《人民警察法》(修订草案稿)视野下警察正当防卫权的性质和地位——兼论警察特殊防卫权的行使与限制
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摘要
警察"骂不还口,打不还手"的"文明执法"标准被广泛宣传,在一定程度上加剧了警察执法环境的恶化。警察面对针对自己人身、财产的不法侵害可否反击,反击的性质是什么,存在较大分歧。从现行法来看,警察无疑享有正当防卫的权利,其防卫行为具有正当防卫和依法履行职责的双重性质,不能将两种性质对立起来。所不同的是,只要警察的执法行为符合《人民警察法》和《人民警察使用警械和武器条例》等相关法律法规所规定的条件,就不能认定其违法。长期以来,关于警察开枪权存在巨大争议,故进一步明确警察开枪的条件和程序,具有重要的现实意义。
For a long time,"the policemen will not retaliate while they get cursed,and they will not fight back while they are beaten"—this slogan has been widely publicized and deeply rooted in the hearts of people.But to a certain extent this has aggravated the deterioration of the policemen's law-enforcement environment.There are differences of opinions concerning whether the policemen can counterattack against the illegal infringement against their own personal and property,and what the nature of the counterattack is. Judging from the current laws,the policemen have the right to legitimate defense undoubtedly. Their defense behavior has the dual nature of legitimate defense and the performance of duties according to law. It is impossible to oppose the two natures. The difference is that as long as the policeman's behavior is in line with the conditions stipulated in the Law of Police and The PRC People 's Police Use of Police Equipment and Weapons Regulations,it cannot be considered illegal. The policemen's right to shoot has long been a huge controversy.It is of great practical significance to further clarify the conditions and procedures for police shooting.
For a long time,"the policemen will not retaliate while they get cursed,and they will not fight back while they are beaten"—this slogan has been widely publicized and deeply rooted in the hearts of people.But to a certain extent this has aggravated the deterioration of the policemen's law-enforcement environment.There are differences of opinions concerning whether the policemen can counterattack against the illegal infringement against their own personal and property,and what the nature of the counterattack is. Judging from the current laws,the policemen have the right to legitimate defense undoubtedly. Their defense behavior has the dual nature of legitimate defense and the performance of duties according to law. It is impossible to oppose the two natures. The difference is that as long as the policeman's behavior is in line with the conditions stipulated in the Law of Police and The PRC People 's Police Use of Police Equipment and Weapons Regulations,it cannot be considered illegal. The policemen's right to shoot has long been a huge controversy.It is of great practical significance to further clarify the conditions and procedures for police shooting.
引文
[1]唐晓勇.去年全国公安民警因公伤亡4548人[N].人民公安报,2006-02-24(01).
[2]张明楷.刑法学[M]. 5版.北京:法律出版社,2016.
[3]张正新.在履行职责与正当防卫之间——对警察防卫权的再认识[J].法学评论,2009(6):137-141.
[4]张江伟.警察开枪权前置程序问题研究[J].北京警察学院学报,2015(1):96-101.
[5]何胜军.新反恐形势下武器使用训练改革的深化[J].四川警察学院学报,2016(2):116-119.
(1)2005年全国公安民警(包括公安边防、消防、警卫部队)因公伤亡4548人,其中因公牺牲414人(19人被批准为烈士),因公负伤4134人。(参见:唐晓勇.去年全国公安民警因公伤亡4548人[N].人民公安报,2006-02-24(01).)2008年全国公安机关有400多名民警牺牲,数以千计的民警负伤。(参见:傅蕾,陈志刚.去年全国共有400多名民警牺牲[N].人民公安报,2009-01-20(01).)2014年,全国有393名民警牺牲(其中201名民警猝死)、5624名民警负伤,有2417名民警在与犯罪分子搏斗时受伤,比2013年增加469人。(参见:丘勋锐.去年全国393名民警牺牲[N].人民公安报,2015-03-08(01).)其他年份的相关数据因可能未公开而未见。
(1)更详细的论述,参见:高艳东.昆山案是正当防卫:危险的人=不法侵害[EB/OL].(2018-09-06)[2018-10-15].http://article.chinalawinfo.com/Space/SpaceA rticleD etail.aspx?AuthorI d=151740&&AID=108756&&Type=1.
[2]张明楷.刑法学[M]. 5版.北京:法律出版社,2016.
[3]张正新.在履行职责与正当防卫之间——对警察防卫权的再认识[J].法学评论,2009(6):137-141.
[4]张江伟.警察开枪权前置程序问题研究[J].北京警察学院学报,2015(1):96-101.
[5]何胜军.新反恐形势下武器使用训练改革的深化[J].四川警察学院学报,2016(2):116-119.
(1)2005年全国公安民警(包括公安边防、消防、警卫部队)因公伤亡4548人,其中因公牺牲414人(19人被批准为烈士),因公负伤4134人。(参见:唐晓勇.去年全国公安民警因公伤亡4548人[N].人民公安报,2006-02-24(01).)2008年全国公安机关有400多名民警牺牲,数以千计的民警负伤。(参见:傅蕾,陈志刚.去年全国共有400多名民警牺牲[N].人民公安报,2009-01-20(01).)2014年,全国有393名民警牺牲(其中201名民警猝死)、5624名民警负伤,有2417名民警在与犯罪分子搏斗时受伤,比2013年增加469人。(参见:丘勋锐.去年全国393名民警牺牲[N].人民公安报,2015-03-08(01).)其他年份的相关数据因可能未公开而未见。
(1)更详细的论述,参见:高艳东.昆山案是正当防卫:危险的人=不法侵害[EB/OL].(2018-09-06)[2018-10-15].http://article.chinalawinfo.com/Space/SpaceA rticleD etail.aspx?AuthorI d=151740&&AID=108756&&Type=1.