非洲沿海国家海洋渔业资源开发利用现状
|
摘要
根据联合国粮农组织提供的1950—2015年非洲渔获生产统计数据,结合Fishbase提供的相关鱼种营养级(Trophic level, TL)以及Sea Around Us Project Database提供的海洋无脊椎动物营养级,探讨了1950—2015年北非、东非、南非、中非和西非的沿海国家渔获物平均营养级(Mean trophic level, MTL)的变化情况,以此来判定非洲沿海国海洋渔业资源的开发利用现状。结果表明:非洲沿海国家的海洋渔业资源开采大致经历开发不足、快速开发、过度开发阶段,1984—1991年,北非地区的海洋渔业资源遭到一定程度的破坏,高营养级渔业资源渔获量减少了33.5%,MTL由3.44降低到3.25;东非地区渔获量较其他4个区域低,目前,大部分鱼类资源处于充分捕捞利用状态;南非地区在21世纪初发生"捕捞降低海洋食物网"现象,2004—2015年,MTL恢复小幅上升趋势,渔业均衡指数(Fishing-in-balance index, FIB)趋于平稳;2013—2015年,中非地区的MTL与FIB均呈下降趋势,说明产量的增加速度不足以弥补营养级的降低,生态系统结构功能开始遭到破坏;1950—2015年,西非地区的渔获量不断增加,从上世纪60年代开始,过度捕捞现象愈加严重,低营养级鱼类数量占比呈先减少后增加趋势,2001—2012年,MTL波动下降,FIB平稳变化,说明MTL的下降由产量的增加而抵消。21世纪以来,部分北非、南非与西非沿海国家加强了资源管理,渔业资源状况有所好转。研究认为:渔获物平均营养级的下降主要由过度捕捞引起,非洲国家的管理不力加重了过度捕捞现象,建议非洲各国尽快建立起基于渔获物统计的海洋渔业资源实时监测系统,以便掌握捕捞活动下的鱼类群落结构的变动情况。
Evaluation utilization state of marine fishery resources of Africa is of great significance in promoting the sustainable development of fisheries in Africa and the cooperation between China and Africa. Based on the capture production data provided by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, integrating with trophic level of related fish species collected from Fishbase and trophic level of invertebrate provided by Sea Around Us Project database, in order to estimate fluctuations in the mean trophic level(MTL) of catch and the state of fishery resources of African coastal countries from 1950 to 2015. Results showed that the exploitation of marine fishery resources in African coastal countries has generally experienced the stages of underdevelopment,rapid development and over-exploitation. From 1984 to 1991, the marine fishery resources in North Africa have been damaged to a certain extent, the capture production of high-grade trophic fishery resources decreased by 33.5%, MTL decreased from the peak value 3.44 to 3.25; The catch of East Africa has been relatively low for a long time, nowadays, most of the fish resources are fully exploited. Fisheries in South Africa followed the phenomenon of ‘fishing down marine food webs' in the early 21~(st) century, MTL first went through a fluctuation growth trend during the period 1950-1996, then a relatively slow decreasing process during the period 1997-2004,and afterwards MTL recovered slight increasing trend, Fishing-in-balance index(FIB) kept steady from 2004 to 2015; MTL and FIB of Middle Africa declined in volatility in recent 3 years,indicated that the rate of increase in production is not sufficient to compensate for the reduction in the trophic level, and the structure and function of the ecosystem begins to be destroyed; The capture production in West Africa continued to increase in the past 66 years, overfishing has become more and more serious since the 1960s and led to a growth trend of the proportion of low trophic level fish. From 2001 to 2012, FIB was almost constant and between 1.2 and 1.4, MTL decreased fluctuatingly. When we compute MTL based on time-series of data that exclude trophic levels lower than 3.25(3.25 MTL) so that to eliminate herbivores, detrivores and planktivores whose biomass trends to vary widely in response to environment factors. 3.25 MTL showed a rising trend, suggesting that the decline of MTL was offset by the increase of production, overfishing led to an increase in the number of low and middle trophic fish in the sea area. Since the 21~(st) century, some North African, South African and West African coastal countries have strengthened their fishery resources management and protection. The reduction in MTL indicates that the structure and function of the marine ecosystem has been destroyed, as changes in MTL are mainly caused by overfishing.We recommend that each country should establish a monitoring system which based on the capture production data to better assess the dynamic change of resources under fishing activities.
Evaluation utilization state of marine fishery resources of Africa is of great significance in promoting the sustainable development of fisheries in Africa and the cooperation between China and Africa. Based on the capture production data provided by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, integrating with trophic level of related fish species collected from Fishbase and trophic level of invertebrate provided by Sea Around Us Project database, in order to estimate fluctuations in the mean trophic level(MTL) of catch and the state of fishery resources of African coastal countries from 1950 to 2015. Results showed that the exploitation of marine fishery resources in African coastal countries has generally experienced the stages of underdevelopment,rapid development and over-exploitation. From 1984 to 1991, the marine fishery resources in North Africa have been damaged to a certain extent, the capture production of high-grade trophic fishery resources decreased by 33.5%, MTL decreased from the peak value 3.44 to 3.25; The catch of East Africa has been relatively low for a long time, nowadays, most of the fish resources are fully exploited. Fisheries in South Africa followed the phenomenon of ‘fishing down marine food webs' in the early 21~(st) century, MTL first went through a fluctuation growth trend during the period 1950-1996, then a relatively slow decreasing process during the period 1997-2004,and afterwards MTL recovered slight increasing trend, Fishing-in-balance index(FIB) kept steady from 2004 to 2015; MTL and FIB of Middle Africa declined in volatility in recent 3 years,indicated that the rate of increase in production is not sufficient to compensate for the reduction in the trophic level, and the structure and function of the ecosystem begins to be destroyed; The capture production in West Africa continued to increase in the past 66 years, overfishing has become more and more serious since the 1960s and led to a growth trend of the proportion of low trophic level fish. From 2001 to 2012, FIB was almost constant and between 1.2 and 1.4, MTL decreased fluctuatingly. When we compute MTL based on time-series of data that exclude trophic levels lower than 3.25(3.25 MTL) so that to eliminate herbivores, detrivores and planktivores whose biomass trends to vary widely in response to environment factors. 3.25 MTL showed a rising trend, suggesting that the decline of MTL was offset by the increase of production, overfishing led to an increase in the number of low and middle trophic fish in the sea area. Since the 21~(st) century, some North African, South African and West African coastal countries have strengthened their fishery resources management and protection. The reduction in MTL indicates that the structure and function of the marine ecosystem has been destroyed, as changes in MTL are mainly caused by overfishing.We recommend that each country should establish a monitoring system which based on the capture production data to better assess the dynamic change of resources under fishing activities.
引文
Agnew D J,Walmsley S F,Leotte F,Barnes C,White C and Good S.2010.Estimation of the cost of illegal fishing in West Africa.London:MRAG.
Atta-Mills J,Alder J and Sumaila U R.2010.The decline of a regional fishing nation:The case of Ghana and West Africa.Natural Resources Forum,28(1):13-21.
Beverton R J H and Holt S J.1957.On the dynamics of exploited fish populations.London,UK:UK Ministry of Agriculture,Fisheries,and Food,Fisheries Investigation Series 2,vol.19.
Bhathal B and Pauly D.2008.Fishing down marine food webs’and spatial expansion of coastal fisheries in India,1950-2000.Fisheries Research,91(1):26-34.
Branch G M and Clark B M.2006.Fish stocks and their management:The changing face of fisheries in South Africa.Marine Policy,30(1):3-17.
Branch T A,Jensen O P,Ricard D,Ye Y and Hilborn R A Y.2011.Contrasting global trends in marine fishery status obtained from catches and from stock assessments.Conservation Biology,25(4):777-786.
Caddy J F,Csirke J,Garcia S M and Grainge,R J R.1998.How Pervasive is“Fishing Down Marine Food Webs”?.Science,282(5393):1383-1383.
Caddy J F and Garibaldi L.2000.Apparent changes in the trophic composition of world marine harvests:the perspective from the FAOcapture database.Ocean&Coastal Management,43(8/9):615-655.
陈本良.2001.近海渔业资源捕捞过度的原因与对策.中国渔业经济,(2):37-39.[Chen Benliang.2001.The Cause of Over Fishing Along Coastal Waters.Chinese Fisheries Economics,(2):37-39.]
陈新军,周应祺.2003.基于BP模型的渔业资源可持续利用预警系统评价.中国渔业经济,(3):23-25.[Chen Xinjun and Zhou Yingqi.2003.Study on the Early-warning System of Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources Based on BP Models.Chinese Fisheries Economics,(3):23-25.]
陈新军.2004.渔业资源可持续利用评价理论和方法.北京:中国农业出版社.[Chen Xinjun.2004.Theory and Methodology of Sustainable Utilization of Fishery Resources.Beijing:China Agriculture Press.]
陈作志,林昭进,邱永松.2010.基于AHP的南海海域渔业资源可持续利用评价.自然资源学报,25(2):249-257.[Chen Zuozhi,Lin Zhaojin and Qiu Yongsong.2010.Evaluation of Sustainability of Fisheries Resources for South China Sea Based on the AHP.Journal of Natural Resources,25(2):249-257.]
Cinner J E,Daw T M,Mcclanahan T R,Muthiga N,Abunge C,Hamed S,Mwaka B,Rabearisoa A,Wamukota A,Fisher E and Jiddawi N.2012.Transitions toward co-management:The process of marine resource management devolution in three east African countries.Global Environmental Change,22(3):651-658.
Clark C W.1985.Bioeconomic modelling and fisheries management.USA:Wiley.
Cury P M,Shannon L J,Roux J P,Daskalov G M,Jarre A,Moloney C L and Pauly D.2005.Trophodynamic indicators for an ecosystem approach to fisheries.Ices Journal of Marine Science,62(3):430-442.
丁琪,陈新军,李纲,方舟.2013.基于渔获统计的西北太平洋渔业资源可持续利用评价.资源科学,35(10):2032-2040.[Ding Qi,Chen Xinjun,Li Gang and Fang Zhou.2013.Catch Statistics and the Sustainable Utilization of Northwest Pacific Ocean Fishery Resources.Resources Science,35(10):2032-2040.]
杜建国,陈彬,卢振彬,宋普庆,许章程,俞炜炜,宋希坤.2010.泉州湾海域鱼类多样性及营养级变化.生物多样性,18(4):420-427.[Du Jianguo,Chen Bin,Lu Zhenbin,Song Puqing,Xu Zhangcheng,Yu Weiwei and Song Xikun.2010.Changes of Fish Diversity and Trophic Levels in Quanzhou Bay.Biodiversity Science,18(4):420-427.]
杜建国,叶观琼,陈彬,郑新庆.2014.中国海域海洋生物的营养级指数变化特征.生物多样性,22(4):532-538.[Du Jianguo,Ye Guanqiong,Chen Bin and Zheng Xinqing.2014.Changes in the Marine Trophic Index of Chinese Marine Area.Biodiversity Science,22(4):532-538.]
Essington T E,Beaudreau A H and Wiedenmann J.2006.Fishing through marine food webs.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,103(9):3171-3175.
Fisheries FAO Aquaculture Department.2012.The state of world fisheries and aquaculture.Rome:FAO,3-87.
Foley C M R.2013.Management implications of fishing up,down,or through the marine food web.Marine Policy,37(1):176-182.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.2016.The state of world fisheries and aquaculture.Rome:FAO.
Froese R,Garthe S,Piatkowski U and Pauly D.2005.Trophic signatures of marine organisms in the Mediterranean as compared with other ecosystems.Belgian Journal of Zoology,134(2):31-36.
符跃鑫,张振克,任则沛,陈影影,蒋大亮.2014.西非海洋渔业资源非法捕捞现状和对策.世界地理研究,23(4):14-22.[Fu Yuexin,Zhang Zhenke,Ren Zepei,Chen Yingying and Jiang Daliang.2014.The Status and Countermeasures of Marine IUUFishing in Western Africa.World Regional Studies,23(4):14-22.]
顾湘,张继平.2011.中国海洋渔业资源管理的博弈分析及制度改进.中国行政管理,(10):30-33.[Gu Xiang and Zhang Jiping.2011.Game Analysis of Marine Fishery Resources Management and System Improvement in China.Chinese Pubic Administration,(10):30-33.]
韩玉义.1986.摩洛哥的海洋渔业.渔业信息与战略,(8):23-24.[Han Yuyi.1986.Marine Fisheries in Morocco.Fishery Information and Strategy,(8):23-24.]
黄宪忠.2013.安哥拉渔业概况及投资前景分析.渔业信息与战略,28(3):239-242.[Huang Xianzhong.2013.Overviews and Investment Prospects of Fisheries Industry in Angola.Fishery Information and Strategy,28(3):239-242.]
Iles T D.1975.The Management of Marine Fisheries.Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada,32(3):449-450.
季星辉,刘瑞壮.2001.纳米比亚的渔业及其管理.海洋渔业,23(1):44-48.[Ji Xinghui,and Liu Ruizhuang,2001.Fisheries and Management in Namibia.Marine Fisheries,23(1):44-48.]
姜忠尽,甄峰,刘成富.2014.非洲农业与农村发展.南京:南京大学出版社.[Jiang Zhongjin,Zhen Feng and Liu Chengfu.2014.African Agriculture and Rural Development.Nanjing:Nanjing University Press.]
Kaczynski V M and Fluharty D L.2002.European policies in West Africa:who benefits from fisheries agreements?.Marine Policy,26(2):75-93.
Kondoh M.2003.Foraging Adaptation and the Relationship between Food-Web Complexity and Stability.Science,299(5611):1388.
Lam V W Y,Cheung W W L,Swartz W and Sumaila U R.2012.Climate change impacts on fisheries in West Africa:implications for economic,food and nutritional security.African Journal of Marine Science,34(1):103-117.
兰竹虹,廖岩,陈桂珠.2006.南中国海及泰国湾渔业资源过度利用现状及保护对策.热带地理,26(4):329-333.[Lan Zhuhong,Liao Yan and Chen Guizhu.2006.Countermeasures Against the Overexploitation of Fishery Resources in South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand.Tropical Geography,26(4):329-333.]
李嘉莉,秦路.2007.南非海洋渔业资源保护及其借鉴意义.中国渔业经济,(6):32-34.[Li Jiali and Qin Lu.2007.Marine Fisheries Resources Protection in South Africa and Its Reference Significance.Chinese Fisheries Economics,(6):32-34.]
Lindeman R L.1942.The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology.Ecology,23(4):399-417.
Mccann K,Hastings A and Huxel G R.1998.Weak trophic interactions and the balance of nature.Nature,395(6704):794-798.
Mcclanahan T R,Hicks C C and Darling E S.2008.Malthusian Overfishing and Efforts to Overcome It on Kenyan Coral Reefs.Ecological Applications,18(6):1516.
倪海儿,周瑞娟.2009.舟山渔场渔业资源可持续利用水平的灰色评价与预测.海洋与湖沼,40(3):319-324.[Ni Haier and Zhou Ruijuan.2009.Grey Evaluation and Forecast of Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources in Zhoushan Fisheries Ground.Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica,40(3):319-324.]
Pauly D,Christensen V,Dalsgaard J,Froese R and Torres F.1998.Fishing down marine food webs.Science,279(5352):860-863.
Pauly D,Christensen V,Guénette S,Pitcher T J,Sumaila R,Walters C J,Watson R and Zeller D.2002.Towards sustainability in world fisheries.Nature,418(6898):689.
Pauly D,Christensen V and Walters C.2000.Ecopath,Ecosim,and Ecospace as tools for evaluating ecosystem impact of fisheries.Ices Journal of Marine Science,57(3):697-706.
Pauly D and Christensen V.1995.Primary production required to sustain global fisheries.Nature,376(6537):279.
Pauly D,Palomares M L,Froese R,Sa-a P,Vakily M,Preikshot D and Wallace S.2001.Fishing down Canadian aquatic food webs.Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,58:51-62.
Pauly D and Watson R.2005.Background and interpretation of the‘Marine Trophic Index’as a measure of biodiversity.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,360(1454):415-423.
Pennino M G,Conesa D and López-Quílez A.2011.Trophic indicators to measure the impact of fishing on an exploited ecosystem.Animal Biodiversity&Conservation,34(1):123-131.
Pinnegar J K,Jennings S,O’Brien C M and Polunin N V C.2002.Longterm changes in the trophic level of the Celtic Sea fish community and fish market price distribution.Journal of Applied Ecology,39(3):377-390.
Ramos R.2013.Overfishing in west Africa by EU vessels.Nature,496(7445):300.
任则沛,陈影影,任航,张振克,蒋大亮,符跃鑫.2015.1980-2012年非洲水产养殖业发展时空变化研究.亚热带资源与环境学报,10(3):48-55.[Ren Zepei,Chen Yingying,Ren Hang,Zhang Zhenke,Jiang Daliang and Fu Yuexin.2015.Spatio-temporal Evolvement of African Aquaculture during 1980 to 2012.Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment,10(3):48-55.]
Ricker W E.1954.Stock and Recruitment.Journal De L’office Des Recherches Sur Les Pêcheries Du Canada,11(5):559-623.
Scheffer M,Carpenter S and Young B.2005.Cascading effects of over-fishing marine systems.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,20(11):579.
Sethi S A,Branch T A and Watson R.2010.Global fishery development patterns are driven by profit but not trophic level.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,107(27):12163.
Shao F M,Mlay E E and Mushi V E.2003.Review of Marine Fisheries for Tanzania.[2018-01-17].https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/med ia/57a08d0ae5274a27b20015b3/R8196a.pdf.
沈金生.2008.海洋渔业可持续性分析--基于逻辑斯蒂增长模型的应用.经济问题,(3):35-37.[Shen Jinsheng.2008.The Analysis of a Sustainable Marine Fishery-Based Upon Logistic Growth Model’s Application.On Economic Problems,(3):35-37.]
宋亚洲,韩宝平,朱国平,张衡.2010.基于生态足迹的江苏省渔业资源可持续利用评价.水生态学杂志,31(2):17-22.[Song Yazhou,Han Baoping,Zhu Guoping and Zhang Heng.2010.Assessment on Sustainable Utilization of Fisheries Resources Based on Ecological Footprint in Jiangsu Province.Journal of Hydroecology,31(2):17-22.]
唐建业,张建国,赵铁武.2009.构建我国海洋捕捞权制度的分析.水产学报,33(3):527-532.[Tang Jianye,Zhang Jianguo and Zhao Tiewu.2009.Analysis on The Establishment of Marine Fishing Right Regimes in China.Journal of Fisheries of China,33(3):527-532.]
唐议,邹伟红,胡振明.2009.基于统计数据的中国海洋渔业资源利用状况及管理分析.资源科学,31(6):1061-1068.[Tang Yi,Zou Weihong and Hu Zhenming.2009.An Analysis of Utilization Status and Management of Marine Fisheries Resources in China based on Statistics Data.Resources Science,31(6):1061-1068.]
Vivekanandan E,Srinath M and Kuriakose S.2005.Fishing the marine food web along the Indian coast.Fisheries Research,72(2/3):241-252.
王佳迪,李天,于瑞,李应仁,李继龙.2012.纳米比亚渔业现状、问题和建议.世界农业,(1):86-90.[Wang Jiadi,Li Tian,Yu Rui,Li Yingren and Li Jilong.2012.Current Situation,Problems and Suggestions of Namibia Fishery.World Agriculture,(1):86-90.]
王丽艳,王卫,高伟明.2003.河北省海洋渔业资源可持续利用分析.经济地理,23(2):216-219.[Wang Liyan,Wang Wei and Gao Weiming.2003.An Analysis of Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fishery Resources in Hebei Province.Economic Geography,23(2):216-219.]
Watson R and Pauly D.2001.Systematic distortions in world fisheries catch trends.Nature,414(6863):34.
Witbooi E.2015.RETRACTED:Towards a new‘fisheries crime’paradigm:Challenges and opportunities with reference to South Africa as an illustrative African example.Marine Policy,55:39-46.
吴隆杰.2006.基于渔业生态足迹指数的渔业资源可持续利用测度研究.青岛:中国海洋大学.[Wu Longjie.2006.A Study of Measurement on Sustainable Utilization of Fisheries Resource Based on Ecological Footprint.Qingdao:Ocean University of China.]
徐涛,慕永通.2016.威海市海洋渔业资源可持续利用评价研究.中国渔业经济,34(6):50-58.[Xu Tao and Mu Yongtong.2016.Evaluation of Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fishery Resources in Weihai City.Chinese Fisheries Economics,34(6):50-58.]
薛桂芳.2008.国际渔业法律政策与中国的实践.青岛:中国海洋大学出版社.[Xue Guifang.2008.International Fisheries Law and Policy and Practice in China.Qingdao:China Ocean University Press.]
张波,唐启升.2004.渤、黄、东海高营养层次重要生物资源种类的营养级研究.海洋科学进展,22(4):393-404.[Zhang Bo and Tang Qisheng.2004.Study on Trophic Level of Important Resources Species at High Trophic Levels in the Bohai Sea,Yellow Sea and East China Sea.Advances in Marine Science,22(4):393-404.]
张成,张伟华,高志平.2014.我国水产养殖业技术效率和全要素生产率研究.农业技术经济,(6):38-45.[Zhang Cheng,Zhang Weihua and Gao Zhiping.2014.Study on Technical Efficiency and Total Factor Productivity of Aquaculture in China.Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,(6):38-45.]
张振克,任则沛.2014.非洲渔业资源及其开发战略研究.南京:南京大学出版社.[Zhang Zhenke and Ren Zepei.2014.Study on Fishery Resources and Development Strategy in Africa.Nanjing:Nanjing University Press.]
张振克.2017.非洲发展研究.南京:江苏人民出版社.[Zhang Zhenke.2017.African Development Studies.Nanjing:Jiangsu People Publishing.]
张忠国.2010.控制海洋捕捞强度所面临的问题与对策研究.北京:中国农业科学院.[Zhang Zhongguo.2010.Discussion on Problems and Countermeasures of Controlling the Fishing Intensity of Chinese Marine Fisheries.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.]
郑建明.2014.海洋渔业资源治理的制度分析及其路径优化.中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版),(4):8-11.[Zheng Jianming.2014.An Institutional Analysis of the Governance of Marine Fishery Resources and Its Path Optimization.Journal of Ocean University of China(Social Sciences),(4):8-11.]
(1)http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-capture-production/query/en。
(2)http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-capture-production/query/en。
(3)http://www.fishbase.org/report/ISSCAAP/ISSCAAPSearchMenu.php。
(4)http://www.seaaroundus.org/。
Atta-Mills J,Alder J and Sumaila U R.2010.The decline of a regional fishing nation:The case of Ghana and West Africa.Natural Resources Forum,28(1):13-21.
Beverton R J H and Holt S J.1957.On the dynamics of exploited fish populations.London,UK:UK Ministry of Agriculture,Fisheries,and Food,Fisheries Investigation Series 2,vol.19.
Bhathal B and Pauly D.2008.Fishing down marine food webs’and spatial expansion of coastal fisheries in India,1950-2000.Fisheries Research,91(1):26-34.
Branch G M and Clark B M.2006.Fish stocks and their management:The changing face of fisheries in South Africa.Marine Policy,30(1):3-17.
Branch T A,Jensen O P,Ricard D,Ye Y and Hilborn R A Y.2011.Contrasting global trends in marine fishery status obtained from catches and from stock assessments.Conservation Biology,25(4):777-786.
Caddy J F,Csirke J,Garcia S M and Grainge,R J R.1998.How Pervasive is“Fishing Down Marine Food Webs”?.Science,282(5393):1383-1383.
Caddy J F and Garibaldi L.2000.Apparent changes in the trophic composition of world marine harvests:the perspective from the FAOcapture database.Ocean&Coastal Management,43(8/9):615-655.
陈本良.2001.近海渔业资源捕捞过度的原因与对策.中国渔业经济,(2):37-39.[Chen Benliang.2001.The Cause of Over Fishing Along Coastal Waters.Chinese Fisheries Economics,(2):37-39.]
陈新军,周应祺.2003.基于BP模型的渔业资源可持续利用预警系统评价.中国渔业经济,(3):23-25.[Chen Xinjun and Zhou Yingqi.2003.Study on the Early-warning System of Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources Based on BP Models.Chinese Fisheries Economics,(3):23-25.]
陈新军.2004.渔业资源可持续利用评价理论和方法.北京:中国农业出版社.[Chen Xinjun.2004.Theory and Methodology of Sustainable Utilization of Fishery Resources.Beijing:China Agriculture Press.]
陈作志,林昭进,邱永松.2010.基于AHP的南海海域渔业资源可持续利用评价.自然资源学报,25(2):249-257.[Chen Zuozhi,Lin Zhaojin and Qiu Yongsong.2010.Evaluation of Sustainability of Fisheries Resources for South China Sea Based on the AHP.Journal of Natural Resources,25(2):249-257.]
Cinner J E,Daw T M,Mcclanahan T R,Muthiga N,Abunge C,Hamed S,Mwaka B,Rabearisoa A,Wamukota A,Fisher E and Jiddawi N.2012.Transitions toward co-management:The process of marine resource management devolution in three east African countries.Global Environmental Change,22(3):651-658.
Clark C W.1985.Bioeconomic modelling and fisheries management.USA:Wiley.
Cury P M,Shannon L J,Roux J P,Daskalov G M,Jarre A,Moloney C L and Pauly D.2005.Trophodynamic indicators for an ecosystem approach to fisheries.Ices Journal of Marine Science,62(3):430-442.
丁琪,陈新军,李纲,方舟.2013.基于渔获统计的西北太平洋渔业资源可持续利用评价.资源科学,35(10):2032-2040.[Ding Qi,Chen Xinjun,Li Gang and Fang Zhou.2013.Catch Statistics and the Sustainable Utilization of Northwest Pacific Ocean Fishery Resources.Resources Science,35(10):2032-2040.]
杜建国,陈彬,卢振彬,宋普庆,许章程,俞炜炜,宋希坤.2010.泉州湾海域鱼类多样性及营养级变化.生物多样性,18(4):420-427.[Du Jianguo,Chen Bin,Lu Zhenbin,Song Puqing,Xu Zhangcheng,Yu Weiwei and Song Xikun.2010.Changes of Fish Diversity and Trophic Levels in Quanzhou Bay.Biodiversity Science,18(4):420-427.]
杜建国,叶观琼,陈彬,郑新庆.2014.中国海域海洋生物的营养级指数变化特征.生物多样性,22(4):532-538.[Du Jianguo,Ye Guanqiong,Chen Bin and Zheng Xinqing.2014.Changes in the Marine Trophic Index of Chinese Marine Area.Biodiversity Science,22(4):532-538.]
Essington T E,Beaudreau A H and Wiedenmann J.2006.Fishing through marine food webs.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,103(9):3171-3175.
Fisheries FAO Aquaculture Department.2012.The state of world fisheries and aquaculture.Rome:FAO,3-87.
Foley C M R.2013.Management implications of fishing up,down,or through the marine food web.Marine Policy,37(1):176-182.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.2016.The state of world fisheries and aquaculture.Rome:FAO.
Froese R,Garthe S,Piatkowski U and Pauly D.2005.Trophic signatures of marine organisms in the Mediterranean as compared with other ecosystems.Belgian Journal of Zoology,134(2):31-36.
符跃鑫,张振克,任则沛,陈影影,蒋大亮.2014.西非海洋渔业资源非法捕捞现状和对策.世界地理研究,23(4):14-22.[Fu Yuexin,Zhang Zhenke,Ren Zepei,Chen Yingying and Jiang Daliang.2014.The Status and Countermeasures of Marine IUUFishing in Western Africa.World Regional Studies,23(4):14-22.]
顾湘,张继平.2011.中国海洋渔业资源管理的博弈分析及制度改进.中国行政管理,(10):30-33.[Gu Xiang and Zhang Jiping.2011.Game Analysis of Marine Fishery Resources Management and System Improvement in China.Chinese Pubic Administration,(10):30-33.]
韩玉义.1986.摩洛哥的海洋渔业.渔业信息与战略,(8):23-24.[Han Yuyi.1986.Marine Fisheries in Morocco.Fishery Information and Strategy,(8):23-24.]
黄宪忠.2013.安哥拉渔业概况及投资前景分析.渔业信息与战略,28(3):239-242.[Huang Xianzhong.2013.Overviews and Investment Prospects of Fisheries Industry in Angola.Fishery Information and Strategy,28(3):239-242.]
Iles T D.1975.The Management of Marine Fisheries.Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada,32(3):449-450.
季星辉,刘瑞壮.2001.纳米比亚的渔业及其管理.海洋渔业,23(1):44-48.[Ji Xinghui,and Liu Ruizhuang,2001.Fisheries and Management in Namibia.Marine Fisheries,23(1):44-48.]
姜忠尽,甄峰,刘成富.2014.非洲农业与农村发展.南京:南京大学出版社.[Jiang Zhongjin,Zhen Feng and Liu Chengfu.2014.African Agriculture and Rural Development.Nanjing:Nanjing University Press.]
Kaczynski V M and Fluharty D L.2002.European policies in West Africa:who benefits from fisheries agreements?.Marine Policy,26(2):75-93.
Kondoh M.2003.Foraging Adaptation and the Relationship between Food-Web Complexity and Stability.Science,299(5611):1388.
Lam V W Y,Cheung W W L,Swartz W and Sumaila U R.2012.Climate change impacts on fisheries in West Africa:implications for economic,food and nutritional security.African Journal of Marine Science,34(1):103-117.
兰竹虹,廖岩,陈桂珠.2006.南中国海及泰国湾渔业资源过度利用现状及保护对策.热带地理,26(4):329-333.[Lan Zhuhong,Liao Yan and Chen Guizhu.2006.Countermeasures Against the Overexploitation of Fishery Resources in South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand.Tropical Geography,26(4):329-333.]
李嘉莉,秦路.2007.南非海洋渔业资源保护及其借鉴意义.中国渔业经济,(6):32-34.[Li Jiali and Qin Lu.2007.Marine Fisheries Resources Protection in South Africa and Its Reference Significance.Chinese Fisheries Economics,(6):32-34.]
Lindeman R L.1942.The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology.Ecology,23(4):399-417.
Mccann K,Hastings A and Huxel G R.1998.Weak trophic interactions and the balance of nature.Nature,395(6704):794-798.
Mcclanahan T R,Hicks C C and Darling E S.2008.Malthusian Overfishing and Efforts to Overcome It on Kenyan Coral Reefs.Ecological Applications,18(6):1516.
倪海儿,周瑞娟.2009.舟山渔场渔业资源可持续利用水平的灰色评价与预测.海洋与湖沼,40(3):319-324.[Ni Haier and Zhou Ruijuan.2009.Grey Evaluation and Forecast of Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources in Zhoushan Fisheries Ground.Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica,40(3):319-324.]
Pauly D,Christensen V,Dalsgaard J,Froese R and Torres F.1998.Fishing down marine food webs.Science,279(5352):860-863.
Pauly D,Christensen V,Guénette S,Pitcher T J,Sumaila R,Walters C J,Watson R and Zeller D.2002.Towards sustainability in world fisheries.Nature,418(6898):689.
Pauly D,Christensen V and Walters C.2000.Ecopath,Ecosim,and Ecospace as tools for evaluating ecosystem impact of fisheries.Ices Journal of Marine Science,57(3):697-706.
Pauly D and Christensen V.1995.Primary production required to sustain global fisheries.Nature,376(6537):279.
Pauly D,Palomares M L,Froese R,Sa-a P,Vakily M,Preikshot D and Wallace S.2001.Fishing down Canadian aquatic food webs.Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,58:51-62.
Pauly D and Watson R.2005.Background and interpretation of the‘Marine Trophic Index’as a measure of biodiversity.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,360(1454):415-423.
Pennino M G,Conesa D and López-Quílez A.2011.Trophic indicators to measure the impact of fishing on an exploited ecosystem.Animal Biodiversity&Conservation,34(1):123-131.
Pinnegar J K,Jennings S,O’Brien C M and Polunin N V C.2002.Longterm changes in the trophic level of the Celtic Sea fish community and fish market price distribution.Journal of Applied Ecology,39(3):377-390.
Ramos R.2013.Overfishing in west Africa by EU vessels.Nature,496(7445):300.
任则沛,陈影影,任航,张振克,蒋大亮,符跃鑫.2015.1980-2012年非洲水产养殖业发展时空变化研究.亚热带资源与环境学报,10(3):48-55.[Ren Zepei,Chen Yingying,Ren Hang,Zhang Zhenke,Jiang Daliang and Fu Yuexin.2015.Spatio-temporal Evolvement of African Aquaculture during 1980 to 2012.Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment,10(3):48-55.]
Ricker W E.1954.Stock and Recruitment.Journal De L’office Des Recherches Sur Les Pêcheries Du Canada,11(5):559-623.
Scheffer M,Carpenter S and Young B.2005.Cascading effects of over-fishing marine systems.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,20(11):579.
Sethi S A,Branch T A and Watson R.2010.Global fishery development patterns are driven by profit but not trophic level.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,107(27):12163.
Shao F M,Mlay E E and Mushi V E.2003.Review of Marine Fisheries for Tanzania.[2018-01-17].https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/med ia/57a08d0ae5274a27b20015b3/R8196a.pdf.
沈金生.2008.海洋渔业可持续性分析--基于逻辑斯蒂增长模型的应用.经济问题,(3):35-37.[Shen Jinsheng.2008.The Analysis of a Sustainable Marine Fishery-Based Upon Logistic Growth Model’s Application.On Economic Problems,(3):35-37.]
宋亚洲,韩宝平,朱国平,张衡.2010.基于生态足迹的江苏省渔业资源可持续利用评价.水生态学杂志,31(2):17-22.[Song Yazhou,Han Baoping,Zhu Guoping and Zhang Heng.2010.Assessment on Sustainable Utilization of Fisheries Resources Based on Ecological Footprint in Jiangsu Province.Journal of Hydroecology,31(2):17-22.]
唐建业,张建国,赵铁武.2009.构建我国海洋捕捞权制度的分析.水产学报,33(3):527-532.[Tang Jianye,Zhang Jianguo and Zhao Tiewu.2009.Analysis on The Establishment of Marine Fishing Right Regimes in China.Journal of Fisheries of China,33(3):527-532.]
唐议,邹伟红,胡振明.2009.基于统计数据的中国海洋渔业资源利用状况及管理分析.资源科学,31(6):1061-1068.[Tang Yi,Zou Weihong and Hu Zhenming.2009.An Analysis of Utilization Status and Management of Marine Fisheries Resources in China based on Statistics Data.Resources Science,31(6):1061-1068.]
Vivekanandan E,Srinath M and Kuriakose S.2005.Fishing the marine food web along the Indian coast.Fisheries Research,72(2/3):241-252.
王佳迪,李天,于瑞,李应仁,李继龙.2012.纳米比亚渔业现状、问题和建议.世界农业,(1):86-90.[Wang Jiadi,Li Tian,Yu Rui,Li Yingren and Li Jilong.2012.Current Situation,Problems and Suggestions of Namibia Fishery.World Agriculture,(1):86-90.]
王丽艳,王卫,高伟明.2003.河北省海洋渔业资源可持续利用分析.经济地理,23(2):216-219.[Wang Liyan,Wang Wei and Gao Weiming.2003.An Analysis of Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fishery Resources in Hebei Province.Economic Geography,23(2):216-219.]
Watson R and Pauly D.2001.Systematic distortions in world fisheries catch trends.Nature,414(6863):34.
Witbooi E.2015.RETRACTED:Towards a new‘fisheries crime’paradigm:Challenges and opportunities with reference to South Africa as an illustrative African example.Marine Policy,55:39-46.
吴隆杰.2006.基于渔业生态足迹指数的渔业资源可持续利用测度研究.青岛:中国海洋大学.[Wu Longjie.2006.A Study of Measurement on Sustainable Utilization of Fisheries Resource Based on Ecological Footprint.Qingdao:Ocean University of China.]
徐涛,慕永通.2016.威海市海洋渔业资源可持续利用评价研究.中国渔业经济,34(6):50-58.[Xu Tao and Mu Yongtong.2016.Evaluation of Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fishery Resources in Weihai City.Chinese Fisheries Economics,34(6):50-58.]
薛桂芳.2008.国际渔业法律政策与中国的实践.青岛:中国海洋大学出版社.[Xue Guifang.2008.International Fisheries Law and Policy and Practice in China.Qingdao:China Ocean University Press.]
张波,唐启升.2004.渤、黄、东海高营养层次重要生物资源种类的营养级研究.海洋科学进展,22(4):393-404.[Zhang Bo and Tang Qisheng.2004.Study on Trophic Level of Important Resources Species at High Trophic Levels in the Bohai Sea,Yellow Sea and East China Sea.Advances in Marine Science,22(4):393-404.]
张成,张伟华,高志平.2014.我国水产养殖业技术效率和全要素生产率研究.农业技术经济,(6):38-45.[Zhang Cheng,Zhang Weihua and Gao Zhiping.2014.Study on Technical Efficiency and Total Factor Productivity of Aquaculture in China.Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,(6):38-45.]
张振克,任则沛.2014.非洲渔业资源及其开发战略研究.南京:南京大学出版社.[Zhang Zhenke and Ren Zepei.2014.Study on Fishery Resources and Development Strategy in Africa.Nanjing:Nanjing University Press.]
张振克.2017.非洲发展研究.南京:江苏人民出版社.[Zhang Zhenke.2017.African Development Studies.Nanjing:Jiangsu People Publishing.]
张忠国.2010.控制海洋捕捞强度所面临的问题与对策研究.北京:中国农业科学院.[Zhang Zhongguo.2010.Discussion on Problems and Countermeasures of Controlling the Fishing Intensity of Chinese Marine Fisheries.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.]
郑建明.2014.海洋渔业资源治理的制度分析及其路径优化.中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版),(4):8-11.[Zheng Jianming.2014.An Institutional Analysis of the Governance of Marine Fishery Resources and Its Path Optimization.Journal of Ocean University of China(Social Sciences),(4):8-11.]
(1)http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-capture-production/query/en。
(2)http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-capture-production/query/en。
(3)http://www.fishbase.org/report/ISSCAAP/ISSCAAPSearchMenu.php。
(4)http://www.seaaroundus.org/。