黄土区切沟对不同植被下土壤水分时空变异的影响
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摘要
为掌握切沟对土壤水分时空变异的影响,选取水蚀风蚀交错区两个典型切沟样点为研究对象。采用时间序列分析和经典统计学方法,从土壤水分时间变化特征和空间分布格局两方面探讨。结果表明:距沟道不同距离下土壤储水量差异明显。300 cm处样点可作为测定尺度下土壤储水量平均值。土壤水分在垂直方向上的变异受植被特征影响,沟道影响较小。坡面土壤储水量的空间分布呈现不同的分布格局。坡顶风速大,土壤水分蒸发快,坡中处土壤储水量最高,为949.9 mm,距切沟越近土壤水分快速散失,坡下土壤水分接近4%,亏缺严重。杏树地土壤储水量远高于柠条地,柠条地土壤储水量分布较为单一。土壤蒸发、植被、沟道等因素使得坡面土壤水分分布更加复杂。
Gullies are pervasive topographic features on the Loess Plateau. We selected two typical gullies in the water-wind erosion region of the plateau to study the effect of gullies on the spatiotemporal variability of soil-water. The distribution and variation of soil-water storage were evaluated using time-series analysis and classical statistical methods. Soil-water storage varied with distance to the gully borders. The spatial average soil-water in the study sites was300 cm from the border. soil-water in the vertical direction was mostly dependent on the vegetation,and the gullies had little impact. The spatial distribution of soil-water at a slope scale presented different patterns. Strong upland winds increased the evaporation of soil-water,which rapidly dissipated. Soil-water storage at mid-slope near the gullies was as high as 949. 9 mm. The bottom of the slopes had soil-water deficits of 4%. Soil-water storage was much higher in an apricot orchard than in shrubland dominated by Caragana korshinskii Kom. Soil evaporation,vegetation type,and the gullies increased the complexity of the pattern of soil-water.
Gullies are pervasive topographic features on the Loess Plateau. We selected two typical gullies in the water-wind erosion region of the plateau to study the effect of gullies on the spatiotemporal variability of soil-water. The distribution and variation of soil-water storage were evaluated using time-series analysis and classical statistical methods. Soil-water storage varied with distance to the gully borders. The spatial average soil-water in the study sites was300 cm from the border. soil-water in the vertical direction was mostly dependent on the vegetation,and the gullies had little impact. The spatial distribution of soil-water at a slope scale presented different patterns. Strong upland winds increased the evaporation of soil-water,which rapidly dissipated. Soil-water storage at mid-slope near the gullies was as high as 949. 9 mm. The bottom of the slopes had soil-water deficits of 4%. Soil-water storage was much higher in an apricot orchard than in shrubland dominated by Caragana korshinskii Kom. Soil evaporation,vegetation type,and the gullies increased the complexity of the pattern of soil-water.
引文
[1]张汉雄,邵明安.黄土高原生态环境建设[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,2001.(ZHANG H X,SHAO M A.Ecology environment construction on the Loess Plateau[M].Xi'an:Shannxi Science and Technology Publishing House,2001.(in Chinese))
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[4]程宏,伍永秋.切沟侵蚀定量研究进展[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(5):32-35.(CHENG H,WU Y Q.Quantitative research progress on gully erosion[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(5):32-35.(in Chinese))
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[7]高宇,樊军,彭小平,等.水蚀风蚀交错区典型植被土壤水分消耗和补充深度对比研究[J].生态学报,2014,34(23):7038-7046.(GAO Y,FAN J,PENG X P,et al.Soil water depletion and infiltration under the typical vegetation in water-wind erosion crisscross region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(23):7038-7046.(in Chinese))
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[9]周家文,徐卫亚,邓俊晔,等.降雨入渗条件下边坡的稳定性分析[J].水利学报,2008,39(9):1066-1073.(ZHOU J W,XU W Y,DENG J Y,et al.Stability analysis of slope under the condition of rainfall infiltration[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2008,39(9):1066-1073.(in Chinese))
[10]黄明斌,康绍忠,李玉山.黄土高原沟壑区森林和草地小流域水文行为的比较研究[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(3):35-40.(HUANG M B,KANG S Z,LI Y S.A comparison of hydrological behaviors of forest and grassland watersheds in gully region of the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,1999,14(3):35-40.(in Chinese))
[11]MELLIGER J J,NIEMANN J D.Effects of gullies on space-time patterns of soil moisture in a semiarid grassland[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,389(3/4):289-300.
[12]GAO X D,WU P T,ZHAO X N,et al.Estimation of spatial soil moisture averages in a large gully of the Loess Plateau of China through statistical and modeling solutions[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,486:466-478.
[13]LIU B X,SHAO M A.Estimation of soil water storage using temporal stability in four land uses over 10 years on the Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,517(2):974-984.
[14]ZHENG J Y,WANG L M,SHAO M A,et al.Gully impact on soil moisture in the gully bank[J].Pedosphere,2006,16(3):339-344.
[15]HUO Z,SHAO M A,HORTON R.Impact of gully on soil moisture of shrubland in wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau[J].Pedosphere,2008,18(5):674-680.
[16]WANG Y Q,SHAO M A,LIU Z P,et al.Prediction of bulk density of soils in the Loess Plateau region of China[J].Survey in Geophysics,2013,35(2):395-413.
[17]HU W,SHAO M A,WANG Q J,et al.Time stability of soil water storage measured by neutron probe and the effects of calibration procedures in a small watershed[J].Catena,2009,79(1):72-82.
[18]BISWAS A,SI B C.Scales and locations of time stability of soil water storage in a hummocky landscape[J].Journal of Hydrology,2011,408(1/2):100-112.
[19]魏宁,茜平一,傅旭东.降雨和蒸发对土质边坡稳定性的影响[J].岩土力学,2006,27(5):778-781.(WEI N,QIAN P Y,FU X D.Effects of rainfall infiltration and evaporation on soil slope stability[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2006,27(5):778-781.(in Chinese))
[20]张少宏,康顺祥,李永红.降雨对黄土边坡稳定性的影响[J].水土保持通报,2005,25(5):42-44.(ZHANG S H,KANG S X,LI Y H.Influence of rainfall on loess slope stability[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,25(5):42-44.(in Chinese))
[21]杨永辉,赵世伟,雷廷武,等.宁南黄土丘陵区不同植被下土壤入渗性能[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(5):1040-1045.(YANG Y H,ZHAO S W,LEI T W,et al.Soil infiltration capacity under different vegetations in southern Ningxia loess hilly region[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(5):1040-1045.(in Chinese))
[22]胡伟,邵明安,王全九.黄土高原退耕坡地土壤水分空间变异的尺度性研究[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(8):11-16.(HU W,SHAO M A,WANG Q J.Scale-dependency of spatial variability of soil moisture on a degraded slope-land on the Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2005,21(8):11-16.(in Chinese))
[23]高晓东,赵西宁,张宝庆,等.基于指数滤波法估算沟道根区土壤水分[J].水科学进展,2014,25(5):684-694.(GAO X D,ZHAO X N,ZHANG B Q,et al.Estimation of root-zone soil moisture over gullies using an exponential filter[J].Advances in Water Science,2014,25(5):684-694.(in Chinese))
[24]GAO X D,WU P T,ZHAO X N,et al.Soil moisture variability along transects over a well-developed gully in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2011,87(3):357-367.
[25]WANG Y Q,SHAO M A,LIU Z P.Vertical distribution and influencing factors of soil water content within 21 m profile on the Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Geoderma,2013,194(2):300-310.
[26]PENNA D,BORGA M,NORBIATO D,et al.Hillslope scale soil moisture variability in a steep alpine terrain[J].Journal of Hydrology,2009,364(3):311-327.
[27]YAO X L,FU B J,LU Y H,et al.The multi-scale spatial variance of soil moisture in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2012,12(5):694-703.
[28]QIU Y,FU B J,WANG J,et al.Spatial variability of soil moisture content and its relation to environmental indices in a semiarid gully catchment of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2001,49(4):723-750.
[29]WANG Y Q,SHAO M A,LIU Z P,et al.Regional spatial pattern of deep soil water content and its influencing factors[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,2012,57(2):265-281.
[30]张晨成,邵明安,王云强.黄土区坡面尺度不同植被类型下土壤干层的空间分布[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(17):102-108.(ZHANG C C,SHAO M A,WANG Y Q.Spatial distribution of dried soil layers under different vegetation types at slope scale in loess region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(17):102-108.(in Chinese))
[31]JIA X X,SHAO M A,ZHANG C C,et al.Regional temporal persistence of dried soil layer along south-north transect of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,528:152-160.
[2]谢云,刘宝元,伍永秋.切沟中土壤水分的空间变化特征[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(2):278-282.(XIE Y,LIU B Y,WU Y Q.Patial distribution of soil moistures in a gully watershed[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2002,17(2):278-282.(in Chinese))
[3]赵春红,高建恩.坡面不同侵蚀沟断面特征及水力几何形态[J].水科学进展,2016,27(1):22-30.(ZHAO C H,GAO J E.The cross-section characteristics and hydraulic geometry of different erosion gullies on slopes[J].Advances in Water Science,2016,27(1):22-30.(in Chinese))
[4]程宏,伍永秋.切沟侵蚀定量研究进展[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(5):32-35.(CHENG H,WU Y Q.Quantitative research progress on gully erosion[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(5):32-35.(in Chinese))
[5]穆兴民.黄土高原土壤水分与水土保持措施相互作用[J].农业工程学报,2000,16(2):41-45.(MU X M.Interaction of soil and water conservation measures with soil water in the Loess Plateau in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2000,16(2):41-45.(in Chinese))
[6]樊军,王全九,邵明安.黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区土壤剖面水分动态的数值模拟研究[J].水科学进展,2007,18(5):683-688.(FAN J,WANG Q J,SHAO M A.Numerical modeling of the soil-water dynamics in water-wind erosion crisscross region on the Loess Plateau[J].Advances in Water Science,2007,18(5):683-688.(in Chinese))
[7]高宇,樊军,彭小平,等.水蚀风蚀交错区典型植被土壤水分消耗和补充深度对比研究[J].生态学报,2014,34(23):7038-7046.(GAO Y,FAN J,PENG X P,et al.Soil water depletion and infiltration under the typical vegetation in water-wind erosion crisscross region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(23):7038-7046.(in Chinese))
[8]胡伟,邵明安,王全九.黄土高原退耕坡地土壤水分空间变异性研究[J].水科学进展,2006,17(1):74-81.(HU W,SHAO M A,WANG Q J.Study on spatial variability of soil moisture on the recultivated slope-land on the Loess Plateau[J].Advances in Water Science,2006,17(1):74-81.(in Chinese))
[9]周家文,徐卫亚,邓俊晔,等.降雨入渗条件下边坡的稳定性分析[J].水利学报,2008,39(9):1066-1073.(ZHOU J W,XU W Y,DENG J Y,et al.Stability analysis of slope under the condition of rainfall infiltration[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2008,39(9):1066-1073.(in Chinese))
[10]黄明斌,康绍忠,李玉山.黄土高原沟壑区森林和草地小流域水文行为的比较研究[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(3):35-40.(HUANG M B,KANG S Z,LI Y S.A comparison of hydrological behaviors of forest and grassland watersheds in gully region of the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,1999,14(3):35-40.(in Chinese))
[11]MELLIGER J J,NIEMANN J D.Effects of gullies on space-time patterns of soil moisture in a semiarid grassland[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,389(3/4):289-300.
[12]GAO X D,WU P T,ZHAO X N,et al.Estimation of spatial soil moisture averages in a large gully of the Loess Plateau of China through statistical and modeling solutions[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,486:466-478.
[13]LIU B X,SHAO M A.Estimation of soil water storage using temporal stability in four land uses over 10 years on the Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,517(2):974-984.
[14]ZHENG J Y,WANG L M,SHAO M A,et al.Gully impact on soil moisture in the gully bank[J].Pedosphere,2006,16(3):339-344.
[15]HUO Z,SHAO M A,HORTON R.Impact of gully on soil moisture of shrubland in wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau[J].Pedosphere,2008,18(5):674-680.
[16]WANG Y Q,SHAO M A,LIU Z P,et al.Prediction of bulk density of soils in the Loess Plateau region of China[J].Survey in Geophysics,2013,35(2):395-413.
[17]HU W,SHAO M A,WANG Q J,et al.Time stability of soil water storage measured by neutron probe and the effects of calibration procedures in a small watershed[J].Catena,2009,79(1):72-82.
[18]BISWAS A,SI B C.Scales and locations of time stability of soil water storage in a hummocky landscape[J].Journal of Hydrology,2011,408(1/2):100-112.
[19]魏宁,茜平一,傅旭东.降雨和蒸发对土质边坡稳定性的影响[J].岩土力学,2006,27(5):778-781.(WEI N,QIAN P Y,FU X D.Effects of rainfall infiltration and evaporation on soil slope stability[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2006,27(5):778-781.(in Chinese))
[20]张少宏,康顺祥,李永红.降雨对黄土边坡稳定性的影响[J].水土保持通报,2005,25(5):42-44.(ZHANG S H,KANG S X,LI Y H.Influence of rainfall on loess slope stability[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,25(5):42-44.(in Chinese))
[21]杨永辉,赵世伟,雷廷武,等.宁南黄土丘陵区不同植被下土壤入渗性能[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(5):1040-1045.(YANG Y H,ZHAO S W,LEI T W,et al.Soil infiltration capacity under different vegetations in southern Ningxia loess hilly region[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(5):1040-1045.(in Chinese))
[22]胡伟,邵明安,王全九.黄土高原退耕坡地土壤水分空间变异的尺度性研究[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(8):11-16.(HU W,SHAO M A,WANG Q J.Scale-dependency of spatial variability of soil moisture on a degraded slope-land on the Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2005,21(8):11-16.(in Chinese))
[23]高晓东,赵西宁,张宝庆,等.基于指数滤波法估算沟道根区土壤水分[J].水科学进展,2014,25(5):684-694.(GAO X D,ZHAO X N,ZHANG B Q,et al.Estimation of root-zone soil moisture over gullies using an exponential filter[J].Advances in Water Science,2014,25(5):684-694.(in Chinese))
[24]GAO X D,WU P T,ZHAO X N,et al.Soil moisture variability along transects over a well-developed gully in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2011,87(3):357-367.
[25]WANG Y Q,SHAO M A,LIU Z P.Vertical distribution and influencing factors of soil water content within 21 m profile on the Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Geoderma,2013,194(2):300-310.
[26]PENNA D,BORGA M,NORBIATO D,et al.Hillslope scale soil moisture variability in a steep alpine terrain[J].Journal of Hydrology,2009,364(3):311-327.
[27]YAO X L,FU B J,LU Y H,et al.The multi-scale spatial variance of soil moisture in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2012,12(5):694-703.
[28]QIU Y,FU B J,WANG J,et al.Spatial variability of soil moisture content and its relation to environmental indices in a semiarid gully catchment of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2001,49(4):723-750.
[29]WANG Y Q,SHAO M A,LIU Z P,et al.Regional spatial pattern of deep soil water content and its influencing factors[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,2012,57(2):265-281.
[30]张晨成,邵明安,王云强.黄土区坡面尺度不同植被类型下土壤干层的空间分布[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(17):102-108.(ZHANG C C,SHAO M A,WANG Y Q.Spatial distribution of dried soil layers under different vegetation types at slope scale in loess region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(17):102-108.(in Chinese))
[31]JIA X X,SHAO M A,ZHANG C C,et al.Regional temporal persistence of dried soil layer along south-north transect of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,528:152-160.