海岛型城市生态安全格局研究——以平潭岛为例
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摘要
在快速城市化带来的城市生态安全严重威胁着城市可持续发展的这一时代背景下,构建城市生态安全格局是实现区域和城市生态安全的基本保障和重要途径。结合平潭综合实验区总体规划,从城市生态安全角度出发,在对平潭岛生态环境本底条件的调研基础上,选取与平潭岛的城市生态安全关系密切的6个关键生态因子进行深入分析,并通过层次分析法和GIS空间叠置法综合多要素分析了平潭岛的生态敏感性,最终有针对性地提出了面向新一轮大规模城市开发热潮的平潭岛城市生态安全格局。研究成果可为平潭岛的城市开发建设提供决策支持,对维护平潭岛城市生态安全、促进平潭岛可持续发展具有重要的理论和现实意义,同时也对其它海岛型城市的生态安全格局研究具有一定的借鉴意义。
The world is undergoing the largest wave of urban growth in history. More than half of the world's population now lives in towns and cities,and the proportion of the global population in urban areas has increased conspicuously from 30% in 1950 to 54% in 2014. Urbanization is projected to increase even further to 60% in 2030. Though the process of urbanization provides comfortable and convenient living conditions for human beings,it also makes our country face a series of serious urban ecological security issues( such as environmental pollution and diminishing resources) because of the highintensity of human activities and unreasonable land use. Nowadays, urban ecological security brought by the rapid urbanization is posing a serious threat to urban sustainable development. Against this background,constructing the urban ecological security pattern is the basic guarantee and important way to realize regional and urban ecological security. Based on the eco-environmental background conditions of Pingtan Island,this study first investigated the perspective of urban ecological security and considered the overall plan of Pingtan Comprehensive Pilot Zone to better understand six key ecological sensitive factors that were closely related to the urban ecological security of Pingtan Island. These six key ecological sensitive factors were drinking water resources,coastal shelterbelt,scenic spots and forest parks,natural mountain,cultivated land,and coastline resources. Thereafter,a comprehensive evaluation model was established by theanalytical hierarchy process( AHP) and geographical information system( GIS) spatial overlay method to comprehensively evaluate the ecological sensitivity of Pingtan Island. The specific analysis process was as follows: First,an evaluation index system of Pingtan Island' s ecological sensitivity by means of data collection,field investigation,remote sensing image interpretation and analysis,and expert reviews was established. These indices were classified according to their sensitivity.Second,the judgment matrix was constructed and consistency checks were performed in accordance with the AHP method,then the weight of each index was calculated according to the square root method. Finally,considering that scenic spots covered with natural mountain forest have the highest ecological sensitivity,and that other areas may not be ecologically sensitive or may be insensitive,the Pingtan Island was divided into five grades( extreme sensitivity,high sensitivity,moderate sensitivity,low sensitivity,and insensitive grades) according to their respective ecological sensitivity indices. We propose an ecological security pattern for Pingtan Island in order to adapt to the new round of large-scale urban development boom,and this pattern is mainly composed of ecological security barrier ring, ecological water system, ecological conservation area,ecological coastal zone,urban construction area,and the ecological promotion area. These components play different roles in maintaining ecological safety on Pingtan Island,and they must be rationally developed and utilized on the basis of their respective functions. Generally,the results of this study would help to provide decision support for urban planning,and could be of great theoretical and practical significance to maintain Pingtan Island' s ecological security and promote the sustainable development of Pingtan Island. Moreover,these results may also be useful for ecosecurity pattern research on other island cities.
The world is undergoing the largest wave of urban growth in history. More than half of the world's population now lives in towns and cities,and the proportion of the global population in urban areas has increased conspicuously from 30% in 1950 to 54% in 2014. Urbanization is projected to increase even further to 60% in 2030. Though the process of urbanization provides comfortable and convenient living conditions for human beings,it also makes our country face a series of serious urban ecological security issues( such as environmental pollution and diminishing resources) because of the highintensity of human activities and unreasonable land use. Nowadays, urban ecological security brought by the rapid urbanization is posing a serious threat to urban sustainable development. Against this background,constructing the urban ecological security pattern is the basic guarantee and important way to realize regional and urban ecological security. Based on the eco-environmental background conditions of Pingtan Island,this study first investigated the perspective of urban ecological security and considered the overall plan of Pingtan Comprehensive Pilot Zone to better understand six key ecological sensitive factors that were closely related to the urban ecological security of Pingtan Island. These six key ecological sensitive factors were drinking water resources,coastal shelterbelt,scenic spots and forest parks,natural mountain,cultivated land,and coastline resources. Thereafter,a comprehensive evaluation model was established by theanalytical hierarchy process( AHP) and geographical information system( GIS) spatial overlay method to comprehensively evaluate the ecological sensitivity of Pingtan Island. The specific analysis process was as follows: First,an evaluation index system of Pingtan Island' s ecological sensitivity by means of data collection,field investigation,remote sensing image interpretation and analysis,and expert reviews was established. These indices were classified according to their sensitivity.Second,the judgment matrix was constructed and consistency checks were performed in accordance with the AHP method,then the weight of each index was calculated according to the square root method. Finally,considering that scenic spots covered with natural mountain forest have the highest ecological sensitivity,and that other areas may not be ecologically sensitive or may be insensitive,the Pingtan Island was divided into five grades( extreme sensitivity,high sensitivity,moderate sensitivity,low sensitivity,and insensitive grades) according to their respective ecological sensitivity indices. We propose an ecological security pattern for Pingtan Island in order to adapt to the new round of large-scale urban development boom,and this pattern is mainly composed of ecological security barrier ring, ecological water system, ecological conservation area,ecological coastal zone,urban construction area,and the ecological promotion area. These components play different roles in maintaining ecological safety on Pingtan Island,and they must be rationally developed and utilized on the basis of their respective functions. Generally,the results of this study would help to provide decision support for urban planning,and could be of great theoretical and practical significance to maintain Pingtan Island' s ecological security and promote the sustainable development of Pingtan Island. Moreover,these results may also be useful for ecosecurity pattern research on other island cities.
引文
[1]肖笃宁,陈文波,郭福良.论生态安全的基本概念和研究内容.应用生态学报,2002,13(3):354-358.
[2]方淑波,肖笃宁,安树青.基于土地利用分析的兰州市城市区域生态安全格局研究.应用生态学报,2005,16(12):2284-2290.
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[5]Yao R M,Luo Q,Luo Z W,Jiang L,Yang Y.An integrated study of urban microclimates in Chongqing,China:Historical weather data,transverse measurement and numerical simulation.Sustainable Cities and Society,2015,14:187-199.
[6]Esray S A.Towards a recycling society:ecological sanitation-closing the loop to food security.Water Science and Technology,2001,43(4):177-187.
[7]施晓清,赵景柱,欧阳志云.城市生态安全及其动态评价方法.生态学报,2005,25(12):3237-3243.
[8]陈星,周成虎.生态安全:国内外研究综述.地理科学进展,2005,24(6):8-20.
[9]崔胜辉,洪华生,黄云凤,薛雄志.生态安全研究进展.生态学报,2005,25(4):861-868.
[10]黎晓亚,马克明,傅伯杰,牛树奎.区域生态安全格局:设计原则与方法.生态学报,2004,24(5):1055-1062.
[11]马克明,傅伯杰,黎晓亚,关文彬.区域生态安全格局:概念与理论基础.生态学报,2004,24(4):761-768.
[12]陈利顶,吕一河,田惠颖,施茜.重大工程建设中生态安全格局构建基本原则和方法.应用生态学报,2007,18(3):674-680.
[13]郭明,肖笃宁,李新.黑河流域酒泉绿洲景观生态安全格局分析.生态学报,2006,26(2):457-466.
[14]俞孔坚,王思思,李迪华,李春波.北京市生态安全格局及城市增长预景.生态学报,2009,29(3):1189-1204.
[15]李月辉,胡志斌,高琼,肖笃宁,胡远满,穆阳,关竹心,张小云.沈阳市城市空间扩展的生态安全格局.生态学杂志,2007,26(6):875-881.
[16]陈鹏,吴剑,傅世锋.平潭海坛岛景观格局动态变化及其生态效应分析.生态科学,2013,32(3):265-270.
[17]温小乐,林征峰,唐菲.新兴海岛型城市建设引发的生态变化的遥感分析——以福建平潭综合实验区为例.应用生态学报,2015,26(2):541-547.
[18]Zheng S N,Yu B.Landsenses pattern design to mitigate gale conditions in the coastal city-a case study of Pingtan,China.International Journal of Sustainable Development&World Ecology,2016:1-10.
[19]吴剑,陈鹏,文超祥,傅世锋,陈庆辉.基于探索性空间数据分析的海坛岛土地利用生态风险评价.应用生态学报,2014,25(7):2056-2062.
[20]Zheng S N,Xiong X F,Vause J,Liu J P.Real-time measurement of wind environment comfort in urban areas by Environmental Internet of Things.International Journal of Sustainable Development&World Ecology,2013,20(3):254-260.
[21]金星星,叶士琳,吴小影,王怡,程煜.海岛型城市人居环境质量评价——基于厦门市和平潭综合实验区的对比.生态学报,2016,36(12):3678-3686.
[22]冷悦山,孙书贤,王宗灵,张朝晖,周明.海岛生态环境的脆弱性分析与调控对策.海岸工程,2008,27(2):58-64.
[23]廖廓,蔡晓禾,王超,吴幸毓.福建省平潭大风分析.海洋预报,2012,29(2):64-67.
[24]Mujabar P S,Chandrasekar N.Shoreline change analysis along the coast between Kanyakumari and Tuticorin of India using remote sensing and GIS.Arabian Journal of Geosciences,2013,6(3):647-664.
[25]盛静芬,朱大奎.海岸侵蚀和海岸线管理的初步研究.海洋通报,2002,21(4):50-57.
[26]毋亭,侯西勇.海岸线变化研究综述.生态学报,2016,36(4):1170-1182.
[2]方淑波,肖笃宁,安树青.基于土地利用分析的兰州市城市区域生态安全格局研究.应用生态学报,2005,16(12):2284-2290.
[3]United Nations,Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division.World Urbanization Prospects:The 2014 Revision.New York:United Nations,2015.
[4]Moonen P,Defraeye T,Dorer V,Blocken B,Carmeliet J.Urban Physics:Effect of the micro-climate on comfort,health and energy demand.Frontiers of Architectural Research,2012,1(3):197-228.
[5]Yao R M,Luo Q,Luo Z W,Jiang L,Yang Y.An integrated study of urban microclimates in Chongqing,China:Historical weather data,transverse measurement and numerical simulation.Sustainable Cities and Society,2015,14:187-199.
[6]Esray S A.Towards a recycling society:ecological sanitation-closing the loop to food security.Water Science and Technology,2001,43(4):177-187.
[7]施晓清,赵景柱,欧阳志云.城市生态安全及其动态评价方法.生态学报,2005,25(12):3237-3243.
[8]陈星,周成虎.生态安全:国内外研究综述.地理科学进展,2005,24(6):8-20.
[9]崔胜辉,洪华生,黄云凤,薛雄志.生态安全研究进展.生态学报,2005,25(4):861-868.
[10]黎晓亚,马克明,傅伯杰,牛树奎.区域生态安全格局:设计原则与方法.生态学报,2004,24(5):1055-1062.
[11]马克明,傅伯杰,黎晓亚,关文彬.区域生态安全格局:概念与理论基础.生态学报,2004,24(4):761-768.
[12]陈利顶,吕一河,田惠颖,施茜.重大工程建设中生态安全格局构建基本原则和方法.应用生态学报,2007,18(3):674-680.
[13]郭明,肖笃宁,李新.黑河流域酒泉绿洲景观生态安全格局分析.生态学报,2006,26(2):457-466.
[14]俞孔坚,王思思,李迪华,李春波.北京市生态安全格局及城市增长预景.生态学报,2009,29(3):1189-1204.
[15]李月辉,胡志斌,高琼,肖笃宁,胡远满,穆阳,关竹心,张小云.沈阳市城市空间扩展的生态安全格局.生态学杂志,2007,26(6):875-881.
[16]陈鹏,吴剑,傅世锋.平潭海坛岛景观格局动态变化及其生态效应分析.生态科学,2013,32(3):265-270.
[17]温小乐,林征峰,唐菲.新兴海岛型城市建设引发的生态变化的遥感分析——以福建平潭综合实验区为例.应用生态学报,2015,26(2):541-547.
[18]Zheng S N,Yu B.Landsenses pattern design to mitigate gale conditions in the coastal city-a case study of Pingtan,China.International Journal of Sustainable Development&World Ecology,2016:1-10.
[19]吴剑,陈鹏,文超祥,傅世锋,陈庆辉.基于探索性空间数据分析的海坛岛土地利用生态风险评价.应用生态学报,2014,25(7):2056-2062.
[20]Zheng S N,Xiong X F,Vause J,Liu J P.Real-time measurement of wind environment comfort in urban areas by Environmental Internet of Things.International Journal of Sustainable Development&World Ecology,2013,20(3):254-260.
[21]金星星,叶士琳,吴小影,王怡,程煜.海岛型城市人居环境质量评价——基于厦门市和平潭综合实验区的对比.生态学报,2016,36(12):3678-3686.
[22]冷悦山,孙书贤,王宗灵,张朝晖,周明.海岛生态环境的脆弱性分析与调控对策.海岸工程,2008,27(2):58-64.
[23]廖廓,蔡晓禾,王超,吴幸毓.福建省平潭大风分析.海洋预报,2012,29(2):64-67.
[24]Mujabar P S,Chandrasekar N.Shoreline change analysis along the coast between Kanyakumari and Tuticorin of India using remote sensing and GIS.Arabian Journal of Geosciences,2013,6(3):647-664.
[25]盛静芬,朱大奎.海岸侵蚀和海岸线管理的初步研究.海洋通报,2002,21(4):50-57.
[26]毋亭,侯西勇.海岸线变化研究综述.生态学报,2016,36(4):1170-1182.