从救助到就业:发展型救助视角下城乡失业贫困人口的再就业影响研究
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摘要
我国现行的以最低生活保障制度为基础的社会救助制度总体上是一种生存型救助制度,实践过程中救助与就业的关系问题成为讨论的重点。基于发展型救助的视角,利用教育部哲学社会科学重大攻关项目"完善社会救助制度研究"课题组2015年的调查数据,用六个二元logistic模型来探究福利供给和反福利依赖因素对劳动年龄范围内城乡失业贫困人口再就业情况的影响。结果显示,多重福利供给因素如领取低保年限、个人社会救助收入占比以及家庭社会救助收入占比等都对城乡失业贫困人口的再就业行为和意愿具有显著的负向影响。反福利依赖因素具有双重效应,一方面一些反福利依赖措施对城乡失业贫困人口的再就业行为和意愿起促进作用;另一方面,诸如政府是否介绍过工作、自己是否主动参加公益性服务等反福利依赖变量降低了城乡失业贫困人口的再就业行为和意愿,形成了新的"福利依赖"陷阱。基于以上结论,研究从发展型救助视角出发为社会救助发展中平衡救助与就业的关系提出建议和思考。
China's current social assistance system is generally a survival assistance system based on the subsistence security system,and the relationship between assistance and employment has become the focus of discussion in the process of practice. The article,based on the perspective of developmental social assistance,use the research survey data of the project"to perfect the social assistance system research"which is the ministry of education philosophy and social science major technological in 2015,and use the six binary logistic model to explore the effect of welfare supply and welfare dependency factors to the reemployment of the unemployed and poor people in urban and rural which are in the working age range. The results show that multiple welfare supply factors,such as the number of years of subsistence allowance,the proportion of individual income from social assistance and the proportion of family income from social assistance,have significant negative effects on the reemployment behavior and willingness of the unemployed and poor people in urban and rural. The anti-welfare dependency factors have double effects. On the one hand,some anti-welfare dependency measures can promote the reemployment behavior and willingness of he unemployed and poor people in urban and rural. On the other hand,anti-welfare dependency variables,such as whether the government has introduced jobs and whether it takes the initiative to participate in public welfare services,reduce the reemployment behavior and willingness of he unemployed and poor people in urban and rural,forming a new"welfare dependency"trap. Based on the above conclusions,this paper puts forward Suggestions and thoughts on balancing assistance and employment in social assistance development from the perspective of developmental social assistance.
China's current social assistance system is generally a survival assistance system based on the subsistence security system,and the relationship between assistance and employment has become the focus of discussion in the process of practice. The article,based on the perspective of developmental social assistance,use the research survey data of the project"to perfect the social assistance system research"which is the ministry of education philosophy and social science major technological in 2015,and use the six binary logistic model to explore the effect of welfare supply and welfare dependency factors to the reemployment of the unemployed and poor people in urban and rural which are in the working age range. The results show that multiple welfare supply factors,such as the number of years of subsistence allowance,the proportion of individual income from social assistance and the proportion of family income from social assistance,have significant negative effects on the reemployment behavior and willingness of the unemployed and poor people in urban and rural. The anti-welfare dependency factors have double effects. On the one hand,some anti-welfare dependency measures can promote the reemployment behavior and willingness of he unemployed and poor people in urban and rural. On the other hand,anti-welfare dependency variables,such as whether the government has introduced jobs and whether it takes the initiative to participate in public welfare services,reduce the reemployment behavior and willingness of he unemployed and poor people in urban and rural,forming a new"welfare dependency"trap. Based on the above conclusions,this paper puts forward Suggestions and thoughts on balancing assistance and employment in social assistance development from the perspective of developmental social assistance.
引文
[1]韩克庆,郭瑜.福利依赖是否存在?——中国城市低保制度的一个实证研究[J].社会学研究,2012,(2):149-167.
[2]慈勤英,王卓祺.失业者的再就业选择——最低生活保障制度的微观分析[J].社会学研究,2006,(2):135-150.
[3]黄晨熹.城市低保对象求职行为的影响因素及其相关制度安排研究——以上海为例[J].社会学研究,2007,(1):137-160.
[4]王增文.社会网络对受助家庭再就业收入差距的影响[J].中国人口科学,2012,(2):78-86.
[5]慈勤英,兰剑.“福利”与“反福利依赖”——基于城市低保群体的失业与再就业行为分析[J].武汉大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2015,(5):111-119.
[6]齐心,唐钧.城市扶贫与可持续生计[J].江苏社会科学,2003,(2):126-133.
[7]尹乃春.走向发展型救助:社会救助的制度转型与目标选择[J].广西社会科学,2012,(1):131-134.
[8]乔治·吉德尔.财富与贫困[M].储玉坤译.上海:上海译文出版社,1985:45-55.
[9]Murray,C. A. Losing Ground:American social policy,1950-1980[M]. 1984,Tenth-Anniversity Edition,New York:Basic Books.
[10]迪尼托.社会福利:政治与公共政策[M].何敬,葛其伟译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007:34-36.
[11]Lawrence M,Mead. The real Crisis[J]. Society,1986(2):34-40.
[12]蓝云曦,周昌祥.社会结构变迁中的福利依赖与反福利依赖分析[J].西南民族大学学报:人文社科版,2004,(8):467-472.
[13]任晓敏,崔恒展.城市低保救助制度的发展瓶颈及路径研究——以济南市为例[J].山东社会科学,2014,(3):54-58.
[14]赵淑兰.低保救助实践中的负激励效应研究[J].理论界,2007,(12):177-179.
[15]白维军.城市居民最低生活保障制度中的“贫困陷阱”研究——目标定位制下的负激励分析[J].西北人口,2010,(2):31-35.
[16]李棉管.城市低保制度与贫困者的“福利依赖”[J].社会工作,2008,(2):24-27.
[17]张浩淼.救助、就业与福利依赖——兼论关于中国低保制度“养懒汉”的担忧[J].兰州学刊,2014,(5):163-169.
[18]刘璐婵,林闽钢.“养懒汉”是否存在?——城市低保制度中“福利依赖”问题研究[J].东岳论丛,2015,(10):37-42.
[19]彭宅文.最低生活保障制度与救助对象的劳动激励:“中国式福利依赖”及其调整[J].社会保障研究,2009,(6):163-174.
[20]肖萌,李飞跃.工作还是依赖?——低保对象就业行为的影响因素分析[J].人口学刊,2017,(1):102-112.
[21]龚文娟.失业者再就业行为及其影响因素分析——基于湖北省武汉、荆州、洪湖三市的调查[J].社会,2007,(3):156-177.
[22]肖萌,李飞跃.低保依赖的影响因素及对策——一个综合解释模型探讨[J].南开大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2017,(2):151-160.
[23]马爽.城市低保对象求职行为及其影响因素研究[J].清华大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2017,(5):183-198.
[24]王丽华,孟湘泓.反贫困视觉下的我国社会救助制度安排[J].甘肃社会科学,2012,(2):46-49.
[25]张秀兰,徐月宾.发展型社会政策及其对我们的启示[M].北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2007:70-78.
[26]尹乃春.走向发展型救助:社会救助的制度转型与目标选择[J].广西社会科学,2012,(1):131-134.
[27]张浩淼.中国发展型社会救助制度建设:国际视野下的分析与启示[J].改革与战略,2013,(8):105-109.
[28]舒尔茨.论人力资本投资[M].北京:北京经济学院出版社,1990:50-56.
(1)根据《中华人民共和国劳动法》《中华人民共和国就业促进法》的规定:法定劳动年龄是指年满16周岁至退休年龄,有劳动能力的公民。退休年龄一般指男60周岁,女55周岁。
[2]慈勤英,王卓祺.失业者的再就业选择——最低生活保障制度的微观分析[J].社会学研究,2006,(2):135-150.
[3]黄晨熹.城市低保对象求职行为的影响因素及其相关制度安排研究——以上海为例[J].社会学研究,2007,(1):137-160.
[4]王增文.社会网络对受助家庭再就业收入差距的影响[J].中国人口科学,2012,(2):78-86.
[5]慈勤英,兰剑.“福利”与“反福利依赖”——基于城市低保群体的失业与再就业行为分析[J].武汉大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2015,(5):111-119.
[6]齐心,唐钧.城市扶贫与可持续生计[J].江苏社会科学,2003,(2):126-133.
[7]尹乃春.走向发展型救助:社会救助的制度转型与目标选择[J].广西社会科学,2012,(1):131-134.
[8]乔治·吉德尔.财富与贫困[M].储玉坤译.上海:上海译文出版社,1985:45-55.
[9]Murray,C. A. Losing Ground:American social policy,1950-1980[M]. 1984,Tenth-Anniversity Edition,New York:Basic Books.
[10]迪尼托.社会福利:政治与公共政策[M].何敬,葛其伟译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007:34-36.
[11]Lawrence M,Mead. The real Crisis[J]. Society,1986(2):34-40.
[12]蓝云曦,周昌祥.社会结构变迁中的福利依赖与反福利依赖分析[J].西南民族大学学报:人文社科版,2004,(8):467-472.
[13]任晓敏,崔恒展.城市低保救助制度的发展瓶颈及路径研究——以济南市为例[J].山东社会科学,2014,(3):54-58.
[14]赵淑兰.低保救助实践中的负激励效应研究[J].理论界,2007,(12):177-179.
[15]白维军.城市居民最低生活保障制度中的“贫困陷阱”研究——目标定位制下的负激励分析[J].西北人口,2010,(2):31-35.
[16]李棉管.城市低保制度与贫困者的“福利依赖”[J].社会工作,2008,(2):24-27.
[17]张浩淼.救助、就业与福利依赖——兼论关于中国低保制度“养懒汉”的担忧[J].兰州学刊,2014,(5):163-169.
[18]刘璐婵,林闽钢.“养懒汉”是否存在?——城市低保制度中“福利依赖”问题研究[J].东岳论丛,2015,(10):37-42.
[19]彭宅文.最低生活保障制度与救助对象的劳动激励:“中国式福利依赖”及其调整[J].社会保障研究,2009,(6):163-174.
[20]肖萌,李飞跃.工作还是依赖?——低保对象就业行为的影响因素分析[J].人口学刊,2017,(1):102-112.
[21]龚文娟.失业者再就业行为及其影响因素分析——基于湖北省武汉、荆州、洪湖三市的调查[J].社会,2007,(3):156-177.
[22]肖萌,李飞跃.低保依赖的影响因素及对策——一个综合解释模型探讨[J].南开大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2017,(2):151-160.
[23]马爽.城市低保对象求职行为及其影响因素研究[J].清华大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2017,(5):183-198.
[24]王丽华,孟湘泓.反贫困视觉下的我国社会救助制度安排[J].甘肃社会科学,2012,(2):46-49.
[25]张秀兰,徐月宾.发展型社会政策及其对我们的启示[M].北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2007:70-78.
[26]尹乃春.走向发展型救助:社会救助的制度转型与目标选择[J].广西社会科学,2012,(1):131-134.
[27]张浩淼.中国发展型社会救助制度建设:国际视野下的分析与启示[J].改革与战略,2013,(8):105-109.
[28]舒尔茨.论人力资本投资[M].北京:北京经济学院出版社,1990:50-56.
(1)根据《中华人民共和国劳动法》《中华人民共和国就业促进法》的规定:法定劳动年龄是指年满16周岁至退休年龄,有劳动能力的公民。退休年龄一般指男60周岁,女55周岁。