分散液-液微萃取在法庭毒物分析中的应用
|
摘要
当前法庭毒物分析的主要样品前处理方法为液-液萃取与固相萃取,分散液-液微萃取(dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction,DLLME)属于液-液萃取方法,是一种简单、便捷、低成本的微萃取技术,具有高的富集因子和好的提取效率,近年来已经受到诸多法庭毒物分析领域研究人员的关注。作为一种多功能的微萃取方法,DLLME广泛应用于法庭毒物分析中农药、安眠镇静药、毒品和重金属毒物的分析。同时DLLME也可与多种分析仪器联用,如气相色谱-电子捕获检测器、高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器等。DLLME作为样品前处理方法具有操作简单、有机溶剂用量少、结果可靠、重现性好等优势,可满足现代法庭毒物分析的要求。
Currently, the main sample pretreatment methods for forensic toxic analysis are liquid-liquid extraction(LLE) and solid-phase extraction(SPE). As a simple, convenient, and low-cost LLE method,dispersion liquid-liquid microextraction(DLLME) has high enrichment factor and good extraction efficiency, and therefore has attracted the attention of many researchers in the field of toxicology analysis in recent years. As a multi-functional microextraction method, DLLME has been widely used in the analysis of pesticides, sleeping sedatives, drugs and heavy metal poisons in forensic toxic analysis.Meanwhile, it can also be used in combination with such a variety of analytical instruments as gas chromatography-electron capture detectors(GC-ECD), high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detectors(HPLC-DAD). As a sample pretreatment method, DLLME has the advantages of simple operation, less use of organic solvent, reliable results and good reproducibility, thus can meet the requirements of modern court toxic analysis.
Currently, the main sample pretreatment methods for forensic toxic analysis are liquid-liquid extraction(LLE) and solid-phase extraction(SPE). As a simple, convenient, and low-cost LLE method,dispersion liquid-liquid microextraction(DLLME) has high enrichment factor and good extraction efficiency, and therefore has attracted the attention of many researchers in the field of toxicology analysis in recent years. As a multi-functional microextraction method, DLLME has been widely used in the analysis of pesticides, sleeping sedatives, drugs and heavy metal poisons in forensic toxic analysis.Meanwhile, it can also be used in combination with such a variety of analytical instruments as gas chromatography-electron capture detectors(GC-ECD), high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detectors(HPLC-DAD). As a sample pretreatment method, DLLME has the advantages of simple operation, less use of organic solvent, reliable results and good reproducibility, thus can meet the requirements of modern court toxic analysis.
引文
[1]REZAEE M,ASSADI Y,MILANI H M,et al.Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction[J].J Chromatogr A,2006,1116(1/2):1-9.
[2]MUDIAM M K,JAIN R,MANURYA S K,et al.Low density solvent based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with gas chromatography-electron capture detection for the determination of cypermethrin in tissues and blood of cypermethrin treated rats[J].J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci,2012,895-896(3):65-70.
[3]MORADI M,YAMINI Y,BAHERI T.Analysis of abuse drugs in urine using surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction[J].J Sep Sci,2011,34(14):1722-1729.
[4]MUDIAM M K R,JAIN R,SINGH A,et al.Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquidliquid microextraction-large volume injection-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of pyrethroid metabolites in brain of cypermethrin-treated rats[J].Forensic Toxicol,2014,32(1):19-29.
[5]MUDIAM M K,CHAUHAN A,JAIN R,et al.Molecularly imprinted polymer coupled with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and injector port silylation:A novel approach for the determination of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid in complex biological samples using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J].J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci,2014,945-946:23-30.
[6]REDDY MUDIAM M K,CH R,CHAUHAN A,et al.Optimization of UA-DLLME by experimental design methodologies for the simultaneous determination of endosulfan and its metabolites in soil and urine samples by GC-MS[J].Anal Methods,2012,4(11):3855-3863.
[7]LI Y,ZHANG J,PENG B,et al.Determination of triazole pesticides in rat blood by the combination of ultrasound-enhanced temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography[J].Anal Methods,2013,5:2241-2248.
[8]FERNáNDEZ P,GONZáLEZ C,PENA M T,et al.A rapid ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of seven benzodiazepines in human plasma samples[J].Anal Chim Acta,2013,767(5):88-96.
[9]FERNáNDEZ P,REGENJO M,FERNáNDEZ AM,et al.Optimization of ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for ultra performance liquid chromatography determination of benzodiazepines in urine and hospital wastewater[J].Anal Methods,2014,6:8239-8246.
[10]VARDINI M T,MASHAYEKHI H A,SABER-TEHRANI M.Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography as an efficient and sensitive technique for the simultaneous determination of alprazolam,oxazepam,and diazepam in human urine samples[J].JLiq Chromatogr R T,2012,35(7):988-999.
[11]FARSIMADAN S,GOUDARZI N,CHAMJANGA-LI M A,et al.Optimization of ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplets by experimental design methodologies for determination of three anti-anxiety drugs in human serum and urine samples by high performance liquid chromatography[J].Microchem J,2016,128:47-54.
[12]de BOECK M,Missotten S,DEHAEN W,et al.Development and validation of a fast ionic liquidbased dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure combined with LC-MS/MS analysis for the quantification of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepinelike hypnotics in whole blood[J].Forensic Sci Int,2017,274:44-54.
[13]GHOBADI M,YAMINI Y,EBRAHIMPOUR B.SPE coupled with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by GC with flame ionization detection for the determination of ultra-trace amounts of benzodiazepines[J].J Sep Sci,2014,37(3):287-294.
[14]AHMADI-JOUIBARI T,FATTAHI N,SHAMSIPURM,et al.Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection to determination of opium alkaloids in human plasma[J].J Pharm Biomed Anal,2013,85:14-20.
[15]FERNáNDEZ P,REGENJO M,BERMEJO A M,et al.Analysis of drugs of abuse in human plasma by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and highperformance liquid chromatography[J].J Appl Toxicol,2015,35(4):418-425.
[16]GARDNER M A,SAMPSEL S,JENKINS W W,et al.Analysis of fentanyl in urine by DLLME-GC-MS[J].J Anal Toxicol,2015,39(2):118-125.
[17]RANJBARI E,GOLBABANEZHAD-AZIZI A A,HADJMOHAMMADI M R.Preconcentration of trace amounts of methadone in human urine,plasma,saliva and sweat samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography[J].Talanta,2012,94:116-122.
[18]SABER TEHRANI M,GIVIANRAD M H,MA-HOOR N.Surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in urine samples[J].Anal Methods,2012,4:1357-1364.
[19]AHMADI-JOUIBARI T,FATTAHI N,SHAMSIPURM.Rapid extraction and determination of amphetamines in human urine samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and solidification of floating organic drop followed by high performance liquid chromatography[J].J Pharm Biomed Anal,2014,94:145-151.
[20]AIRADO-RODRíGUEZ D,CRUCES-BLANCO C,GARCíA-CAMPA?A A M.Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction prior to field-amplified sample injection for the sensitive analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine,phencyclidine and lysergic acid diethylamide by capillary electrophoresis in human urine[J].J Chromatogr A,2012,1267:189-197.
[21]孟梁,王燕燕,孟品佳,等.分散液相微萃取-毛细管电泳法同时检测唾液中的8种毒品[J].分析化学,2011,39(7):1077-1082.
[22]LIANG P,SANG H.Determination of trace lead in biological and water samples with dispersive liquidliquid microextraction preconcentration[J].Anal Biochem,2008,380(1):21-25.
[23]SHOKOUFI N,HAMDAMALI A.Laser inducedthermal lens spectrometry in combination with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for trace analysis[J].Anal Chim Acta,2010,681(1/2):56-62.
[24]SHIRKHANLOO H,ROUHOLLAHI A,ZAVVARMOUSAVI Z.Ultra-trace arsenic determination in urine and whole blood samples by flow injectionhydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration and speciation based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction[J].Bull Korean Chem Soc,2011,32(11):3923-3927.
[2]MUDIAM M K,JAIN R,MANURYA S K,et al.Low density solvent based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with gas chromatography-electron capture detection for the determination of cypermethrin in tissues and blood of cypermethrin treated rats[J].J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci,2012,895-896(3):65-70.
[3]MORADI M,YAMINI Y,BAHERI T.Analysis of abuse drugs in urine using surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction[J].J Sep Sci,2011,34(14):1722-1729.
[4]MUDIAM M K R,JAIN R,SINGH A,et al.Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquidliquid microextraction-large volume injection-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of pyrethroid metabolites in brain of cypermethrin-treated rats[J].Forensic Toxicol,2014,32(1):19-29.
[5]MUDIAM M K,CHAUHAN A,JAIN R,et al.Molecularly imprinted polymer coupled with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and injector port silylation:A novel approach for the determination of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid in complex biological samples using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J].J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci,2014,945-946:23-30.
[6]REDDY MUDIAM M K,CH R,CHAUHAN A,et al.Optimization of UA-DLLME by experimental design methodologies for the simultaneous determination of endosulfan and its metabolites in soil and urine samples by GC-MS[J].Anal Methods,2012,4(11):3855-3863.
[7]LI Y,ZHANG J,PENG B,et al.Determination of triazole pesticides in rat blood by the combination of ultrasound-enhanced temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography[J].Anal Methods,2013,5:2241-2248.
[8]FERNáNDEZ P,GONZáLEZ C,PENA M T,et al.A rapid ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of seven benzodiazepines in human plasma samples[J].Anal Chim Acta,2013,767(5):88-96.
[9]FERNáNDEZ P,REGENJO M,FERNáNDEZ AM,et al.Optimization of ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for ultra performance liquid chromatography determination of benzodiazepines in urine and hospital wastewater[J].Anal Methods,2014,6:8239-8246.
[10]VARDINI M T,MASHAYEKHI H A,SABER-TEHRANI M.Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography as an efficient and sensitive technique for the simultaneous determination of alprazolam,oxazepam,and diazepam in human urine samples[J].JLiq Chromatogr R T,2012,35(7):988-999.
[11]FARSIMADAN S,GOUDARZI N,CHAMJANGA-LI M A,et al.Optimization of ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplets by experimental design methodologies for determination of three anti-anxiety drugs in human serum and urine samples by high performance liquid chromatography[J].Microchem J,2016,128:47-54.
[12]de BOECK M,Missotten S,DEHAEN W,et al.Development and validation of a fast ionic liquidbased dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure combined with LC-MS/MS analysis for the quantification of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepinelike hypnotics in whole blood[J].Forensic Sci Int,2017,274:44-54.
[13]GHOBADI M,YAMINI Y,EBRAHIMPOUR B.SPE coupled with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by GC with flame ionization detection for the determination of ultra-trace amounts of benzodiazepines[J].J Sep Sci,2014,37(3):287-294.
[14]AHMADI-JOUIBARI T,FATTAHI N,SHAMSIPURM,et al.Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection to determination of opium alkaloids in human plasma[J].J Pharm Biomed Anal,2013,85:14-20.
[15]FERNáNDEZ P,REGENJO M,BERMEJO A M,et al.Analysis of drugs of abuse in human plasma by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and highperformance liquid chromatography[J].J Appl Toxicol,2015,35(4):418-425.
[16]GARDNER M A,SAMPSEL S,JENKINS W W,et al.Analysis of fentanyl in urine by DLLME-GC-MS[J].J Anal Toxicol,2015,39(2):118-125.
[17]RANJBARI E,GOLBABANEZHAD-AZIZI A A,HADJMOHAMMADI M R.Preconcentration of trace amounts of methadone in human urine,plasma,saliva and sweat samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography[J].Talanta,2012,94:116-122.
[18]SABER TEHRANI M,GIVIANRAD M H,MA-HOOR N.Surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in urine samples[J].Anal Methods,2012,4:1357-1364.
[19]AHMADI-JOUIBARI T,FATTAHI N,SHAMSIPURM.Rapid extraction and determination of amphetamines in human urine samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and solidification of floating organic drop followed by high performance liquid chromatography[J].J Pharm Biomed Anal,2014,94:145-151.
[20]AIRADO-RODRíGUEZ D,CRUCES-BLANCO C,GARCíA-CAMPA?A A M.Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction prior to field-amplified sample injection for the sensitive analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine,phencyclidine and lysergic acid diethylamide by capillary electrophoresis in human urine[J].J Chromatogr A,2012,1267:189-197.
[21]孟梁,王燕燕,孟品佳,等.分散液相微萃取-毛细管电泳法同时检测唾液中的8种毒品[J].分析化学,2011,39(7):1077-1082.
[22]LIANG P,SANG H.Determination of trace lead in biological and water samples with dispersive liquidliquid microextraction preconcentration[J].Anal Biochem,2008,380(1):21-25.
[23]SHOKOUFI N,HAMDAMALI A.Laser inducedthermal lens spectrometry in combination with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for trace analysis[J].Anal Chim Acta,2010,681(1/2):56-62.
[24]SHIRKHANLOO H,ROUHOLLAHI A,ZAVVARMOUSAVI Z.Ultra-trace arsenic determination in urine and whole blood samples by flow injectionhydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration and speciation based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction[J].Bull Korean Chem Soc,2011,32(11):3923-3927.