辽沈地区不同高度大气冰核数浓度的飞机观测
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摘要
为进一步认识不同高度大气冰核数浓度分布及变化特征,对2011年和2012年4—9月在沈阳及周边地区开展的大气冰核飞机观测进行分析。结果表明:在-15℃和-20℃温度条件下,沈阳近地面大气冰核数浓度范围为101—102L-1;云中不同高度层(1.5—4.5 km)云中的背景浓度分别小于2.0 L-1和10.0 L-1;辽沈地区地面和云中的大气冰核分布均具有较大的时空变异性,其最大与最小数浓度之差可达1—2个量级;在4.5 km以下,不同高度大气冰核数浓度自地面向上随高度的增加逐渐减少;其中未受人工催化影响的自然冰核数浓度的垂直分布与幂函数有较好的对应关系;在海拔高度3.1 km的云中观测到人工催化剂对冰核浓度的影响,人工播撒碘化银后冰核数浓度至少增加了一个数量级。以上冰核数浓度检测对应水面过饱和度为-1.0%～5.0%,成冰过程包括了凝华与凝结—冻结核化机制。
For better understanding the distribution and variation characteristics of atmospheric ice nuclei(IN) concentration at different altitudes,an aircraft observational experiment was carried out over Shenyang and its surrounding areas from April to September in 2011 and 2012.The analysis results show that the values of IN number concentration in the near-surface layer at Shenyang range from 101 to 102 L-1 in the range of air temperature between -15 and -20 ℃,and the background concentration of IN at different altitudes(1.5-4.5 km) in clouds are less than 2.0 L-1 and 10.0 L-1,respectively.The spatial distribution and temporal variation of atmospheric IN in the near-surface layer and in clouds over Liaoning and Shenyang areas have large variability,with 1-2 order of magnitude in the difference between the maximum and minimum concentrations.The IN number concentration decreases gradually with increasing height below 4.5 km.The vertical distribution of the number concentration of natural IN that has not been affected by artificial catalysis follows a power function well,while the IN number concentration increases by an order of magnitude at least observed in clouds at 3.1 km after distributing silver iodide as the artificial catalyst.The IN number concentration detection corresponds to a water-surface supersaturation of-1.0% to5.0%,and the ice formation process includes the deposition and condensation-freezing nucleation mechanisms.
For better understanding the distribution and variation characteristics of atmospheric ice nuclei(IN) concentration at different altitudes,an aircraft observational experiment was carried out over Shenyang and its surrounding areas from April to September in 2011 and 2012.The analysis results show that the values of IN number concentration in the near-surface layer at Shenyang range from 101 to 102 L-1 in the range of air temperature between -15 and -20 ℃,and the background concentration of IN at different altitudes(1.5-4.5 km) in clouds are less than 2.0 L-1 and 10.0 L-1,respectively.The spatial distribution and temporal variation of atmospheric IN in the near-surface layer and in clouds over Liaoning and Shenyang areas have large variability,with 1-2 order of magnitude in the difference between the maximum and minimum concentrations.The IN number concentration decreases gradually with increasing height below 4.5 km.The vertical distribution of the number concentration of natural IN that has not been affected by artificial catalysis follows a power function well,while the IN number concentration increases by an order of magnitude at least observed in clouds at 3.1 km after distributing silver iodide as the artificial catalyst.The IN number concentration detection corresponds to a water-surface supersaturation of-1.0% to5.0%,and the ice formation process includes the deposition and condensation-freezing nucleation mechanisms.
引文
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[17]张建新,廖飞佳,高子毅,等.夏季新疆中天山北坡大气冰核的数浓度观测分析[J].高原气象,2006,25(1):138-142.
[18]杨磊,银燕,杨绍忠,等.南京地区大气冰核数浓度的测量及分析[J].大气科学,2013,37(3):579-594.
[19]Langer G.Evaluation of NCAR ice nucleus counter.PartⅠ:basic operation[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1973,12(6):1000-1011.
[20]Rogers D C.Development of a continuous flow thermal gradient diffusion chamber for ice nucleation studies[J].Atmospheric Research,1988,22(2):149-181.
[21]Bigg E K.Measurement of concentrations of natural ice nuclei.Atmospheric Research,1990,25(5):397-408.
[22]周德平,王扬锋,洪也,等.地面大气冰核观测技术规范[S].沈阳:辽宁省质量技术监督局,2015.
[23]Mossop S C,Thorndike N S C.The use of membrane filters in measurement of ice nucleus concentration.I.Effect of sampled air volume[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1966,5(4):474-480.
[24]王明康.过滤法测量冰晶核数浓度[J].南京大学学报:自然科学版,1983(1):171-180.
[25]游来光,马培民,胡志晋.北方层状云人工降水试验研究[J].气象科技,2002,30(增刊):19-56.
[2]Levi Y D,Rosenfeld D,Ice nuclei,rainwater chemical composition,and static cloud seeding effects in Israel[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1996,35(9):1494-1501.
[3]Braham Jr R R,Cooper W A,Cotton W R,et al.Precipitation enhancement-a scientific challenge[M].Boston.MA:American Meteorological Society,1986.
[4]游来光,杨绍忠,王祥国,等.1995和1996年春季北京地区大气冰核数浓度的观测与研究[J].气象学报,2002,60(1):101-109.
[5]Perez P J,Garcia J A,Casanova J.Ice nuclei concentrations in Valladolid,Spain,and their relation to meteorological parameters[J].Journal de Recherohes Atmospheriques,1985,19(5):153-158.
[6]Plaude N O,Vychuzhanina M V.Aerosol papticle size distribution,the total number and ice nuclei concentrations in Moscow region[C]//American Institute of Physics,Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols 2000:15th International Conference.AIP Conference Proceedings,2000(534):463-466.
[7]石爱丽,郑国光,游来光.2003年秋季青海省河南县地面大气冰核观测分析[J].应用气象学报,2006,17(2):245-249.
[8]李艳伟,杜秉玉.新疆天山山区大气冰核数浓度的测量及分析[J].南京气象学院学报,2003,26(3):364-370.
[9]牛生杰,安夏兰,陈跃,等.贺兰山地区大气冰核数浓度的测量及初步分析[J].南京气象学院学报,2000,23(2):294-298.
[10]DeMott P J,Sassen K,Poellot M R,et al.African dust aerosols as atmospheric ice nuclei[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2003,30(14):1732.
[11]周德平,李炳昆,陈光,等.用5L混合云室观测抚顺市大气冰核浓度[J].气象与环境学报,2012,28(6):44-49.
[12]周德平,洪也,王扬锋,等.沙尘天气过程对沈阳大气冰核数浓度与尺度分布的影响[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(6):1672-1678.
[13]周德平,洪也,王扬锋,等.沈阳春夏季大气冰核数浓度的观测研究[J].气候与环境研究,2012,17(6):719-726.
[14]Li L G,Zhou D P,Wang Y F,et al.An observational study of atmospheric ice nuclei number concentration during three fog-haze weather periods in Shenyang,northeastern China[J].Atmospheric Research,2017,188(5):11-19.
[15]章澄昌.静力扩散云室中用滤膜测定自然冰核活化数的过饱和谱和温度谱[J].南京气象学院学报,1987,10(1):1-7.
[16]杨绍忠,王祥国,游来光,等.用混合和扩散云室对大气冰核浓度的观测分析[J].气象,2004,30(12):39-43.
[17]张建新,廖飞佳,高子毅,等.夏季新疆中天山北坡大气冰核的数浓度观测分析[J].高原气象,2006,25(1):138-142.
[18]杨磊,银燕,杨绍忠,等.南京地区大气冰核数浓度的测量及分析[J].大气科学,2013,37(3):579-594.
[19]Langer G.Evaluation of NCAR ice nucleus counter.PartⅠ:basic operation[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1973,12(6):1000-1011.
[20]Rogers D C.Development of a continuous flow thermal gradient diffusion chamber for ice nucleation studies[J].Atmospheric Research,1988,22(2):149-181.
[21]Bigg E K.Measurement of concentrations of natural ice nuclei.Atmospheric Research,1990,25(5):397-408.
[22]周德平,王扬锋,洪也,等.地面大气冰核观测技术规范[S].沈阳:辽宁省质量技术监督局,2015.
[23]Mossop S C,Thorndike N S C.The use of membrane filters in measurement of ice nucleus concentration.I.Effect of sampled air volume[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1966,5(4):474-480.
[24]王明康.过滤法测量冰晶核数浓度[J].南京大学学报:自然科学版,1983(1):171-180.
[25]游来光,马培民,胡志晋.北方层状云人工降水试验研究[J].气象科技,2002,30(增刊):19-56.