酸性火山岩早成岩期岩矿特征及其地质意义——以新西兰北岛Taupo火山带Waiotapu地热区火山喷口堆积物为例
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摘要
新西兰北岛Waiotapu地热区位于Taupo火山带中部,以发育众多的第四纪酸性火山岩而闻名。通过X衍射、电子探针、扫描电镜、激光拉曼等方法对区内一处于活动间歇期的小型火山口堆积物岩矿特征及特殊结构进行研究。结果表明,火山口堆积物可分为3类:1)球粒流纹岩,矿物组成为:α方石英-PO鳞石英—正长石、奥长石、紫苏辉石—钛铁矿(钛磁铁矿);2)流纹质晶屑熔结凝灰岩,矿物组成为:奥长石晶屑、塑性玻屑;3)硫磺土,矿物组成为:单质硫、长英质细粒岩屑。结合前人实验矿物学结论后认为,球粒流纹岩中的球粒体为富火山玻璃的流纹岩喷出堆积后在热水作用下脱玻化形成的,是酸性火山岩早成岩期表生蚀变阶段的标志;而流纹质熔结凝灰岩则为岩浆喷溢出地表后,在塑性流动中冷凝结晶形成的,是酸性火山岩早成岩期冷凝固结阶段的标志。在此基础上,提出了Waiotapu地热区酸性火山岩的表生蚀变模式,为酸性火山岩冷凝固结—表生蚀变阶段的岩矿特征及蚀变作用研究提供现代对比实例。
The Waiotapu geothermal system is located in the centre of the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand, famous for numerous silicic volcanics. Through X-ray diffraction, electron probe, SEM, and the laser Raman test, we examine the petrological and mineralogical features and the genesis of special structures from acid volcanic rock in the period of condensing consolid-supergene reformation. We determined that there are three types of the deposits in the crater: 1) Spherulite rhyolite, with the following mineral composition: α-cristobalite, po-tridymite, and orthoclase; Plagioclase phenocryst; Hypersthene and titanomagnetite(ilmenite). 2) Rhyolitic ignimbrite: Plagioclase phenocryst; Plastic glass. 3) Sulfur: Powdered sulphur; Felsic fine-grained detrital rock. Comprehensively, spherulite rhyolite is formed by a volcanic glass-rich rhyolite devitrified from volcanic glass under the effect of a hydrotherm, which is a sign of supergene reformation in acidic volcanic rocks. Rhyolitic ignimbrite is formed by the crystallization of rhyolitic magma during the plastic flow process after they reach the surface, which is a sign of cooling until the rock becomes a condensing consolid in acidic volcanic rocks. According to the sedimentary characteristics, a pattern of supergene reformation in acid-volcanic rock has been established, which provides a modern sample for the study of condensing consolid-supergene reformation of acid-volcanic rock.
The Waiotapu geothermal system is located in the centre of the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand, famous for numerous silicic volcanics. Through X-ray diffraction, electron probe, SEM, and the laser Raman test, we examine the petrological and mineralogical features and the genesis of special structures from acid volcanic rock in the period of condensing consolid-supergene reformation. We determined that there are three types of the deposits in the crater: 1) Spherulite rhyolite, with the following mineral composition: α-cristobalite, po-tridymite, and orthoclase; Plagioclase phenocryst; Hypersthene and titanomagnetite(ilmenite). 2) Rhyolitic ignimbrite: Plagioclase phenocryst; Plastic glass. 3) Sulfur: Powdered sulphur; Felsic fine-grained detrital rock. Comprehensively, spherulite rhyolite is formed by a volcanic glass-rich rhyolite devitrified from volcanic glass under the effect of a hydrotherm, which is a sign of supergene reformation in acidic volcanic rocks. Rhyolitic ignimbrite is formed by the crystallization of rhyolitic magma during the plastic flow process after they reach the surface, which is a sign of cooling until the rock becomes a condensing consolid in acidic volcanic rocks. According to the sedimentary characteristics, a pattern of supergene reformation in acid-volcanic rock has been established, which provides a modern sample for the study of condensing consolid-supergene reformation of acid-volcanic rock.
引文
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[11] Brian J,De Ronde C E J,Robin W,et al.Siliceous sublacustrine spring deposits around hydrothermal vents in Lake Taupo,New Zealand[J].Journal of the Geological Society,2007,164(1):227-242.
[12] Rowland J V,Simmons S F.Hydrologic,magmatic,and tectonic controls on hydrothermal flow,Taupo Volcanic Zone,New Zealand:implications for the formation of epithermal vein deposits[J].Economic Geology,2012,107(3):427-457.
[13] Kaya E,O'Sullivan M J,Hochstein M P.A three dimensional numerical model of the Waiotapu,Waikite and Reporoa geothermal areas,New Zealand[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,2014,283:127-142.
[14] Wood C P.Aspects of the geology of Waimangu,Waiotapu,Waikite and Reporoa geothermal systems,Taupo Volcanic Zone,New Zealand[J].Geothermics,1994,23(5/6):401-421.
[15] Hedenquist J W.Waiotapu,New Zealand:the geochemical evolution and mineralization of an active hydrothermal system[D].New Zealand:University of Auckland,1983.
[16] Hedenquist J W,Browne P R L.The evolution of the Waiotapu geothermal system,New Zealand,based on the chemical and isotopic composition of its fluids,minerals and rocks[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1989,53(9):2235-2257.
[17] Giggenbach W,Sheppard D S,Robinson B W,et al.Geochemical structure and position of the Waiotapu geothermal field,New Zealand[J].Geothermics,1994,23(5/6):599-644.
[18] Hedenquist J W,Henley R W.Hydrothermal eruptions in the Waiotapu geothermal system,New Zealand:their origin,associated breccias,and relation to precious metal mineralization[J].Economic Geology,1985,80(6):1640-1668.
[19] Tanaka H,Turner G M,Houghton B F,et al.Palaeomagnetism and chronology of the central Taupo Volcanic Zone,New Zealand[J].Geophysical Journal International,1996,124(3):919-934.
[20] Smelik E A,Reeber R R.A study of the thermal behavior of terrestrial tridymite by continuous X-ray diffraction[J].Physics and Chemistry of Minerals,1990,17(3):197-206.
[21] Ostrooumov M.A Raman,infrared and XRD analysis of the instability in volcanic opals from Mexico[J].Spectrochimica Acta Part A:Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy,2007,68(4):1070-1076.
[22] Nukui A.Polymorphism in tridymite[J].Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Japan,1980,14(2):364-386.
[23] 常丽华,陈曼云,金巍,等.透明矿物薄片鉴定手册[M].北京:地质出版社,2006:36.[Chang Lihua,Chen Manyun,Jin Wei,et al.Introduction to thin section of transparent mineral[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2006:36.]
[24] 常丽华,曹林,高福红.火成岩鉴定手册[M].北京:地质出版社,2009:99.[Chang Lihua,Cao Lin,Gao Fuhong.Introduction to Igneous rock[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2009:99.]
[25] 徐夕生,邱检生.火成岩岩石学[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:272.[Xu Xisheng,Qiu Jiansheng.Igneous petrology[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010:272.]
[26] Marshall R R.Devitrification of natural glass[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1961,72(10):1493-1520.
[27] Lofgren G.Experimentally produced devitrification textures in natural rhyolitic glass[J].GSA Bulletin,1971,82(1):111-124.
[28] Hoffmann W,Kockmeyer M,L?ns J,et al.The transformation of monoclinic low-tridymite MC to a phase with an incommensurate superstructure[J].Fortschr Mineral,1983,61(1):96-98.
[29] Bettermann P,Liebau F.The transformation of amorphous silica to crystalline silica under hydrothermal conditions[J].Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,1975,53(1):25-36.
[30] Akizuki M.An electron microscopic study of anorthoclase spherulites[J].Lithos,1983,16(4):249-254.
[31] Kissling W M.Deep hydrology of the geothermal systems in the Taupo Volcanic Zone,New Zealand[D].New Zealand:University of Auckland,2004.
[32] Millot R,Hegan A,Négrel P.Geothermal waters from the Taupo Volcanic Zone,New Zealand:Li,B and Sr isotopes characterization[J].Applied Geochemistry,2012,27(3):677-688.
[2] 罗静兰,邵红梅,张成立.火山岩油气藏研究方法与勘探技术综述[J].石油学报,2003,24(1):31-38.[Luo Jinglan,Shao Hongmei,Zhang Chengli.Summary of research methods and exploration technologies for volcanic reservoirs[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2003,24(1):31-38.]
[3] 高有峰,刘万洙,纪学雁,等.松辽盆地营城组火山岩成岩作用类型、特征及其对储层物性的影响[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2007,37(6):1251-1258.[Gao Youfeng,Liu Wanzhu,Ji Xueyan,et al.Diagenesis types and features of volcanic rocks and its impact on porosity and permeability in Yingcheng Formation,Songliao Basin[J].Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition),2007,37(6):1251-1258.]
[4] 赵海玲,黄微,王成,等.火山岩中脱玻化孔及其对储层的贡献[J].石油与天然气地质,2009,30(1):47-52,58.[Zhao Hailing,Huang Wei,Wang Cheng,et al.Micropores from devitrification in volcanic rocks and their contribution to reservoirs[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2009,30(1):47-52,58.]
[5] 李伟,何生,谭开俊,等.准噶尔盆地西北缘火山岩储层特征及成岩演化特征[J].天然气地球科学,2010,21(6):909-916.[Li Wei,He Sheng,Tan Kaijun,et al.Characteristics of reservoir and diagenetic evolution of volcanic rocks in northwestern Junggar Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2010,21(6):909-916.]
[6] 王乃军,罗静兰,刘华清,等.歧口凹陷沙河街组火山岩成岩作用及对储集性能的控制[J].地球学报,2012,33(3):360-370.[Wang Naijun,Luo Jinglan,Liu Huaqing,et al.Diagenesis of volcanic rocks in Shahejie Formation of Qikou Depression and its control over reservoir performance[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2012,33(3):360-370.]
[7] 程日辉,沈艳杰,颜景波,等.海拉尔盆地火山碎屑岩的成岩作用[J].岩石学报,2010,26(1):47-54.[Cheng Rihui,Shen Yanjie,Yan Jingbo,et al.Diagenesis of volcaniclastic rocks in Hailaer Basin[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2010,26(1):47-54.]
[8] Cole J.Structure,petrology,and genesis of Cenozoic volcanism,Taupo volcanic zone,New Zealand-a review[J].New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics,1979,22(6):631-657.
[9] 万天丰.新西兰陶波火山带的活动断裂与地热田[J].地球科学,1981(1):84-106.[Wan Tianfeng.Active faults and geothermal fields in the Taupo Volcanic Zone,New Zealand[J].Earth Science,1981(1):84-106.]
[10] Sherburn S.Characteristics of earthquake sequences in the Central Volcanic Region,New Zealand[J].New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics,1992,35(1):57-68.
[11] Brian J,De Ronde C E J,Robin W,et al.Siliceous sublacustrine spring deposits around hydrothermal vents in Lake Taupo,New Zealand[J].Journal of the Geological Society,2007,164(1):227-242.
[12] Rowland J V,Simmons S F.Hydrologic,magmatic,and tectonic controls on hydrothermal flow,Taupo Volcanic Zone,New Zealand:implications for the formation of epithermal vein deposits[J].Economic Geology,2012,107(3):427-457.
[13] Kaya E,O'Sullivan M J,Hochstein M P.A three dimensional numerical model of the Waiotapu,Waikite and Reporoa geothermal areas,New Zealand[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,2014,283:127-142.
[14] Wood C P.Aspects of the geology of Waimangu,Waiotapu,Waikite and Reporoa geothermal systems,Taupo Volcanic Zone,New Zealand[J].Geothermics,1994,23(5/6):401-421.
[15] Hedenquist J W.Waiotapu,New Zealand:the geochemical evolution and mineralization of an active hydrothermal system[D].New Zealand:University of Auckland,1983.
[16] Hedenquist J W,Browne P R L.The evolution of the Waiotapu geothermal system,New Zealand,based on the chemical and isotopic composition of its fluids,minerals and rocks[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1989,53(9):2235-2257.
[17] Giggenbach W,Sheppard D S,Robinson B W,et al.Geochemical structure and position of the Waiotapu geothermal field,New Zealand[J].Geothermics,1994,23(5/6):599-644.
[18] Hedenquist J W,Henley R W.Hydrothermal eruptions in the Waiotapu geothermal system,New Zealand:their origin,associated breccias,and relation to precious metal mineralization[J].Economic Geology,1985,80(6):1640-1668.
[19] Tanaka H,Turner G M,Houghton B F,et al.Palaeomagnetism and chronology of the central Taupo Volcanic Zone,New Zealand[J].Geophysical Journal International,1996,124(3):919-934.
[20] Smelik E A,Reeber R R.A study of the thermal behavior of terrestrial tridymite by continuous X-ray diffraction[J].Physics and Chemistry of Minerals,1990,17(3):197-206.
[21] Ostrooumov M.A Raman,infrared and XRD analysis of the instability in volcanic opals from Mexico[J].Spectrochimica Acta Part A:Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy,2007,68(4):1070-1076.
[22] Nukui A.Polymorphism in tridymite[J].Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Japan,1980,14(2):364-386.
[23] 常丽华,陈曼云,金巍,等.透明矿物薄片鉴定手册[M].北京:地质出版社,2006:36.[Chang Lihua,Chen Manyun,Jin Wei,et al.Introduction to thin section of transparent mineral[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2006:36.]
[24] 常丽华,曹林,高福红.火成岩鉴定手册[M].北京:地质出版社,2009:99.[Chang Lihua,Cao Lin,Gao Fuhong.Introduction to Igneous rock[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2009:99.]
[25] 徐夕生,邱检生.火成岩岩石学[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:272.[Xu Xisheng,Qiu Jiansheng.Igneous petrology[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010:272.]
[26] Marshall R R.Devitrification of natural glass[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1961,72(10):1493-1520.
[27] Lofgren G.Experimentally produced devitrification textures in natural rhyolitic glass[J].GSA Bulletin,1971,82(1):111-124.
[28] Hoffmann W,Kockmeyer M,L?ns J,et al.The transformation of monoclinic low-tridymite MC to a phase with an incommensurate superstructure[J].Fortschr Mineral,1983,61(1):96-98.
[29] Bettermann P,Liebau F.The transformation of amorphous silica to crystalline silica under hydrothermal conditions[J].Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,1975,53(1):25-36.
[30] Akizuki M.An electron microscopic study of anorthoclase spherulites[J].Lithos,1983,16(4):249-254.
[31] Kissling W M.Deep hydrology of the geothermal systems in the Taupo Volcanic Zone,New Zealand[D].New Zealand:University of Auckland,2004.
[32] Millot R,Hegan A,Négrel P.Geothermal waters from the Taupo Volcanic Zone,New Zealand:Li,B and Sr isotopes characterization[J].Applied Geochemistry,2012,27(3):677-688.