short-term wind power forecast based on non-parametric regression model[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2010, 34(16): 78-82.
[19] 张放,刘继春,高红均,等.基于风电不确定性的电力系统备用容量获取[J].电力系统保护与控制,2013,41(13):14-19.ZHANG Fang, LIU Jichun, GAO Hongjun, et al. Reserve capacity model based on the uncertainty of wind power in the power system[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2013, 41(13): 14-19.
[20] 蔡斌,薛禹胜,薛峰,等.智能电网运行充裕性的研究框架:(二)问题与思路[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(11):1-6. CAI Bin, XUE Yusheng, XUE Feng, et al. A research framework for operation adequacy in smart grid: Part Ⅱ problems and ideas[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2014, 38(11): 1-6.
[21] 蔡斌,薛禹胜,薛峰,等.智能电网运行充裕性的研究框架:(三)解耦与协调[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(12):1-5.CAI Bin, XUE Yusheng, XUE Feng, et al. A research framework for operation adequacy in smart grid: Part Ⅲ decoupling and coordination[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2014, 38(12): 1-5.
[22] 薛禹胜,李威,HILL D J.暂态稳定混合控制的优化:(一)单一失稳模式的故障集[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(20):6-10.XUE Yusheng, LI Wei, HILL D J. Optimal hybrid control of transient stability: Part Ⅰ for cases with a unique unstable mode[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2003, 27(20): 6-10.
[23] CARRION M, ARROYO J M. A computationally efficient mixed-integer linear formulation for the thermal unit commitment problem[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2006, 21(3): 1371-1378.
[24] 吴宏宇,管晓宏,翟桥柱,等.水火电联合短期调度的混合整数规划方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,29(28):82-88.WU Hongyu, GUAN Xiaohong, ZHAI Qiaozhu, et al. Short-term hydrothermal scheduling using mixed-integer linear programming[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2009, 29(28): 82-88.
[25] 邓俊,韦化,黎静华,等.一种含四类0-1变量的机组组合混合整数线性规划模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(11):2770-2778.DENG Jun, WEI Hua, LI Jinghua, et al. A mixed-integer linear programming model using four sets of binary variables for the unit commitment problem[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2015, 35(11): 2770-2778.
[26] WU Jun, XUE Yusheng, CAI Bin, et al. Unified optimization of generation and demand side reserves[C]// International Conference on Power System Technology, October 20-22, 2014, Chengdu, China.
[27] 黄杰,薛禹胜,许剑冰,等.电力市场与电力系统的动态交互仿真平台:(一)功能设计[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(10):16-22.HUANG Jie, XUE Yusheng, XU Jianbing, et al. Dynamic simulation platform for power market and power system: Part Ⅰ function design[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2011, 35(10): 16-22.
[28] 谢东亮,薛禹胜,薛峰,等.电力市场与电力系统的动态交互仿真平台:(二)支撑层设计[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(11):1-7.XIE Dongliang, XUE Yusheng, XUE Feng, et al. Dynamic simulation platform for power market and power system: Part Ⅱ support layer design[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2011, 35(11): 1-7.
[29] 谢东亮,薛禹胜,薛峰,等.电力市场与电力系统的动态交互仿真平台:(三)应用层设计[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(12):7-14.XIE Dongliang, XUE Yusheng, XUE Feng, et al. Dynamic simulation platform for power market and power system: Part Ⅲ application layer design[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2011, 35(12): 7-14.
[30] L?FBERG J. YALMIP: A toolbox for modeling and optimization in MATLAB[C]// IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, September 2-4, 2004, New Orleans, USA.
[31] BOUFFARD F, GALIANA F D. Stochastic security for operations planning with significant wind power generation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2008, 23(2): 306-316.
[32] 胡斌,娄素华,李海英,等.考虑大规模光伏电站接入的电力系统旋转备用需求评估[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(18):15-19. HU Bin, LOU Suhua, LI Haiying, et al. Spinning reserve demand estimation in power systems integrated with large-scale photovoltaic power plants[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2015, 39(18): 15-19.