基于短波红外技术的蚀变矿物特征及勘查模型——以斯弄多银铅锌矿床为例
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摘要
印度-亚洲大陆的碰撞成就了青藏高原的冈底斯成矿带,位于该成矿带的斯弄多银铅锌矿床赋存于林子宗群火山岩中,经过勘查确认该矿床属于低硫化浅成低温热液型矿床。通过对5个钻孔进行短波红外测量,发现钻孔中的蚀变矿物主要有绢(白)云母、钠云母(富Na云母)、伊利石和蒙脱石,并在垂向形成绢(白)云母→绢(白)云母+钠云母+蒙脱石+伊利石→绢(白)云母+伊利石→绢(白)云母的组合特征。通过总结归纳蚀变矿物分布、分带特征并与地质编录相结合,构建了基于短波红外技术的斯弄多找矿勘查模型。笔者在数据分析与模型构建中发现:(1)伊利石-蒙脱石混合矿物组成是寻找深部及外围矿体的重要线索;(2)绢(白)云母属于成矿前期的蚀变,与矿体之间的关系不明显;(3)矿床深部表现为两种不同的化学反应:SW方向深部反映了绢云母被交代形成伊利石的过程;NE方向深部表现为绢(白)云母二八面体结构的变化;(4)未被剥蚀的青磐岩化带是寻找浅成低温热液型金矿的主要依据。
The India-Asia continental collision formed Gangdise metallogenic belt in the Tibetan Plateau,and the Sinongduo deposit lies on this belt and exists in volcanic rocks of Linzizong Group.Geologists confirmed this as an epithermal deposit based on prospecting and drilling.Alteration minerals of muscovite,paragonite,illite and montmorillonite were found in drill holes BZK0501,BZK0102,BZK0103,BQZK0022,BZK0201 by shortwave infrared technique.Meanwhile,the above minerals formed a combination feature in order of muscovite→muscovite + paragonite+ montmorillonite + illite→muscovite + illite→muscovite in downward succession in drill holes.In combination with the distribution of minerals and geological logging,the authors constructed a prospecting model based on shortwave infrared technique.Some conclusions have been reached according to the model:(1) Mineral combination of illite-montomorillonite is an important clue to the further prospecting;(2) The alteration of muscovite happened before the metallogenic epoch and had no relationship with the orebody;(3) There exist two reactions in the depth of drill holes.One is that the muscovite was replaced by illite in SW direction,the other is that the texture of the muscovite is changed in NE direction;(4) Propylitization zone which has not not been eroded is the basis for gold prospecting.
The India-Asia continental collision formed Gangdise metallogenic belt in the Tibetan Plateau,and the Sinongduo deposit lies on this belt and exists in volcanic rocks of Linzizong Group.Geologists confirmed this as an epithermal deposit based on prospecting and drilling.Alteration minerals of muscovite,paragonite,illite and montmorillonite were found in drill holes BZK0501,BZK0102,BZK0103,BQZK0022,BZK0201 by shortwave infrared technique.Meanwhile,the above minerals formed a combination feature in order of muscovite→muscovite + paragonite+ montmorillonite + illite→muscovite + illite→muscovite in downward succession in drill holes.In combination with the distribution of minerals and geological logging,the authors constructed a prospecting model based on shortwave infrared technique.Some conclusions have been reached according to the model:(1) Mineral combination of illite-montomorillonite is an important clue to the further prospecting;(2) The alteration of muscovite happened before the metallogenic epoch and had no relationship with the orebody;(3) There exist two reactions in the depth of drill holes.One is that the muscovite was replaced by illite in SW direction,the other is that the texture of the muscovite is changed in NE direction;(4) Propylitization zone which has not not been eroded is the basis for gold prospecting.
引文
Berger B R and Henry R W.1989.Advances in the understanding of epithermal gold silver deposits,with special reference to the western United States[J].Economic Geology,Monograph(6):405-423.
Bonham H F J.1986.Models for volcanic-hosted epithermal precious metal deposits:A review[A].In:Volcanism,hydrothermal systems and related mineralization[C].International Volcano logical Congress,Symposium 5.Hamilton,New Zealand,13-17.
Charles N D,Guidotti V and Sassi F P.1998.Miscellaneous isomorphous substitutions in Na-K micas:A review,with special emphasis to metamorphic micas[J].Rendiconti Lincei,9(1):57-78.
Comodi P and Zanazzi P F.1997.Pressure dependence of structural parameters of paragonite[J].Physics&Chemistry of Minerals,24(4):274-280.
Guidotti C V,Yates M G,Dyar M D and Taylor M E.1994.Petrogenetic implications of the Fe3+content of muscovite in pelitic schists[J].American Mineralogist,79:793-795.
Guidotti C V and Sassi F P.1998.Petrogenetic significance of Na-K white mica mineralogy,recent advances for metamorphic rocks[J].European Journal of Mineralogy,10(5):815-854.
Guo N,Cudahy T,Tang J X and Tong Q X.2017.Mapping white mica alteration associated with the Jiama porphyry-skarn Cu deposit,Central Tibet using field SWIR spectrometry[J].Ore Geology Reviews,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.07.027
Guo N,Guo K,Zhang T T,Liu T H,Hu B and Wang C W.2012.Hydrothermal alteration distribution model of the Jiama(Gyama)copper-polymetallic deposit based on shortwave technique[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,33(4):641-653(in Chinese with English abstract)
Guo N,Huang Y R,Zheng L,Tang N,Fu Y and Wang C.2017.Alteration zoning and prospecting model of epithermal deposit revealed by shortwave infrared technique:A case study of Tiegelongnan and Sinongduo deposits[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,38(5):767-778(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo Y Y,Gao C W,Hao X L,Tang Y Q,Zou B,Wei J,Li J,Niu C J,Du L,Wang X and Meng X M.2016.2015 annual final report concerning the exploring working in Sinongduo mining area,Xietongmen county[R](in Chinese).
Hedenquist J W.1986.Mineralization associated with volcanic-related hydrothermal systems in the Circum-Pacific Basin[A].In:Horn M K,ed.Transactions of fourth Circum-Pacific energy and mineral resources conferences,singapores[C].American Association of Petroleum Geologists.513-524.
Jin C Y.2011.Case studies on the formation and diagenetic evolution of montmorillonite[D].Director:Lu X C.Nanjing:Nanjing University.3-6(in Chinese).
Jin Z D,Zhu J C,Ji J F,Li F C and Lu X W.1999.Role of ore-forming fluid in illitic crystallinity at Dexing porphyry copper deposit[J].Journal of Mineralogy Petrology,19(4):5-9(in Chinese with English abstract).
Karabinos P.1981.Deformation and metamorphism of Cambrian and Precambrian rocks on the east limb of the Green Mountains Anticlinorium near Jamaica.Vermont(Doctoral thesis)[D].Maryland:The Johns Hopkins University,196 p.
Lee D E,Van L R E,Brandt E L M and Gleason J D.1987.Chemical and stable-isotope data formicas from metaclastic rocks of eastern White Pine County,Nevada.U.S[J].Geological Survey Bulletin,1694:41-53.
Li N,Wang F,Zhao H,Ren S S and Tong D S.2012.An overview on application of natural illite clays[J].China Non-Metallic Mining Industry Herald,(2):32-36(in Chinese)
Liu Y F.2013.The metalgenesis of the epithermal deposit in Gandese metallofenic belt,Tibet,China-A case study on the Nongruri gold deposit Doctoral thesis[D].Director:Deng J.Beijing:China University of Geosciences.10-16(in Chinese)
Meng Z.2016.The study on mineralogical characteristics of Sinongduo epithermal Pb-Zn-Ag deposit of Tibet and its prospecting significance Doctoral thesis[D].Director:Tang J X.Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology.45-46(in Chinese)
Pollastro R M.1993.Considerations and applications of the illite/smectite geothermometer in hydro-carbonbearing rocks of Micene to Missis-sippian age[J].Clays and Clay Minerals,1:119-133.
Robert K,Goldfarb R,Groves D,Garwin S and Jia Y F.2000.The characteristics,origin,and geodynamic settings of supergiant gold metallogenic Provinces[J].Science in China,43(suppl.):1-68.
Scott H and Richard M T.2015.Footprints:Hydrothermal alteration and geochemical dispersion around porphyry copper deposits[J].SEGnewsletter,(100):12-17.
Tang J X,Wang Q,Yang C,Ding S,Lang X H,Liu H F,Huang Y,Zheng W B,Wang L Q,Gao Y M,Feng J,Duan J L,Song Y,Wang Y Y,Lin B,Fang X,Zhang Z and Yang H H.2014.Two porphyry-epithermal deposit metallogenic subseries in Tibetan Plateau:Practice of"absence prospecting"deposit metallogenic series[J].Mineral Deposits,33(6):1151-1170(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tang J X,Ding S,Meng Z,Hu G Y,Gao Y M,Xie F W,Li Z,Yuan M,Yang Z Y,Chen G R,Li Y H,Yang H Y and Fu Y G.2016.The first discovery of the low sulfidation epithermal deposit in Linzizong volcanics,Tibet:A case study of the Sinongduo Ag polymetallic deposit[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,37(4):461-470(in Chinese with English abstract)
Tappert M C,Rivard B,Giles D,Tappert R and Mauger A.2013.The mineral chemistry,near-infrared,and mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy of phengite from the Olympic Dam IOCG deposit,South Australia[J].Ore Geology Reviews,53:26-38.
Velde B and Vasseur G.1992.Estimation of the diagenetic smectite to illite in time-temperature space[J].American Mineralogist,77:967-976.
Wang H J and Zhou J.1998.On the indices of illite crystallinity[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,14(3):395-405(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang K,Browne P R L,Huntington J F and Walshe J L.2001.Characterising the hydrothermal alteration of the Broadlands-Ohaaki geothermal system,New Zealand,using short-wave infrared spectroscopy[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,106:53-65.
Yang Y X,Zhang N X,Su Z B,Chen Z G,Pan J Q,Cai X C,Guo J G,Liu G K and Kan X M.1994.Clay minerals of China[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House.104-133(in Chinese).
Zhao X Y and Zhang Y Y.1990.Analysis of clay minerals and clay minerals[M].Beijing:Ocean Press,21-32(in Chinese).
Zhong J,Pirajno F and Chen Y J.2017.Epithermal deposits in South China:Geology,geochemistry,geochronology and tectonic setting[J].Gondwana Research,42:193-219.
郭娜,郭科,张婷婷,刘庭晗,胡斌,汪重午.2012.基于短波红外勘查技术的西藏甲玛铜多金属矿热液蚀变矿物分布模型研究[J].地球学报,33(4):641-653.
郭娜,黄一入,郑龙,唐楠,伏媛,王成.2017.高硫-低硫化浅成低温热液矿床的短波红外矿物分布特征及找矿模型-以西藏铁格隆南(荣那矿段)、斯弄多矿床为例[J].地球学报,38(5):767-778.
郭衍游,高春武,郝晓玲,唐瑶泉等.2016.西藏自治区谢通门县斯弄多矿区铅锌矿2015年度工作总结报告[R].
金翠叶.2011.蒙脱石粘土矿物形成和成岩演化的实例研究(硕士论文)[D].导师:路线彩.南京:南京大学.3-6.
金章东,朱金初,季俊峰,李福春,卢新卫.1999.成矿流体对德兴斑岩铜矿床中伊利石结晶度的控制作用[J].矿物岩石,19(4):5-9.
李娜,王凡,赵恒,任珊珊,童东绅.2012.伊利石矿物的主要应用领域评述[J].中国非金属矿工业导刊,(2):32-36
刘云飞.2013.西藏冈底斯成矿带浅成低温热液矿床成矿作用---以弄如日金矿床为例(博士论文)[D].导师:邓军.北京:中国地质大学.10-16.
孟展.2016.西藏斯弄多铅锌银矿床矿物学特征研究及地质意义(硕士论文)[D].导师:唐菊兴.成都:成都理工大学,45-46.
唐菊兴,王勤,杨超,丁帅,郎兴海,刘鸿飞,黄勇,郑文宝,王立强,高一鸣,冯军,段吉琳,宋扬,王艺云,林彬,方向,张志,杨欢欢.2014.青藏高原两个斑岩-浅成低温热液矿床成矿亚系列及其“缺位找矿”之实践[J].矿床地质,33(6):1151-1170
唐菊兴,丁帅,孟展,胡古月,高一鸣,谢富伟,李壮,袁梅,杨宗耀,陈国荣,李于海,杨洪钰,付燕刚.2016.西藏林子宗群火山岩中首次发现低硫化型浅成低温热液型矿床---以斯弄多银多金属矿为例[J].地球学报,37(4):461-470
王河锦,周健.1998.关于伊利石结晶度诸指数的评价[J].岩石学报,14(3):395-405
杨雅秀,张乃娴,苏昭冰,陈正国,潘建强,蔡秀成,郭九皋,刘高魁,阚学敏.1994.中国粘土矿物[M].北京:地质出版社.104-133
赵杏媛,张有瑜.1990.粘土矿物与粘土矿物分析[M].北京:海洋出版社.21-32
Bonham H F J.1986.Models for volcanic-hosted epithermal precious metal deposits:A review[A].In:Volcanism,hydrothermal systems and related mineralization[C].International Volcano logical Congress,Symposium 5.Hamilton,New Zealand,13-17.
Charles N D,Guidotti V and Sassi F P.1998.Miscellaneous isomorphous substitutions in Na-K micas:A review,with special emphasis to metamorphic micas[J].Rendiconti Lincei,9(1):57-78.
Comodi P and Zanazzi P F.1997.Pressure dependence of structural parameters of paragonite[J].Physics&Chemistry of Minerals,24(4):274-280.
Guidotti C V,Yates M G,Dyar M D and Taylor M E.1994.Petrogenetic implications of the Fe3+content of muscovite in pelitic schists[J].American Mineralogist,79:793-795.
Guidotti C V and Sassi F P.1998.Petrogenetic significance of Na-K white mica mineralogy,recent advances for metamorphic rocks[J].European Journal of Mineralogy,10(5):815-854.
Guo N,Cudahy T,Tang J X and Tong Q X.2017.Mapping white mica alteration associated with the Jiama porphyry-skarn Cu deposit,Central Tibet using field SWIR spectrometry[J].Ore Geology Reviews,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.07.027
Guo N,Guo K,Zhang T T,Liu T H,Hu B and Wang C W.2012.Hydrothermal alteration distribution model of the Jiama(Gyama)copper-polymetallic deposit based on shortwave technique[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,33(4):641-653(in Chinese with English abstract)
Guo N,Huang Y R,Zheng L,Tang N,Fu Y and Wang C.2017.Alteration zoning and prospecting model of epithermal deposit revealed by shortwave infrared technique:A case study of Tiegelongnan and Sinongduo deposits[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,38(5):767-778(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo Y Y,Gao C W,Hao X L,Tang Y Q,Zou B,Wei J,Li J,Niu C J,Du L,Wang X and Meng X M.2016.2015 annual final report concerning the exploring working in Sinongduo mining area,Xietongmen county[R](in Chinese).
Hedenquist J W.1986.Mineralization associated with volcanic-related hydrothermal systems in the Circum-Pacific Basin[A].In:Horn M K,ed.Transactions of fourth Circum-Pacific energy and mineral resources conferences,singapores[C].American Association of Petroleum Geologists.513-524.
Jin C Y.2011.Case studies on the formation and diagenetic evolution of montmorillonite[D].Director:Lu X C.Nanjing:Nanjing University.3-6(in Chinese).
Jin Z D,Zhu J C,Ji J F,Li F C and Lu X W.1999.Role of ore-forming fluid in illitic crystallinity at Dexing porphyry copper deposit[J].Journal of Mineralogy Petrology,19(4):5-9(in Chinese with English abstract).
Karabinos P.1981.Deformation and metamorphism of Cambrian and Precambrian rocks on the east limb of the Green Mountains Anticlinorium near Jamaica.Vermont(Doctoral thesis)[D].Maryland:The Johns Hopkins University,196 p.
Lee D E,Van L R E,Brandt E L M and Gleason J D.1987.Chemical and stable-isotope data formicas from metaclastic rocks of eastern White Pine County,Nevada.U.S[J].Geological Survey Bulletin,1694:41-53.
Li N,Wang F,Zhao H,Ren S S and Tong D S.2012.An overview on application of natural illite clays[J].China Non-Metallic Mining Industry Herald,(2):32-36(in Chinese)
Liu Y F.2013.The metalgenesis of the epithermal deposit in Gandese metallofenic belt,Tibet,China-A case study on the Nongruri gold deposit Doctoral thesis[D].Director:Deng J.Beijing:China University of Geosciences.10-16(in Chinese)
Meng Z.2016.The study on mineralogical characteristics of Sinongduo epithermal Pb-Zn-Ag deposit of Tibet and its prospecting significance Doctoral thesis[D].Director:Tang J X.Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology.45-46(in Chinese)
Pollastro R M.1993.Considerations and applications of the illite/smectite geothermometer in hydro-carbonbearing rocks of Micene to Missis-sippian age[J].Clays and Clay Minerals,1:119-133.
Robert K,Goldfarb R,Groves D,Garwin S and Jia Y F.2000.The characteristics,origin,and geodynamic settings of supergiant gold metallogenic Provinces[J].Science in China,43(suppl.):1-68.
Scott H and Richard M T.2015.Footprints:Hydrothermal alteration and geochemical dispersion around porphyry copper deposits[J].SEGnewsletter,(100):12-17.
Tang J X,Wang Q,Yang C,Ding S,Lang X H,Liu H F,Huang Y,Zheng W B,Wang L Q,Gao Y M,Feng J,Duan J L,Song Y,Wang Y Y,Lin B,Fang X,Zhang Z and Yang H H.2014.Two porphyry-epithermal deposit metallogenic subseries in Tibetan Plateau:Practice of"absence prospecting"deposit metallogenic series[J].Mineral Deposits,33(6):1151-1170(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tang J X,Ding S,Meng Z,Hu G Y,Gao Y M,Xie F W,Li Z,Yuan M,Yang Z Y,Chen G R,Li Y H,Yang H Y and Fu Y G.2016.The first discovery of the low sulfidation epithermal deposit in Linzizong volcanics,Tibet:A case study of the Sinongduo Ag polymetallic deposit[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,37(4):461-470(in Chinese with English abstract)
Tappert M C,Rivard B,Giles D,Tappert R and Mauger A.2013.The mineral chemistry,near-infrared,and mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy of phengite from the Olympic Dam IOCG deposit,South Australia[J].Ore Geology Reviews,53:26-38.
Velde B and Vasseur G.1992.Estimation of the diagenetic smectite to illite in time-temperature space[J].American Mineralogist,77:967-976.
Wang H J and Zhou J.1998.On the indices of illite crystallinity[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,14(3):395-405(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang K,Browne P R L,Huntington J F and Walshe J L.2001.Characterising the hydrothermal alteration of the Broadlands-Ohaaki geothermal system,New Zealand,using short-wave infrared spectroscopy[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,106:53-65.
Yang Y X,Zhang N X,Su Z B,Chen Z G,Pan J Q,Cai X C,Guo J G,Liu G K and Kan X M.1994.Clay minerals of China[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House.104-133(in Chinese).
Zhao X Y and Zhang Y Y.1990.Analysis of clay minerals and clay minerals[M].Beijing:Ocean Press,21-32(in Chinese).
Zhong J,Pirajno F and Chen Y J.2017.Epithermal deposits in South China:Geology,geochemistry,geochronology and tectonic setting[J].Gondwana Research,42:193-219.
郭娜,郭科,张婷婷,刘庭晗,胡斌,汪重午.2012.基于短波红外勘查技术的西藏甲玛铜多金属矿热液蚀变矿物分布模型研究[J].地球学报,33(4):641-653.
郭娜,黄一入,郑龙,唐楠,伏媛,王成.2017.高硫-低硫化浅成低温热液矿床的短波红外矿物分布特征及找矿模型-以西藏铁格隆南(荣那矿段)、斯弄多矿床为例[J].地球学报,38(5):767-778.
郭衍游,高春武,郝晓玲,唐瑶泉等.2016.西藏自治区谢通门县斯弄多矿区铅锌矿2015年度工作总结报告[R].
金翠叶.2011.蒙脱石粘土矿物形成和成岩演化的实例研究(硕士论文)[D].导师:路线彩.南京:南京大学.3-6.
金章东,朱金初,季俊峰,李福春,卢新卫.1999.成矿流体对德兴斑岩铜矿床中伊利石结晶度的控制作用[J].矿物岩石,19(4):5-9.
李娜,王凡,赵恒,任珊珊,童东绅.2012.伊利石矿物的主要应用领域评述[J].中国非金属矿工业导刊,(2):32-36
刘云飞.2013.西藏冈底斯成矿带浅成低温热液矿床成矿作用---以弄如日金矿床为例(博士论文)[D].导师:邓军.北京:中国地质大学.10-16.
孟展.2016.西藏斯弄多铅锌银矿床矿物学特征研究及地质意义(硕士论文)[D].导师:唐菊兴.成都:成都理工大学,45-46.
唐菊兴,王勤,杨超,丁帅,郎兴海,刘鸿飞,黄勇,郑文宝,王立强,高一鸣,冯军,段吉琳,宋扬,王艺云,林彬,方向,张志,杨欢欢.2014.青藏高原两个斑岩-浅成低温热液矿床成矿亚系列及其“缺位找矿”之实践[J].矿床地质,33(6):1151-1170
唐菊兴,丁帅,孟展,胡古月,高一鸣,谢富伟,李壮,袁梅,杨宗耀,陈国荣,李于海,杨洪钰,付燕刚.2016.西藏林子宗群火山岩中首次发现低硫化型浅成低温热液型矿床---以斯弄多银多金属矿为例[J].地球学报,37(4):461-470
王河锦,周健.1998.关于伊利石结晶度诸指数的评价[J].岩石学报,14(3):395-405
杨雅秀,张乃娴,苏昭冰,陈正国,潘建强,蔡秀成,郭九皋,刘高魁,阚学敏.1994.中国粘土矿物[M].北京:地质出版社.104-133
赵杏媛,张有瑜.1990.粘土矿物与粘土矿物分析[M].北京:海洋出版社.21-32