三维细微观结构的折叠和组装方法
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摘要
近年来,尺度介于几十纳米到几百微米之间的三维(3D)细微观结构受到研究人员越来越多的关注.其原因在于,通过在先进材料中形成具有特定几何拓扑的三维细微构造,可以使得宏观材料在声、光、热、力、电学等方面表现出新的特性.这种具备天然材料中不存在的超常物理特性的材料也被称为"超材料".由于超材料在各类微系统技术中的巨大应用前景,三维细微观结构的设计与制备方法日益成为国内外的研究热点.目前除了3D打印这类较成熟的增材制造方法之外,应力控制的折叠方法和力学引导的组装方法也相继被提出,并因其在材料类型、几何拓扑、尺度范围等方面的优势,亦逐渐成为研究焦点.本文综述了这两类方法的最新进展,并对其设计原理、成形过程以及相关的理论和应用进行分析和总结.
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in three-dimensional(3D) mesostructures with feature sizes between tens of nanometres and hundreds of micrometres. By forming 3D mesoscale architectures in advanced materials, the resulting materials systems are capable of offering novel acoustic, optical, thermal, mechanical and electronic properties that are not available in natural world, and are, thereby, also known as metamaterials. Owing to the tremendous application prospects of metamaterials in various advanced areas(e.g., electronics, photonics and energy storage), the design and the fabrication of 3D mesostructures has attracted growing attentions. In addition to the various techniques of 3D printing, another two classes of strategies have been developed, including the stress-controlled folding method and the mechanically guided assembly method. In the context of stress-controlled folding method, advanced techniques such as 4D printing and micro-/nano-scale origami were proposed. As for the 4D printing, the planar structures formed by 3D printing techniques have a bilayer or multilayer heterogeneous architecture, in which mismatched strains resulted from external stimulation(e.g., heating) lead to 2 D-to-3D transformation through self-folding or self-rolling. As for the micro-/nano-scale origami, the folding deformations are typically resulted from the forces induced by capillarity, thin-film residual stresses or mechanical stimuli response of active materials(for example, hydrogels, shape-memory polymers and shape-memory alloys). In the mechanically guided assembly method, a strategically designed thin 2D precursor is fabricated by modern planar technologies(e.g., photolithography) and then transfer-printed onto a prestretched elastomer substrate. Then strong sites of adhesion are created between the 2D precursor and the substrate by selective bonding. Release of the prestretched substrate gives rise to compressive forces at the bonding areas, thereby transforming the 2D precursor into a 3D configuration by compressive buckling. The key design parameters of this method include: the geometric pattern, thicknesses and mechanical properties of the 2D precursor; the position of selective bonding; and the magnitude of the prestrain in the elastomeric substrate. These two methods provide additional, unique options for the manufacturing of 3 D mesostructures. The stress-controlled folding method usually applies to a limited class of 3 D geometries, such as simple curved shells(e.g., tubes and scrolls), polyhedra and cylindrical structures. In comparison, the mechanically guided assembly method provides a route to more complex 3D topologies, because of the coupled translational and rotational deformations that can be controlled during the compressive buckling. In this review, we summarize the latest progress of these two methods, and introduce the basic design principles and fabrication techniques. The resulting mesostructures with representative topologies are illustrated, along with the relevant design method and applications. Opportunities exist in the development of an integrated approach to combine effectively these existing methods, which might facilitate progress towards the goal of establishing methods that allow for rapid formation of arbitrary 3D architectures in any constituent materials.
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in three-dimensional(3D) mesostructures with feature sizes between tens of nanometres and hundreds of micrometres. By forming 3D mesoscale architectures in advanced materials, the resulting materials systems are capable of offering novel acoustic, optical, thermal, mechanical and electronic properties that are not available in natural world, and are, thereby, also known as metamaterials. Owing to the tremendous application prospects of metamaterials in various advanced areas(e.g., electronics, photonics and energy storage), the design and the fabrication of 3D mesostructures has attracted growing attentions. In addition to the various techniques of 3D printing, another two classes of strategies have been developed, including the stress-controlled folding method and the mechanically guided assembly method. In the context of stress-controlled folding method, advanced techniques such as 4D printing and micro-/nano-scale origami were proposed. As for the 4D printing, the planar structures formed by 3D printing techniques have a bilayer or multilayer heterogeneous architecture, in which mismatched strains resulted from external stimulation(e.g., heating) lead to 2 D-to-3D transformation through self-folding or self-rolling. As for the micro-/nano-scale origami, the folding deformations are typically resulted from the forces induced by capillarity, thin-film residual stresses or mechanical stimuli response of active materials(for example, hydrogels, shape-memory polymers and shape-memory alloys). In the mechanically guided assembly method, a strategically designed thin 2D precursor is fabricated by modern planar technologies(e.g., photolithography) and then transfer-printed onto a prestretched elastomer substrate. Then strong sites of adhesion are created between the 2D precursor and the substrate by selective bonding. Release of the prestretched substrate gives rise to compressive forces at the bonding areas, thereby transforming the 2D precursor into a 3D configuration by compressive buckling. The key design parameters of this method include: the geometric pattern, thicknesses and mechanical properties of the 2D precursor; the position of selective bonding; and the magnitude of the prestrain in the elastomeric substrate. These two methods provide additional, unique options for the manufacturing of 3 D mesostructures. The stress-controlled folding method usually applies to a limited class of 3 D geometries, such as simple curved shells(e.g., tubes and scrolls), polyhedra and cylindrical structures. In comparison, the mechanically guided assembly method provides a route to more complex 3D topologies, because of the coupled translational and rotational deformations that can be controlled during the compressive buckling. In this review, we summarize the latest progress of these two methods, and introduce the basic design principles and fabrication techniques. The resulting mesostructures with representative topologies are illustrated, along with the relevant design method and applications. Opportunities exist in the development of an integrated approach to combine effectively these existing methods, which might facilitate progress towards the goal of establishing methods that allow for rapid formation of arbitrary 3D architectures in any constituent materials.
引文
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