Preventive Regulation of Jelly Seed Disorder in ‘Amrapali' Mango (Mangifera indica) by Preharvest Spray
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摘要
Jelly seed, a physiological disorder in ‘Amrapali' mango fruit, is characterized by the excessive softening of pulp around the stone in ripe fruits. The disorder is caused by the onset of germination associated events in the seed of developing fruit due to decreased level of very-longchain fatty acids(VLCFAs) in seed. Field trials involving preharvest application of spray formulations on developing fruits, between 50% and 60%maturity, showed that formulation V(10 g·L~(-1) NaCl, 25 g·L~(-1) CaCl_2, 0.5 g·L~(-1) KCl, 0.01 g·L~(-1) H_3 BO_3, 0.01 g·L~(-1) Cu SO_4, 0.01 g·L~(-1) Zn SO_4,0.01 g·L~(-1) FeSO_4, 0.01 g·L~(-1) MnSO_4, and 0.002 g·L~(-1) EDTA) was the most effective in preventing the jelly seed disorder. Further studies to understand the mode of action of the formulation in controlling jelly seed development, revealed increased synthesis of VLCFAs in seed followed by the rapid production of ABA and germination-inhibiting phenolic acids, besides increased accumulation of calcium in seed. These factors acting in unison delayed seed germination and decreased the activities of pectinolytic enzymes in pulp to produce healthy fruits, free from jelly seed disorder.There was an increase of mineral nutrient content in pulp of treated healthy fruits. Thus, the study helped to develop a remedy to prevent jelly seed besides revealing the biochemical mechanism by which formulation V acted to produce ‘Amrapali' mango fruits free of jelly seed with improved nutritional quality.
Jelly seed, a physiological disorder in ‘Amrapali' mango fruit, is characterized by the excessive softening of pulp around the stone in ripe fruits. The disorder is caused by the onset of germination associated events in the seed of developing fruit due to decreased level of very-longchain fatty acids(VLCFAs) in seed. Field trials involving preharvest application of spray formulations on developing fruits, between 50% and 60%maturity, showed that formulation V(10 g·L~(-1) NaCl, 25 g·L~(-1) CaCl_2, 0.5 g·L~(-1) KCl, 0.01 g·L~(-1) H_3 BO_3, 0.01 g·L~(-1) Cu SO_4, 0.01 g·L~(-1) Zn SO_4,0.01 g·L~(-1) FeSO_4, 0.01 g·L~(-1) MnSO_4, and 0.002 g·L~(-1) EDTA) was the most effective in preventing the jelly seed disorder. Further studies to understand the mode of action of the formulation in controlling jelly seed development, revealed increased synthesis of VLCFAs in seed followed by the rapid production of ABA and germination-inhibiting phenolic acids, besides increased accumulation of calcium in seed. These factors acting in unison delayed seed germination and decreased the activities of pectinolytic enzymes in pulp to produce healthy fruits, free from jelly seed disorder.There was an increase of mineral nutrient content in pulp of treated healthy fruits. Thus, the study helped to develop a remedy to prevent jelly seed besides revealing the biochemical mechanism by which formulation V acted to produce ‘Amrapali' mango fruits free of jelly seed with improved nutritional quality.
Jelly seed, a physiological disorder in ‘Amrapali' mango fruit, is characterized by the excessive softening of pulp around the stone in ripe fruits. The disorder is caused by the onset of germination associated events in the seed of developing fruit due to decreased level of very-longchain fatty acids(VLCFAs) in seed. Field trials involving preharvest application of spray formulations on developing fruits, between 50% and 60%maturity, showed that formulation V(10 g·L~(-1) NaCl, 25 g·L~(-1) CaCl_2, 0.5 g·L~(-1) KCl, 0.01 g·L~(-1) H_3 BO_3, 0.01 g·L~(-1) Cu SO_4, 0.01 g·L~(-1) Zn SO_4,0.01 g·L~(-1) FeSO_4, 0.01 g·L~(-1) MnSO_4, and 0.002 g·L~(-1) EDTA) was the most effective in preventing the jelly seed disorder. Further studies to understand the mode of action of the formulation in controlling jelly seed development, revealed increased synthesis of VLCFAs in seed followed by the rapid production of ABA and germination-inhibiting phenolic acids, besides increased accumulation of calcium in seed. These factors acting in unison delayed seed germination and decreased the activities of pectinolytic enzymes in pulp to produce healthy fruits, free from jelly seed disorder.There was an increase of mineral nutrient content in pulp of treated healthy fruits. Thus, the study helped to develop a remedy to prevent jelly seed besides revealing the biochemical mechanism by which formulation V acted to produce ‘Amrapali' mango fruits free of jelly seed with improved nutritional quality.
引文
Abdallah,A.,Debez,A.,Barhoumi,Z.,Smaoui,A.,Abdelly,C.,2009.ABA,GA3,and nitrate may control seed germination of Crithmum maritimum(Apiaceae)under saline conditions.Comptes Rendus Biologies,332:704-710.
Almeida,D.P.F.,Huber,D.J.,1999.Apoplastic pH and inorganic ion levels in tomato fruit:a potential means for regulation of cell wall metabolism during ripening.Physiol Plant,105:506-512.
Bernfeld,P.,1955.Amylases,in:Colowick,S.P.,Kaplan,N.O.(Eds.),Methods in Enzymology.Academic Press,New York,pp.149-158.
Bi,B.,Tang,J.,Han,S.,Guo,J.,Miao,Y.,2017.Sinapic acid or its derivatives interfere with abscisic acid homeostasis during Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination.BMC Plant Biol,17:99-110.
Castaneda,P.,Perez,L.M.,1996.Calcium ions promote the response of citrus lemon against fungal elicitors or wounding.Phytochem,42:595-598.
Collmer,A.,Ried,J.L.,Mount,M.S.,1988.Assay methods for pectic enzymes.Methods Enzymol,161:329-335.
De Bigault Du Granrut,A.,Cacas,J.L.,2016.How very-long-chain fatty acids could signal stressful conditions in plants?Front Plant Sci,7:1490.
Colpas,F.T.,Ono,E.O.,Rodrigues,J.D.,Passos,J.R.S.,2003.Effects of some phenolic compounds on soybean seed germination and on seed-borne fungi.Braz Arch Biol Technol,46:155-161.
Folch,J.,Lees,M.,Stanley,G.S.H.,1957.A simple method for the isolation and purification of lipids in animal tissues.J Biol Chem,22:6497-6509.
Ghareib,H.R.,Abdelhamed,M.S.,Ibrahim,O.H.,2010.Antioxidative effects of the acetone fraction and vanillic acid from Chenopodium murale on tomato plants.Weed Biol Manage,10:64-72.
Gross,K.C.,1982.A rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for assaying polygalacturonase using 2-cyanoacetamide.Hortsci,17:933-934.
Hassan,S.M.,Ghareib,H.R.,2009.Bioactivity of Ulva lactuca L.acetone extract on germination and growth of lettuce and tomato plants.Afr J Biotech,8:3832-3838.
Hu,X.W.,Huang,X.H.,Wang,Y.R.,2012.Hormonal and temperature regulation of seed dormancy and germination in Leymus chinensis.Plant Growth Reg,67:199-207.
Ishikura,Y.,Kojima,Y.,Terazawa,M.,2001.Effects of phenolic compounds on seed germination of Shirakamba birch,Betula platyphylla var.japonica.Eurasian J Forest Res,2:17-25.
ISTA.,1985.International rules for seed testing.Seed Sci Technol,13:356-513.
ISTA.,1993.International rules for seed testing.Seed Sci Technol,21:1-259.
Jackson,M.L.,1973.Soil chemical analysis.Prentice Hall of India Pvt.Ltd,New Delhi,India:498.
Jayaraman,J.,1981.Laboratory manual in biochemistry.Wiley Eastern Ltd,New Delhi,India.
Jones Jr.,J.B.,Wolf,B.,Mills,H.A.,1991.Plant analysis handbook.Micro-Macro Publishing Inc.,Athens,GA.
Kelen,M.,Demiralay,E.C.,Ozakan,S.G.,2004.Separation of abscisic acid,indole-3-acetic acid,gibberellic acid in 99 R(Vitis berlandieri×Vitis rupestris)and rose oil(Rosa damascene Mill.)by reversed-phase liquid chromatography.Turk J Chem,28:603-610.
Liu,K.,1994.Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for gas chromatographic analysis of lipids in biological materials.J American Oil Chem Soci,71:1179-1187.
Liu,H.C.,Jia,W.Q.,Chen,Y.,You,Y.,Du,X.H.,Liu,H.Y.,2011.Effects of exogenous calcium on the seed germination and seedling ions distribution of Trifolium repens under salt-stress.Remote Sensing,Environment and Transportation Engineering(RSETE)International Conference.10.1109/RSETE.2011.5965926.
Lohani,S.,Trivedi,P.K.,Nath,P.,2004.Changes in activities of cell wall hydrolases during ethylene induced ripening in banana:effect of1-MCP,ABA and IAA.Posthar Biol Technol,31:119-126.
Marschner,H.,1995.Mineral nutrition of higher plants.Academic Press,San Diego,pp.379-396.
Miller,G.L.,1972.Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar.Anal Chem,31:426-428.
Morrison,W.R.,Smith,L.M.,1964.Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and dimethyl acetals from lipids with boron-fluoride-methanol.J Lipid Res,5:600-608.
Nambara,E.,Marion,P.A.,2010.ABA action and interactions in seeds.Trends Plant Sci,8:213-217.
Nobusawa,T.,Okushima,Y.,Nagata,N.,Kojima,M.,Sakakibara,H.,Umeda,M.,2013.Synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids in the epidermis controls plant organ growth by restricting cell proliferation.PLoS Biol,11,e1001531.
Osborne,D.R.,Voogt,P.,1978.The analysis of nutrients in foods.Academic Press,London,pp.155-156.
Panse,V.G.,Sukhatme,P.V.,1978.Statistical methods for agricultural workers.ICAR,New Delhi,p.108.
Raymond,L.,Schaffer,B.,Brecht,J.K.,Crane,J.H.,1998.Internal breakdown in mango fruit:symptomatology and histology of jelly seed,soft nose and stem-end cavity.Posthar Biol Technol,13:59-70.
Reigosa,M.J.,Souto,X.C.,Gonz′lez,L.,1999.Effect of phenolic compounds on the germination of six weeds species.Plant Growth Reg,28:83-88.
Ryan,J.,Miyamoto,S.,Stroehlein,J.L.,1975.Salt and specific ion effects on germination of four grasses.J Range Manag,28:61-64.
Shivashankar,S.,Sumathi,M.,2014.A protocol for the control of spongy tissue disorder in Alphonso mango by pre-harvest treatments.J Plant Sci Res,1:114.
Shivashankar,S.,Sumathi,M.,Roy,T.K.,2015.Do seed VLCFAs trigger spongy tissue formation in Alphonso mango by inducing germination?J Biosci,40:375-387.
Shivashankar,S.,Sumathi,M.,Singh,H.S.,2016.Premature seed germination induced by very-long-chain fatty acids causes jelly seed disorder in the mango(Mangifera indica L.)cultivar‘Amrapali’in India.J Horticul Sci Biotech,91:138-147.
Si,Q.Q.,Ma,Y.,Zang,D.K.,2016.The causes of dormancy and the changes of endogenous hormone content in Cephalotaxus sinensis seeds.Agricul Sci,7:834-849.
Singh,D.K.,Singh,V.K.,Ram,R.B.,Yadava,L.P.,2011.Relationship of heat units(degree days)with softening status of fruits in mango cv.Dashehari..Plant Arch,11:227-230.
Sreeramulu,N.,1983.Auxins,inhibitors,and phenolics in bambarranut seeds(Voandzeia subterranea Thouars)in relation to loss of viability during storage.Ann Bot,51:209-216.
Steffens,B.,Wang,J.,Sauter,M.,2006.Interactions between ethylene,gibberellin and abscisic acid regulate emergence and growth rate of adventitious roots in deep water rice.Planta,223:604-612.
Suhaila,M.,Zaharah,H.,1995.Extraction and characterization of pectin from various tropical agrowastes.Asean Food J,10:43-50.
Torrecilla,I.,Leganés,F.,Bonilla,I.,Fernández-pi?as,F.,2001.Calcium transients in response to salinity and osmotic stress in the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp.PCC7120,expressing cytosolic apoaequorin.Plant Cell Environ,24:641-648.
Tuzen,M.,Ozdemir,M.,2003.Chromatographic determination of phenolic acids in the snowdrop by HPLC.Turkish J Chem,27:49-54.
Wainwright,H.,Burbage,M.B.,1989.Physiological disorders in mango(Mangifera indica L.)fruit.J Hort Sci,64:125-135.
Weidner,S.,Krupa,U.,Amarowicz,R.,Karama′c,M.,Abe,S.,2002.Phenolic compounds in embryos of triticale caryopses at different stages of development and maturation in normal environment and after dehydration treatment.Euphytica,126:115-122.
Weidner,S.,Karolak,M.,Karamac,M.,Kosinska,A.,Amarowicz,R.,2009.Phenolic compounds and properties of antioxidants in grapevine roots(Vitis vinifera)under drought stress followed by regeneration.Acta Soc Bot Pol,78:97-103.
Almeida,D.P.F.,Huber,D.J.,1999.Apoplastic pH and inorganic ion levels in tomato fruit:a potential means for regulation of cell wall metabolism during ripening.Physiol Plant,105:506-512.
Bernfeld,P.,1955.Amylases,in:Colowick,S.P.,Kaplan,N.O.(Eds.),Methods in Enzymology.Academic Press,New York,pp.149-158.
Bi,B.,Tang,J.,Han,S.,Guo,J.,Miao,Y.,2017.Sinapic acid or its derivatives interfere with abscisic acid homeostasis during Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination.BMC Plant Biol,17:99-110.
Castaneda,P.,Perez,L.M.,1996.Calcium ions promote the response of citrus lemon against fungal elicitors or wounding.Phytochem,42:595-598.
Collmer,A.,Ried,J.L.,Mount,M.S.,1988.Assay methods for pectic enzymes.Methods Enzymol,161:329-335.
De Bigault Du Granrut,A.,Cacas,J.L.,2016.How very-long-chain fatty acids could signal stressful conditions in plants?Front Plant Sci,7:1490.
Colpas,F.T.,Ono,E.O.,Rodrigues,J.D.,Passos,J.R.S.,2003.Effects of some phenolic compounds on soybean seed germination and on seed-borne fungi.Braz Arch Biol Technol,46:155-161.
Folch,J.,Lees,M.,Stanley,G.S.H.,1957.A simple method for the isolation and purification of lipids in animal tissues.J Biol Chem,22:6497-6509.
Ghareib,H.R.,Abdelhamed,M.S.,Ibrahim,O.H.,2010.Antioxidative effects of the acetone fraction and vanillic acid from Chenopodium murale on tomato plants.Weed Biol Manage,10:64-72.
Gross,K.C.,1982.A rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for assaying polygalacturonase using 2-cyanoacetamide.Hortsci,17:933-934.
Hassan,S.M.,Ghareib,H.R.,2009.Bioactivity of Ulva lactuca L.acetone extract on germination and growth of lettuce and tomato plants.Afr J Biotech,8:3832-3838.
Hu,X.W.,Huang,X.H.,Wang,Y.R.,2012.Hormonal and temperature regulation of seed dormancy and germination in Leymus chinensis.Plant Growth Reg,67:199-207.
Ishikura,Y.,Kojima,Y.,Terazawa,M.,2001.Effects of phenolic compounds on seed germination of Shirakamba birch,Betula platyphylla var.japonica.Eurasian J Forest Res,2:17-25.
ISTA.,1985.International rules for seed testing.Seed Sci Technol,13:356-513.
ISTA.,1993.International rules for seed testing.Seed Sci Technol,21:1-259.
Jackson,M.L.,1973.Soil chemical analysis.Prentice Hall of India Pvt.Ltd,New Delhi,India:498.
Jayaraman,J.,1981.Laboratory manual in biochemistry.Wiley Eastern Ltd,New Delhi,India.
Jones Jr.,J.B.,Wolf,B.,Mills,H.A.,1991.Plant analysis handbook.Micro-Macro Publishing Inc.,Athens,GA.
Kelen,M.,Demiralay,E.C.,Ozakan,S.G.,2004.Separation of abscisic acid,indole-3-acetic acid,gibberellic acid in 99 R(Vitis berlandieri×Vitis rupestris)and rose oil(Rosa damascene Mill.)by reversed-phase liquid chromatography.Turk J Chem,28:603-610.
Liu,K.,1994.Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for gas chromatographic analysis of lipids in biological materials.J American Oil Chem Soci,71:1179-1187.
Liu,H.C.,Jia,W.Q.,Chen,Y.,You,Y.,Du,X.H.,Liu,H.Y.,2011.Effects of exogenous calcium on the seed germination and seedling ions distribution of Trifolium repens under salt-stress.Remote Sensing,Environment and Transportation Engineering(RSETE)International Conference.10.1109/RSETE.2011.5965926.
Lohani,S.,Trivedi,P.K.,Nath,P.,2004.Changes in activities of cell wall hydrolases during ethylene induced ripening in banana:effect of1-MCP,ABA and IAA.Posthar Biol Technol,31:119-126.
Marschner,H.,1995.Mineral nutrition of higher plants.Academic Press,San Diego,pp.379-396.
Miller,G.L.,1972.Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar.Anal Chem,31:426-428.
Morrison,W.R.,Smith,L.M.,1964.Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and dimethyl acetals from lipids with boron-fluoride-methanol.J Lipid Res,5:600-608.
Nambara,E.,Marion,P.A.,2010.ABA action and interactions in seeds.Trends Plant Sci,8:213-217.
Nobusawa,T.,Okushima,Y.,Nagata,N.,Kojima,M.,Sakakibara,H.,Umeda,M.,2013.Synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids in the epidermis controls plant organ growth by restricting cell proliferation.PLoS Biol,11,e1001531.
Osborne,D.R.,Voogt,P.,1978.The analysis of nutrients in foods.Academic Press,London,pp.155-156.
Panse,V.G.,Sukhatme,P.V.,1978.Statistical methods for agricultural workers.ICAR,New Delhi,p.108.
Raymond,L.,Schaffer,B.,Brecht,J.K.,Crane,J.H.,1998.Internal breakdown in mango fruit:symptomatology and histology of jelly seed,soft nose and stem-end cavity.Posthar Biol Technol,13:59-70.
Reigosa,M.J.,Souto,X.C.,Gonz′lez,L.,1999.Effect of phenolic compounds on the germination of six weeds species.Plant Growth Reg,28:83-88.
Ryan,J.,Miyamoto,S.,Stroehlein,J.L.,1975.Salt and specific ion effects on germination of four grasses.J Range Manag,28:61-64.
Shivashankar,S.,Sumathi,M.,2014.A protocol for the control of spongy tissue disorder in Alphonso mango by pre-harvest treatments.J Plant Sci Res,1:114.
Shivashankar,S.,Sumathi,M.,Roy,T.K.,2015.Do seed VLCFAs trigger spongy tissue formation in Alphonso mango by inducing germination?J Biosci,40:375-387.
Shivashankar,S.,Sumathi,M.,Singh,H.S.,2016.Premature seed germination induced by very-long-chain fatty acids causes jelly seed disorder in the mango(Mangifera indica L.)cultivar‘Amrapali’in India.J Horticul Sci Biotech,91:138-147.
Si,Q.Q.,Ma,Y.,Zang,D.K.,2016.The causes of dormancy and the changes of endogenous hormone content in Cephalotaxus sinensis seeds.Agricul Sci,7:834-849.
Singh,D.K.,Singh,V.K.,Ram,R.B.,Yadava,L.P.,2011.Relationship of heat units(degree days)with softening status of fruits in mango cv.Dashehari..Plant Arch,11:227-230.
Sreeramulu,N.,1983.Auxins,inhibitors,and phenolics in bambarranut seeds(Voandzeia subterranea Thouars)in relation to loss of viability during storage.Ann Bot,51:209-216.
Steffens,B.,Wang,J.,Sauter,M.,2006.Interactions between ethylene,gibberellin and abscisic acid regulate emergence and growth rate of adventitious roots in deep water rice.Planta,223:604-612.
Suhaila,M.,Zaharah,H.,1995.Extraction and characterization of pectin from various tropical agrowastes.Asean Food J,10:43-50.
Torrecilla,I.,Leganés,F.,Bonilla,I.,Fernández-pi?as,F.,2001.Calcium transients in response to salinity and osmotic stress in the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp.PCC7120,expressing cytosolic apoaequorin.Plant Cell Environ,24:641-648.
Tuzen,M.,Ozdemir,M.,2003.Chromatographic determination of phenolic acids in the snowdrop by HPLC.Turkish J Chem,27:49-54.
Wainwright,H.,Burbage,M.B.,1989.Physiological disorders in mango(Mangifera indica L.)fruit.J Hort Sci,64:125-135.
Weidner,S.,Krupa,U.,Amarowicz,R.,Karama′c,M.,Abe,S.,2002.Phenolic compounds in embryos of triticale caryopses at different stages of development and maturation in normal environment and after dehydration treatment.Euphytica,126:115-122.
Weidner,S.,Karolak,M.,Karamac,M.,Kosinska,A.,Amarowicz,R.,2009.Phenolic compounds and properties of antioxidants in grapevine roots(Vitis vinifera)under drought stress followed by regeneration.Acta Soc Bot Pol,78:97-103.