地下工程涌水涌砂诱发的沉降试验研究
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摘要
针对地下工程中涌水、涌砂诱发的沉降问题,设计了一套可以改变涌口直径模拟水、砂涌出的可视化试验装置,对不同厚跨比及砂土中不同细颗粒含量下涌水、涌砂诱发的沉降规律进行了研究。试验结果表明:当厚跨比大于某一数值时,砂土中无论细颗粒含量多大,土体均不会发生沉降;当厚跨比在一定范围内、细颗粒含量小于某一数值时,土体会发生沉降,大于该数值后,土体会发生溃砂;溃砂发生的临界细颗粒含量与厚跨比初期呈抛物线上升关系,后期保持水平;当厚跨比小于某一数值时,砂土中无论细颗粒含量多小,均会发生溃砂;圆形涌口涌水、涌砂诱发的沉降在平面上呈圆形,剖面上近似二次曲面;土体溃砂后的沉降范围与沉降曲面的形状破坏角有关,沉降曲面的形状破坏角大致比土体天然休止角大9o。
To understand the mechanism of the settlement caused by water and sand inrush in underground engineering, a set of visual test device that can change the blow mouth diameter and simulate gushing of water and sand is designed. This device can vary the condition of different thickness-to-span ratios and different contents of fine particles in sandy soil. When the thickness-to-span ratio is more than a certain value, regardless how much content of fine particles in sand, the soil will not settle. When the thickness-to-span ratio is within a certain range and the fine particles is less than a certain value(i.e. critical fine particle content), the soil will settle; if the fine particle content is greater than the critical particle content, sand burst will occur in the soil. The critical fine particle content of quicksand increases parabolically with the thickness-span ratio at the initial stage, but remains at a level at the later stage. When the thickness-to-span ratio is less than a certain value, regardless how much content of fine particles in sand, quicksand will occur.The settlement induced by water gushing and sand gushing in circular mouths is circular in plane and quadric in profile. The settlement scope after quicksand is related to the shape damage angle of subsidence surface, which is roughly 9° larger than the natural angle of repose of the soil.
To understand the mechanism of the settlement caused by water and sand inrush in underground engineering, a set of visual test device that can change the blow mouth diameter and simulate gushing of water and sand is designed. This device can vary the condition of different thickness-to-span ratios and different contents of fine particles in sandy soil. When the thickness-to-span ratio is more than a certain value, regardless how much content of fine particles in sand, the soil will not settle. When the thickness-to-span ratio is within a certain range and the fine particles is less than a certain value(i.e. critical fine particle content), the soil will settle; if the fine particle content is greater than the critical particle content, sand burst will occur in the soil. The critical fine particle content of quicksand increases parabolically with the thickness-span ratio at the initial stage, but remains at a level at the later stage. When the thickness-to-span ratio is less than a certain value, regardless how much content of fine particles in sand, quicksand will occur.The settlement induced by water gushing and sand gushing in circular mouths is circular in plane and quadric in profile. The settlement scope after quicksand is related to the shape damage angle of subsidence surface, which is roughly 9° larger than the natural angle of repose of the soil.
引文
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[2]李曙光,方理刚.土压平衡盾构在富水饱和粉细砂层中掘进事故实测分析[J].铁道建筑,2005(12):33-35.LI Shu-guang,FANG Li-gang.Analysis of EPB tunneling accident in saturation fine and silt sand layer[J].Railway Engineering,2005(12):33-35.
[3]梁燕,谭周地,李广杰.弱胶结砂层突水、涌砂模拟试验研究[J].西安公路交通大学学报,1996,16(11):19-22.LIANG Yan,TAN Zhou-di,LI Guang-jie.Simulation test research on water and soil outbursts of weak binding soil[J].Journal of Xi’an Highway University,1996,16(11):19-22.
[4]张敏江,张丽萍,姜秀萍,等.弱胶结砂层突涌机制及预测研究[J].金属矿山,2002(10):48-50.ZHANG Min-jiang,ZHANG Li-ping,JIANG Xiu-ping,et al.Mechanism of weak cemented quicksand layer and its forecasting[J].Metal Mine,2002(10):48-50.
[5]汤爱平,董莹,谭周地,等.振动作用下矿井突水涌砂机理的研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,1999,19(2):132-135.TANG Ai-ping,DONG Ying,TAN Zhou-di,et al.Mechanism of sand-silt seepage deformation in mine under vibration[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1999,19(2):132-135.
[6]李利平,李术才,李树忱.松散承压含水层下采煤的流固耦合模型试验与数值分析研究[J].岩土工程学报,2013,35(4):679-690.LI Li-ping,LI Shu-cai,LI Shu-chen,et al.Numerical analysis sand fluid-solid coupling model tests of coal mining under loose confined aquifer[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2013,35(4):679-690.
[7]隋旺华,蔡光桃,董青红.近松散层采煤覆岩采动裂缝水砂突涌临界水力坡度试验[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(10):2084-2091.SUI Wang-hua,CAI Guang-tao,DONG Qing-hong.Experimental research on critical percolation gradient of quick sand across over burden fissures due to coal mining near unconsolidated soil layers[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(10):2084-2091.
[8]杨伟峰,吉育兵,赵国荣,等.厚松散层薄基岩采动诱发水砂流运移特征试验[J].岩土工程学报,2012,34(4):686-692.YANG Wei-feng,JI Yu-bing,ZHAO Guo-rong,et al.Experimental study on migration characteristics of mixed water and sand flows induced by mining under thin bedrock and thick unconsolidated formations[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2012,34(4):686-692.
[9]郑刚,戴轩,张晓双.地下工程漏水漏砂灾害发展过程的试验研究及数值模拟[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(12):2458-2471.ZHENG Gang,DAI Xuan,ZHANG Xiao-shuang.Experimental study and numerical simulation of leaking process of sand and water in underground engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(12):2458-2471.
[10]曹洪,肖莹萍.渗透变形过程中临空面表层土体渗透特性变化试验研究[J].岩土力学,2017,38(9):2465-2472.CAO Hong,XIAO Ying-ping.Experimental study on variation of soil permeability characteristics of surface layer in the surface of seepage deformation[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(9):2465-2472.
[11]刘艳章,邓磊,王其飞,等.基于π定理的崩落法转充填法过渡采场顶柱尺寸研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2015,32(2):331-336.LIU Yan-zhang,DE Lei,WANG Qi-fei,et al.Study on top pillar size of transition stope from caving method to filling method based onπtheorems[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2015,32(2):331-336.
[12]徐继山,隋旺华.从砂粒到溃砂灾害[J].科学,2015(2):56-60.XU Ji-shan,SUI Wan-hua.From sand to sand burst[J].Science,2015(2):56-60.
[13]TERZAGHI K.Theoretical soil mechanics[M].New York:John Wiley and Sons,1943:66-76.
[14]中华人民共和国行业标准编写组.SL237―1999土工试验规程[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1999.The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People’s Republic of China.SL237―1999 Specification of soil test[S].Beijing:China Water Power Press,1999.
[15]康顺祥,陆士强.天然滤层模型[J].防渗技术,1997,3(4):1-5.KANG Shun-xiang,LU Shi-qiang.Model of natural filter[J].Technique of Seepage Prevention,1997,3(4):1-5.
[16]KVAPIL R.SEM mining engineering handbook[M].New York:Society for Mining,Metallurgy,and Exploration,1992:789-1814.
[17]FROBEL R K,WERNER G,WEWERKA M.Geotextiles as filters in erosion control[C]//JOSEPH E F,ed.International symposium of Geotextile Testing and the Design Engineer.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1987:45-54.
[18]崔荣方.无黏性土的渗透特性及其管涌破坏机理研究[D].南京:河海大学,2006.CUI Rong-fang.Study on permeating characteristic of noncohesives soil and the mechanism of seepage failure[D].Nanjing:Hohai University,2006.
[19]刘杰.土的渗透破坏及控制研究[M].北京:水利水电出版社,2014.LIU Jie.Piping and seepage control of soil[M].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2014.