基于UCMap的城市环境气候空间格局分析——以广州市为例
|
摘要
城市化的不断深入使城市下垫面发生改变,自然景观的大幅减少与人工建筑的大规模增加,给城市气候与环境带来了巨大影响。城市环境气候图作为分析与调控城市环境气候、评估城市环境气候状况的工具与平台,拓展了城市气候信息在城市规划与发展中的应用。针对目前中国华南地区城市环境气候研究缺乏多要素图层、多技术方法综合分析的现状,充分考虑到不同要素对环境气候影响程度的差异,论文结合已有的城市环境气候图的编制方法,选择典型亚热带季风气候特征的广州市为研究区域,构建了多环境要素、多评估时段、多技术方法的复杂下垫面城市环境气候图系统,利用专业气象插值、遥感反演、GIS空间分析等多种技术手段,对广州市空气质量、热负荷与通风潜力进行分析评估。结果表明:广州空气质量和热负荷具有明显的季节和空间差异性,通风潜力的空间差异性明显而季节变化微弱。通过进一步叠加分析各环境要素,将广州环境气候划分为7种类型,其中最适宜类型主要分布于北部山区林地与城间耕地,最不适宜类型位于天河、越秀、荔湾的城市核心区以及白云、增城的工业密集区,形成"北优南劣"的环境气候空间格局。最后,以环境气候分析结果为基础,提出各气候类型所在区域的简要规划措施,为广州市的可持续发展提供科学建议与建设方向。
With the development of urbanization, the underlying land surface of urban areas also changes. The greatly declined natural landscape and increased number of buildings have significance influence on the urban climate and environment. Urban Climatic Map, a tool and platform for analyzing and evaluating the situation of urban climate, expands the application of urban climate information in urban planning and development. Based on the current situation in southern China for urban climate research, this study examined the difference of environment climate influence level caused by different factors. Combined with the existing compilation method of Urban Climatic Map, Guangzhou City was selected as the study area because of its typical subtropical monsoon climate characteristics. A complex underlying surface urban climatic map system was constructed with multiple environmental factors, assessment periods, and technical methods. Several technical means, including numerical model simulation, remote-sensing inversion, and spatial analysis in GIS, were comprehensively applied to evaluation urban air pollution, thermal load, and ventilation potential in Guangzhou City. We also put forward some preliminary planning recommendations. The results indicate that air pollution and thermal load are characterized by significant differences in seasonal and spatial distribution, while ventilation potential shows a clear difference in space and slight seasonal change. Guangzhou City is subsequently divided into seven zones and a spatial pattern of "superior north and inferior south" is observed. Specifically, the optimum types are mainly distributed in the woodlands and intercity cultivated land in the northern mountainous areas, and the most degraded types are located in the urban core areas of Tianhe, Yuexiu, and Liwan Districts, as well as the industrial areas in Baiyun and Zengcheng Districts. Finally, based on the results of environmental climatic analysis, planning measures of each climatic type are suggested to provide some scientific advices and direction for the sustainable development of Guangzhou City.
With the development of urbanization, the underlying land surface of urban areas also changes. The greatly declined natural landscape and increased number of buildings have significance influence on the urban climate and environment. Urban Climatic Map, a tool and platform for analyzing and evaluating the situation of urban climate, expands the application of urban climate information in urban planning and development. Based on the current situation in southern China for urban climate research, this study examined the difference of environment climate influence level caused by different factors. Combined with the existing compilation method of Urban Climatic Map, Guangzhou City was selected as the study area because of its typical subtropical monsoon climate characteristics. A complex underlying surface urban climatic map system was constructed with multiple environmental factors, assessment periods, and technical methods. Several technical means, including numerical model simulation, remote-sensing inversion, and spatial analysis in GIS, were comprehensively applied to evaluation urban air pollution, thermal load, and ventilation potential in Guangzhou City. We also put forward some preliminary planning recommendations. The results indicate that air pollution and thermal load are characterized by significant differences in seasonal and spatial distribution, while ventilation potential shows a clear difference in space and slight seasonal change. Guangzhou City is subsequently divided into seven zones and a spatial pattern of "superior north and inferior south" is observed. Specifically, the optimum types are mainly distributed in the woodlands and intercity cultivated land in the northern mountainous areas, and the most degraded types are located in the urban core areas of Tianhe, Yuexiu, and Liwan Districts, as well as the industrial areas in Baiyun and Zengcheng Districts. Finally, based on the results of environmental climatic analysis, planning measures of each climatic type are suggested to provide some scientific advices and direction for the sustainable development of Guangzhou City.
引文
鲍文杰,马蔚纯,邢超群,等.2010.超大城市热岛研究方法对比:以上海为例[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),49(5):636-641.[Bao W J,Ma W C,Xing C Q,et al.2010.Acomparison study of research methods for urban heat island of megacity:With special regards on Shanghai.Journal of Fudan University(Natural Science),49(5):636-641.]
丁卉,余志,徐伟嘉,等.2016.3种区域空气质量空间插值方法对比研究[J].安全与环境学报,16(3):309-315.[Ding H,Yu Z,Xu W J,et al.2010.Comparative study of the three spatial interpolation methods for the regional air quality evaluation.Journal of Safety and Environment,16(3):309-315.]
贺晓冬,苗世光,窦晶晶,等.2014.北京城市气候图系统的初步建立[J].南京大学学报(自然科学),50(6):759-771.[He X D,Miao S G,Dou J J,et al.2014.The initial establishment of urban climate map system in Beijing.Journal of Nanjing University(Natural Science),50(6):759-771.]
吉振明,高学杰,张东峰,等.2010.亚洲地区气溶胶及其对中国区域气候影响的数值模拟[J].大气科学,34(2):262-274.[Ji Z,Gao X J,Zhang D F,et al.2010.Simulation of the aerosols over Asia and its climate effect on China.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,34(2):262-274.]
姜栋,赵文吉,朱红春,等.2008.DEM地形信息提取对比研究:以坡度为例[J].测绘科学,33(5):177-179.[Jiang D,Zhao W J,Zhu H C,et al.2008.Comparison of land form information extracted from DEMs:A case study of slope.Science of Surveying and Mapping,33(5):177-179.]
江学顶,夏北成,郭泺,等.2007.广州城市热岛空间分布及时域-频域多尺度变化特征[J].应用生态学报,18(1):133-139.[Jiang X D,Xia B C,Guo L,et al.2007.Characteristics of multi scale temporal spatial distribution of urban heat island in Guangzhou.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,18(1):133-139.]
李久枫,刘艳艳,吴大放,等.2017.近30年珠海市耕地生态安全评价及未来预测[J].广东农业科学,44(1):156-166.[Li J F,Liu Y Y,Wu D F,et al.2017.Evaluation of cultivated land ecological security in Zhuhai City in recent 30years and its future prediction.Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,44(1):156-166.]
林姚宇,王丹,单樑,等.2014.深圳国际低碳城环境气候图集编制方法与应用技术研究[J].建筑经济,(2):84-91.[Lin Y Y,Wang D,Shan L,et al.2014.Research on the method and application technology of environmental climate atlas of Shenzhen international low-carbon city.Construction Economics,(2):84-91.]
刘乐乐,赵小锋,赵颜创,等.2017.基于城市环境气候图的宁波大气环境分析与调控对策[J].生态学报,37(2):606-618.[Liu L L,Zhao X F,Zhao Y C,et al.2017.Ningbo atmospheric environment analysis and regulating countermeasure based on urban climatic map.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37(2):606-618.]
牟凤云,张增祥,谭文彬,等.2007.广州城市空间形态特征与时空演化分析[J].地球信息科学,9(5):94-98.[Mu F Y,Zhang Z X,Tan W B,et al.2007.Analysis on the spatialtemporal characteristics of Guangzhou City's spatial morphologic evolution.Geo-information Science,9(5):94-98.]
任超,吴恩融.2012.城市环境气候图:可持续城市规划辅助信息系统工具[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社:14-15.[Ren C,Wu E R.2012.Urban environment climate map:Sustainable urban planning aid information system tool.Beijing,China:Architecture&Building Press:14-15.]
任超,吴恩融,Katzschner Lutz,等.2012.城市环境气候图的发展及其应用现状[J].应用气象学报,23(5):593-603.[Ren C,Wu E R,Katzschner L,et al.2012.The development of urban environmental climate map and its application.Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,23(5):593-603.]
孙武,王义明,王越雷,等.2012.珠江三角洲地面风场的特征及其城市群风道的构建[J].生态学报,32(18):5630-5636.[Sun W,Wang Y M,Wang Y L,et al.2012.Wind fields and the development of wind corridors in the urban metropolis of the Pearl River Delta.Acta Ecologica Sinca,32(18):5630-5636.]
汤惠君.2004.广州城市规划的气候条件分析[J].经济地理,24(4):490-493.[Tang H J.2004.Analysis on climate conditions of urban planning in Guangzhou.Economic Geography,24(4):490-493.]
王刚,管东生.2012.植被覆盖度和归一化湿度指数对热力景观格局的影响:以广州为例[J].应用生态学报,23(9):2429-2436.[Wang G,Guan D S.2012.Effects of vegetation cover and normalized difference moisture index on thermal landscape pattern:A case study of Guangzhou,South China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,23(9):2429-2436.]
吴玉琴,严茂超.2011.广州城市代谢与土地利用变化指标评价[J].地理研究,30(8):1380-1390.[Wu Y Q,Yan MC.2011.Analysis of the indicator between urban metabolism and land use change in Guangzhou.Geographical Research,30(8):1380-1390.]
肖荣波,欧阳志云,李伟峰,等.2005.城市热岛的生态环境效应[J].生态学报,25(8):2055-2060.[Xiao R B,Ouyang Z Y,Li W F,et al.2005.Eco-environmental effects of urban heat island.Acta Ecologica Sinica,25(8):2055-2060.]
张伟,张崇,王朝霞.2014.城市气候地图的绘制及其在规划设计中的应用[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),46(2):261-265.[Zhang W,Zhang C,Wang Z X.2014.The drawing of urban climate map and its application in planning and design.Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture&Technology(Natural Science Edition),46(2):261-265.]
朱勇,李书桂,温建荣.2015.华南典型城市旅游气候舒适度的评价[J].广东气象,37(4):66-68.[Zhu Y,Li S G,Wen JR.2015.Evaluation of tourism climate comfort in typical cities of South China.Guangdong Meteorology,37(4):66-68.]
Baumüller J,Reuter U.2001.Demands and requirements on a climate atlas for urban planning and design[R].Stuttgart,Germany:Office of Environmental Protection:21-27.
Matzarakis A.2005.Country report:Urban climate research in Germany[J].IAUC Newsletter,11:4-6.
Ng E.2012.Towards planning and practical understanding of the need for meteorological and climatic information in the design of high-density cities:A case-based study of Hong Kong[J].International Journal of Climatology.32(4):582-598.
Ren C,Lau K L,Yiu K P,et al.2013.The application of urban climatic mapping to the urban planning of high-density cities:The case of Kaohsiung,Taiwan[J].Cities,31:1-16.
Ren C,Ng E,Katzschner L.2011.Urban climatic map studies:A review[J].International Journal of Climatology,31(15):2213-2233.
Scherer D,Beha H D E,Fehrenbach U.1999.Improved concepts and methods in analysis and evaluation of the urban climate for optimizing urban planning processes[J].Atmospheric Environment,33(24):4185-4193.
Suder A,Szymanowski M.2014.Determination of ventilation channels in urban area:A case study of Wroclaw(Poland)[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,171(6):965-975.
Unger J.2004.Intra-urban relationship between surface geometry and urban heat island:Review and new approach[J].Climate research,27:253-264.
VDI.1997.VDI-Guideline 3787,Part 1,Environmental meteorology-climate and air pollution maps for cities and regions[Z].Berlin:VDI,Beuth Verlag:73.
Wang T J,Jiang F,Deng J J,et al.2012.Urban air quality and regional haze weather forecast for Yangtze River Delta region[J].Atmospheric Environment,58:70-83.
(1)ASTER GDEM和Landsat 8 OLI影像的投影坐标系为UTM(50N带),地理坐标系为GCS_WGS_1984,空间分辨率为30 m×30 m。
(2)其中,以从化区(中田村、钟楼村、山心村)、增城区(水围村、浪抜小学、心岭村)、南沙区(十九涌、芦湾村、新兴村)9个测站的数据均值作为郊区测站气象数据,用以计算热岛强度、风阻强度。
丁卉,余志,徐伟嘉,等.2016.3种区域空气质量空间插值方法对比研究[J].安全与环境学报,16(3):309-315.[Ding H,Yu Z,Xu W J,et al.2010.Comparative study of the three spatial interpolation methods for the regional air quality evaluation.Journal of Safety and Environment,16(3):309-315.]
贺晓冬,苗世光,窦晶晶,等.2014.北京城市气候图系统的初步建立[J].南京大学学报(自然科学),50(6):759-771.[He X D,Miao S G,Dou J J,et al.2014.The initial establishment of urban climate map system in Beijing.Journal of Nanjing University(Natural Science),50(6):759-771.]
吉振明,高学杰,张东峰,等.2010.亚洲地区气溶胶及其对中国区域气候影响的数值模拟[J].大气科学,34(2):262-274.[Ji Z,Gao X J,Zhang D F,et al.2010.Simulation of the aerosols over Asia and its climate effect on China.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,34(2):262-274.]
姜栋,赵文吉,朱红春,等.2008.DEM地形信息提取对比研究:以坡度为例[J].测绘科学,33(5):177-179.[Jiang D,Zhao W J,Zhu H C,et al.2008.Comparison of land form information extracted from DEMs:A case study of slope.Science of Surveying and Mapping,33(5):177-179.]
江学顶,夏北成,郭泺,等.2007.广州城市热岛空间分布及时域-频域多尺度变化特征[J].应用生态学报,18(1):133-139.[Jiang X D,Xia B C,Guo L,et al.2007.Characteristics of multi scale temporal spatial distribution of urban heat island in Guangzhou.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,18(1):133-139.]
李久枫,刘艳艳,吴大放,等.2017.近30年珠海市耕地生态安全评价及未来预测[J].广东农业科学,44(1):156-166.[Li J F,Liu Y Y,Wu D F,et al.2017.Evaluation of cultivated land ecological security in Zhuhai City in recent 30years and its future prediction.Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,44(1):156-166.]
林姚宇,王丹,单樑,等.2014.深圳国际低碳城环境气候图集编制方法与应用技术研究[J].建筑经济,(2):84-91.[Lin Y Y,Wang D,Shan L,et al.2014.Research on the method and application technology of environmental climate atlas of Shenzhen international low-carbon city.Construction Economics,(2):84-91.]
刘乐乐,赵小锋,赵颜创,等.2017.基于城市环境气候图的宁波大气环境分析与调控对策[J].生态学报,37(2):606-618.[Liu L L,Zhao X F,Zhao Y C,et al.2017.Ningbo atmospheric environment analysis and regulating countermeasure based on urban climatic map.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37(2):606-618.]
牟凤云,张增祥,谭文彬,等.2007.广州城市空间形态特征与时空演化分析[J].地球信息科学,9(5):94-98.[Mu F Y,Zhang Z X,Tan W B,et al.2007.Analysis on the spatialtemporal characteristics of Guangzhou City's spatial morphologic evolution.Geo-information Science,9(5):94-98.]
任超,吴恩融.2012.城市环境气候图:可持续城市规划辅助信息系统工具[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社:14-15.[Ren C,Wu E R.2012.Urban environment climate map:Sustainable urban planning aid information system tool.Beijing,China:Architecture&Building Press:14-15.]
任超,吴恩融,Katzschner Lutz,等.2012.城市环境气候图的发展及其应用现状[J].应用气象学报,23(5):593-603.[Ren C,Wu E R,Katzschner L,et al.2012.The development of urban environmental climate map and its application.Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,23(5):593-603.]
孙武,王义明,王越雷,等.2012.珠江三角洲地面风场的特征及其城市群风道的构建[J].生态学报,32(18):5630-5636.[Sun W,Wang Y M,Wang Y L,et al.2012.Wind fields and the development of wind corridors in the urban metropolis of the Pearl River Delta.Acta Ecologica Sinca,32(18):5630-5636.]
汤惠君.2004.广州城市规划的气候条件分析[J].经济地理,24(4):490-493.[Tang H J.2004.Analysis on climate conditions of urban planning in Guangzhou.Economic Geography,24(4):490-493.]
王刚,管东生.2012.植被覆盖度和归一化湿度指数对热力景观格局的影响:以广州为例[J].应用生态学报,23(9):2429-2436.[Wang G,Guan D S.2012.Effects of vegetation cover and normalized difference moisture index on thermal landscape pattern:A case study of Guangzhou,South China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,23(9):2429-2436.]
吴玉琴,严茂超.2011.广州城市代谢与土地利用变化指标评价[J].地理研究,30(8):1380-1390.[Wu Y Q,Yan MC.2011.Analysis of the indicator between urban metabolism and land use change in Guangzhou.Geographical Research,30(8):1380-1390.]
肖荣波,欧阳志云,李伟峰,等.2005.城市热岛的生态环境效应[J].生态学报,25(8):2055-2060.[Xiao R B,Ouyang Z Y,Li W F,et al.2005.Eco-environmental effects of urban heat island.Acta Ecologica Sinica,25(8):2055-2060.]
张伟,张崇,王朝霞.2014.城市气候地图的绘制及其在规划设计中的应用[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),46(2):261-265.[Zhang W,Zhang C,Wang Z X.2014.The drawing of urban climate map and its application in planning and design.Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture&Technology(Natural Science Edition),46(2):261-265.]
朱勇,李书桂,温建荣.2015.华南典型城市旅游气候舒适度的评价[J].广东气象,37(4):66-68.[Zhu Y,Li S G,Wen JR.2015.Evaluation of tourism climate comfort in typical cities of South China.Guangdong Meteorology,37(4):66-68.]
Baumüller J,Reuter U.2001.Demands and requirements on a climate atlas for urban planning and design[R].Stuttgart,Germany:Office of Environmental Protection:21-27.
Matzarakis A.2005.Country report:Urban climate research in Germany[J].IAUC Newsletter,11:4-6.
Ng E.2012.Towards planning and practical understanding of the need for meteorological and climatic information in the design of high-density cities:A case-based study of Hong Kong[J].International Journal of Climatology.32(4):582-598.
Ren C,Lau K L,Yiu K P,et al.2013.The application of urban climatic mapping to the urban planning of high-density cities:The case of Kaohsiung,Taiwan[J].Cities,31:1-16.
Ren C,Ng E,Katzschner L.2011.Urban climatic map studies:A review[J].International Journal of Climatology,31(15):2213-2233.
Scherer D,Beha H D E,Fehrenbach U.1999.Improved concepts and methods in analysis and evaluation of the urban climate for optimizing urban planning processes[J].Atmospheric Environment,33(24):4185-4193.
Suder A,Szymanowski M.2014.Determination of ventilation channels in urban area:A case study of Wroclaw(Poland)[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,171(6):965-975.
Unger J.2004.Intra-urban relationship between surface geometry and urban heat island:Review and new approach[J].Climate research,27:253-264.
VDI.1997.VDI-Guideline 3787,Part 1,Environmental meteorology-climate and air pollution maps for cities and regions[Z].Berlin:VDI,Beuth Verlag:73.
Wang T J,Jiang F,Deng J J,et al.2012.Urban air quality and regional haze weather forecast for Yangtze River Delta region[J].Atmospheric Environment,58:70-83.
(1)ASTER GDEM和Landsat 8 OLI影像的投影坐标系为UTM(50N带),地理坐标系为GCS_WGS_1984,空间分辨率为30 m×30 m。
(2)其中,以从化区(中田村、钟楼村、山心村)、增城区(水围村、浪抜小学、心岭村)、南沙区(十九涌、芦湾村、新兴村)9个测站的数据均值作为郊区测站气象数据,用以计算热岛强度、风阻强度。