上海市金山区地表水中挥发性有机物检测及其健康风险评估
|
摘要
[目的]观察上海市金山区地表水挥发性有机物(VOCs)的健康风险,为水环境的管理提供依据。[方法]用气质联用仪测定上海市金山区15条主要河道中的VOCs,采用美国环保局(US EPA)推荐的致癌物和非致癌物所致的健康风险评估模型对采样点水环境进行健康风险评估。[结果]18个采样点中共检出12种VOCs,其中丁酮的检出率最高,为100%;1,4-二氯苯、丙酮、二硫化碳检出率最低,均为5.56%。检出浓度最高为丙酮(96.9μg/L),最低为二甲苯(0.09μg/L)。对于非致癌风险,18个采样点的风险水平均小于1,其中采样点9风险水平最高,达到0.267,主要是二氯甲烷饮水途径的风险,占总风险的81.7%。对于致癌风险,18个采样点的致癌风险水平均远小于10~(-4),有9个采样点的风险水平介于10~(-6)~10~(-4),致癌风险主要由二氯甲烷、三氯乙烯、苯、1,2-二氯乙烷和1,4-二氯苯构成。[结论]该区研究期间地表水非致癌和致癌风险均低于US EPA推荐的限值,对人体的危害较低,可以认为该区的地表水环境是安全的。
[Objective] To quantify the health risk level of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in surface water of Jinshan District of Shanghai, thus provide a basis for water environment management. [Methods] VOCs in 15 main rivers of Jinshan District were determined with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer(GC-MS). Water environment health risk was evaluated using the carcinogens and non-carcinogens assessment models recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA). [Results] A total of 12 kinds of VOCs were detected in the 18 sampling points. Of them, butanone had the highest detection rate of 100%; while 1, 4-dichlorobenzene, acetone, and carbon disulfide had the lowest detection rate of 5.56%, with the maximum concentration of 96.9 μg/L for acetone and the minimum concentration of 0.09 μg/L for dimethylbenzene. For non-carcinogenic risk, all the 18 sampling points showed risk levels less than 1, with the highest level found at sampling point 9 reaching 0.267. The non-carcinogenic risk of sampling point 9 was mainly composed of dichloromethane water drinking(accounted for 81.7% of the total risk). For the carcinogenic risk, all the 18 sampling points showed risk levels far less than 10~(-4), and there were 9 sampling sites with risk levels ranging from 10~(-6)-10~(-4). The carcinogenic risk mainly consisted of dichloromethane, trichloroethylene, benzene, 1, 2-dichloroethane, and 1, 4-dichlorobenzene. [Conclusion] The overall non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of the surface water in Jinshan are lower than the recommended limits of the US EPA, indicating relatively low health risks and safe surface water environment.
[Objective] To quantify the health risk level of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in surface water of Jinshan District of Shanghai, thus provide a basis for water environment management. [Methods] VOCs in 15 main rivers of Jinshan District were determined with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer(GC-MS). Water environment health risk was evaluated using the carcinogens and non-carcinogens assessment models recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA). [Results] A total of 12 kinds of VOCs were detected in the 18 sampling points. Of them, butanone had the highest detection rate of 100%; while 1, 4-dichlorobenzene, acetone, and carbon disulfide had the lowest detection rate of 5.56%, with the maximum concentration of 96.9 μg/L for acetone and the minimum concentration of 0.09 μg/L for dimethylbenzene. For non-carcinogenic risk, all the 18 sampling points showed risk levels less than 1, with the highest level found at sampling point 9 reaching 0.267. The non-carcinogenic risk of sampling point 9 was mainly composed of dichloromethane water drinking(accounted for 81.7% of the total risk). For the carcinogenic risk, all the 18 sampling points showed risk levels far less than 10~(-4), and there were 9 sampling sites with risk levels ranging from 10~(-6)-10~(-4). The carcinogenic risk mainly consisted of dichloromethane, trichloroethylene, benzene, 1, 2-dichloroethane, and 1, 4-dichlorobenzene. [Conclusion] The overall non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of the surface water in Jinshan are lower than the recommended limits of the US EPA, indicating relatively low health risks and safe surface water environment.
引文
[1]张云,李彦锋.环境中VOCs的污染现状及处理技术研究进展[J].化工环保,2009,29(5):411-415.
[2]赵玉丽,李杏放.饮用水消毒副产物:化学特征与毒性[J].环境化学,2011,30(1):20-33.
[3]金银龙,鄂学礼,张岚.GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》释义[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2007:51.
[4]于云江.环境污染的健康风险评估与管理技术[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011.
[5]U.S.EPA.Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment[R].Washington DC:U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,2005.
[6]吴云,张藕连,程薇.上海市金山第二工业区地表水挥发性有机物水平调查[J].环境与职业医学,2012,29(10):646-647,651.
[7]刘长福,高建,万丽葵.黑龙江省重要饮用水水源地挥发性有机污染物调查[J].环境与健康杂志,2007,24(11):875-876.
[8]陈会明,李晞.美国环境保护署暴露评估指南[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2014.
[9]孙冬,王玉才,谢春梅.垃圾焚烧烟气中污染物对人体健康风险评价[J].环境卫生工程,2004,12(3):144-147.
[10]U.S.EPA.United States Environmental Protection Agency[EB/OL].https://www.epa.gov/iris.
[11]韩冰,何江涛,陈鸿汉,等.地下水有机污染人体健康风险评价初探[J].地学前缘,2006,13(1):224-229.
[12]张会兴,张征,宋莹.地下水污染健康风险评价理论体系研究[J].环境保护科学,2013,39(3):59-63.
[13]U.S.EPA.Exposure factors handbook[R].Washington DC:U.S.EPA,2009.
[14]张奇磊,李燕萍,李春玉.常州饮用水源地挥发性有机物预警监控和健康风险评价研究[J].环境科学与管理,2016,41(1):86-89.
[15]梁爽,李维青.乌鲁木齐市饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价[J].新疆农业科学,2010,47(8):1660-1664.
[2]赵玉丽,李杏放.饮用水消毒副产物:化学特征与毒性[J].环境化学,2011,30(1):20-33.
[3]金银龙,鄂学礼,张岚.GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》释义[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2007:51.
[4]于云江.环境污染的健康风险评估与管理技术[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011.
[5]U.S.EPA.Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment[R].Washington DC:U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,2005.
[6]吴云,张藕连,程薇.上海市金山第二工业区地表水挥发性有机物水平调查[J].环境与职业医学,2012,29(10):646-647,651.
[7]刘长福,高建,万丽葵.黑龙江省重要饮用水水源地挥发性有机污染物调查[J].环境与健康杂志,2007,24(11):875-876.
[8]陈会明,李晞.美国环境保护署暴露评估指南[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2014.
[9]孙冬,王玉才,谢春梅.垃圾焚烧烟气中污染物对人体健康风险评价[J].环境卫生工程,2004,12(3):144-147.
[10]U.S.EPA.United States Environmental Protection Agency[EB/OL].https://www.epa.gov/iris.
[11]韩冰,何江涛,陈鸿汉,等.地下水有机污染人体健康风险评价初探[J].地学前缘,2006,13(1):224-229.
[12]张会兴,张征,宋莹.地下水污染健康风险评价理论体系研究[J].环境保护科学,2013,39(3):59-63.
[13]U.S.EPA.Exposure factors handbook[R].Washington DC:U.S.EPA,2009.
[14]张奇磊,李燕萍,李春玉.常州饮用水源地挥发性有机物预警监控和健康风险评价研究[J].环境科学与管理,2016,41(1):86-89.
[15]梁爽,李维青.乌鲁木齐市饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价[J].新疆农业科学,2010,47(8):1660-1664.