基于GIS的泾惠渠灌区地下水污染人体健康风险评价
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摘要
为了评价陕西省泾惠渠灌区地下水污染物对人体健康的潜在危害,探讨GIS在人体健康风险评价中的作用,通过采集地下水样品进行分析测定,运用单因子指数法进行污染评价,利用GIS空间分析工具和人体健康风险评价模型对灌区地下水污染物的人体健康风险做出评价,对不同暴露人群的风险空间分布特征进行可视化展示和统计分析。污染评价结果表明,研究区地下水中As、Cr(Ⅵ)、NO_3~--N的含量均超出标准值。健康风险评价结果显示:As对成年男性的致癌风险高于成年女性,其最高值分别为3.73×10~(-4)和3.26×10~(-4),明显超出限值1.00×10~(-4),长期暴露对当地居民带来的罹患癌症的超额风险较高;非致癌风险值按大小排序为Cr(Ⅵ)>NO_3~--N>As,其中Cr(Ⅵ)对儿童的非致癌风险最高达8.693 7,远超限值1,其危害性最大。空间分布特征方面,As的致癌风险区域面积比例最高为45.82%,As、Cr(Ⅵ)、NO_3~--N的非致癌风险区域面积比例高达69.19%、69.06%和66.55%,非致癌总风险区域几乎覆盖整个研究区,建议加强地下水污染的预防与治理。研究同时表明,GIS能较好地应用于人体健康风险评价的风险空间分布特征获取、信息可视化和暴露风险统计分析。
This study was carried out to assess the potential hazards of groundwater contamination in the Jinghuiqu irrigation district of China and discuss the role of GIS in human health risk assessment. Samples of groundwater were collected, and their physical and chemical characteristics were analyzed via laboratory testing. Their contamination was evaluated using the single factor index method. Considering the age,sex, and exposure pathways of residents, health risks were estimated using the models recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The statistical and spatial distribution characteristics of health risk of different populations were analyzed and visualized using GIS. The results showed that the concentrations of As, Cr(Ⅵ), and NO_3~--N in the groundwater of the study area exceeded their limits.The carcinogenic risk of As was higher for male adults than for female adults, at 3.73×10~(-4) and 3.26×10~(-4), respectively, and significantly exceeded the limit of 1.00×10~(-4). The long-term exposure to As led to the exceeded risk of getting cancer. The noncarcinogenic hazard indices of As, Cr(Ⅵ), and NO_3~--N decreased in the order of Cr(Ⅵ)> NO_3~--N > As,and the noncarcinogenic hazard indices of Cr(Ⅵ)for effects to children reached 8.693 7, significantly exceeding the limit of 1. The carcinogenic risk caused by As covers 45.82% of the total study area.The area ratios of the noncarcinogenic risk caused by As, Cr(Ⅵ), and NO_3~--N were 69.19%, 69.06%, and 66.55%. Thus, the area of total noncarcinogenic risk covered most of the study area, indicating that problems with water safety are outstanding. The study proved that GIS was applicable and useful in the acquisition of risk spatial distribution, information visualization, and statistical analysis of exposure risk for human health risk assessment.
This study was carried out to assess the potential hazards of groundwater contamination in the Jinghuiqu irrigation district of China and discuss the role of GIS in human health risk assessment. Samples of groundwater were collected, and their physical and chemical characteristics were analyzed via laboratory testing. Their contamination was evaluated using the single factor index method. Considering the age,sex, and exposure pathways of residents, health risks were estimated using the models recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The statistical and spatial distribution characteristics of health risk of different populations were analyzed and visualized using GIS. The results showed that the concentrations of As, Cr(Ⅵ), and NO_3~--N in the groundwater of the study area exceeded their limits.The carcinogenic risk of As was higher for male adults than for female adults, at 3.73×10~(-4) and 3.26×10~(-4), respectively, and significantly exceeded the limit of 1.00×10~(-4). The long-term exposure to As led to the exceeded risk of getting cancer. The noncarcinogenic hazard indices of As, Cr(Ⅵ), and NO_3~--N decreased in the order of Cr(Ⅵ)> NO_3~--N > As,and the noncarcinogenic hazard indices of Cr(Ⅵ)for effects to children reached 8.693 7, significantly exceeding the limit of 1. The carcinogenic risk caused by As covers 45.82% of the total study area.The area ratios of the noncarcinogenic risk caused by As, Cr(Ⅵ), and NO_3~--N were 69.19%, 69.06%, and 66.55%. Thus, the area of total noncarcinogenic risk covered most of the study area, indicating that problems with water safety are outstanding. The study proved that GIS was applicable and useful in the acquisition of risk spatial distribution, information visualization, and statistical analysis of exposure risk for human health risk assessment.
引文
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[2]张海锋,李晓玲,罗玉红,等.宜昌近郊污水灌溉区水芹重金属污染状况及健康风险评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(8):1470-1477.ZHANG Hai-feng,LI Xiao-ling,LUO Yu-hong,et al.Heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment of Oenanthe javanica(Blume)DC.grown in sewage irrigated soils in Yichang suburbs[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2015,34(8):1470-1477.
[3]李莹莹,张永江,邓茂,等.武陵山区域典型生态保护城市饮用水源地水质人体健康风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(2):282-290.LI Ying-ying,ZHANG Yong-jiang,DENG Mao,et al.Water quality health risk assessment in urban drinking water sources of typical ecological protection areas in Wuling Mountain[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(2):282-290.
[4]刘海龙,马小龙,袁欣,等.基于多元回归分析的铬污染地下水风险评价方法[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2016,46(6):1823-1829.LIU Hai-long,MA Xiao-long,YUAN Xin,et al.Risk assessment method of chromium(Ⅵ)polluting groundwater based on multiple regression analysis[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2016,46(6):1823-1829.
[5]Saha N,Rahman M S,Ahmed M B,et al.Industrial metal pollution in water and probabilistic assessment of human health risk[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2017,185:70-78.
[6]Shakoor M B,Nawaz R,Hussain F,et al.Human health implications,risk assessment and remediation of As-contaminated water:A critical review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,601/602:756-769.
[7]Zhai Y,Zhao X,Teng Y,et al.Groundwater nitrate pollution and human health risk assessment by using HHRA model in an agricultural area,NE China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2017,137:130-142.
[8]Zhang Y,Chen J,Shi W,et al.Establishing a human health risk assessment methodology for metal species and its application of Cr6+in groundwater environments[J].Chemosphere,2017,189:525-537.
[9]Magesh N S,Chandrasekar N,Elango L.Trace element concentrations in the groundwater of the Tamiraparani river basin,South India:Insights from human health risk and multivariate statistical techniques[J].Chemosphere,2017,185:468-479.
[10]Belkhiri L,Mouni L,Narany T S,et al.Evaluation of potential health risk of heavy metals in groundwater using the integration of indicator kriging and multivariate statistical methods[J].Groundwater for Sustainable Development,2017,4:12-22.
[11]Vopham T,Wilson J P,Ruddell D,et al.Linking pesticides and human health:A geographic information system(GIS)and Landsat remote sensing method to estimate agricultural pesticide exposure[J].Applied Geography,2015,62:171-181.
[12]符刚,曾强,赵亮,等.基于GIS的天津市饮用水水质健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4553-4560.FU Gang,ZENG Qiang,ZHAO Liang,et al.Health risk assessment of drinking water quality in Tianjin based on GIS[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4553-4560.
[13]雷凌明,喻大松,陈玉鹏,等.陕西泾惠渠灌区土壤重金属空间分布特征及来源[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(6):88-96.LEI Ling-ming,YU Da-song,CHEN Yu-peng,et al.Spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in soils of Jinghui irrigated area of Shaanxi,China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(6):88-96.
[14]叶遇春.泾惠渠志[M].西安:三秦出版社,1991.YE Yu-chun.Records of Jinghuiqu[M].Xi′an:Sanqin Press,1991.
[15]刘秀花.泾惠渠灌区地下水水质演化过程研究[R].西安:长安大学,2016:31-47.LIU Xiu-hua.Evolution process of groundwater quality in Jinghuiqu irrigation district[R].Xi′an:Chang′an University,2016:31-47.
[16]U.S.EPA.Risk assessment guidance for superfund:VolumeⅠ-Human health evaluation manual(Part A)[R].Washington,DC:U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,1989.
[17]U.S.EPA.Risk assessment guidance for superfund:VolumeⅢ-Process for conducting probabilistic risk assessment(Part A)[R].Washington,DC:U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,2001.
[18]U.S.EPA.Risk assessment guidance for superfund VolumeⅠ:Human health evaluation manual(Part E,Supplemental guidance for dermal risk assessment)final[R].Washington,DC:U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,2004.
[19]U.S.EPA.Regional screening levels(RSLs)-user′s guide(June 2017)[EB/OL].[2017-01-25].https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-users-guide-june-2017.
[20]U.S.EPA.Integrated risk information system(IRIS)[EB/OL].[2017-01-25].http://www.epa.gov/iris/.
[21]周艳涛,张楚怡.陕西人均预期寿命排全国21位[N].华商报,2010-08-10(A4).ZHOU Yan-tao,ZHANG Chu-yi.Shaanxi′s per capita life expectancy ranks 21 in the country[N].Chinese Business View,2010-08-10(A4).
[22]左娇蕾.我国四城市成年居民饮水现状的研究[D].北京:中国疾病预防控制中心,2011.ZUO Jiao-lei.Current status water intake of adults in four cities of China[D].Beijing:Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,2011.
[23]中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会.疾病预防控制局中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2015年)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2015.National Health and Family Planning Commission of the PRC.Report on the status of nutrition and chronic diseases among Chinese residents in the bureau of disease control and prevention(2015)[M].Beijing:People′s Medical Publishing House,2015.
[24]王喆,刘少卿,陈晓民,等.健康风险评价中中国人皮肤暴露面积的估算[J].安全与环境学报,2008,8(4):152-156.WANG Zhe,LIU Shao-qing,CHEN Xiao-min,et al.Estimates of the exposed dermal surface area of Chinese in view of human health risk assessment[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2008,8(4):152-156.
[25]IARC.Arsenic,metals,fibres,and dusts:Volume 100 C A review of human carcinogens[EB/OL].[2017-01-25].http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100C/mono100C.pdf:147-167.
[26]张会兴,张征,宋莹.地下水污染健康风险评价理论体系研究[J].环境保护科学,2013,39(3):59-63.ZHANG Hui-xing,ZHANG Zheng,SONG Ying.Theoretical system study on health risk assessment of groundwater pollution[J].Environmental Protection Science,2013,39(3):59-63.
[27]Yoshida T,Yamauchi H,Fan Sun G.Chronic health effects in people exposed to arsenic via the drinking water:Dose-response relationships in review[J].Toxicol Appl Pharmacol,2004,198(3):243-252.
[28]赵娟,李育松,卞建民,等.吉林西部地区高砷地下水砷的阈值分析及风险评价[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2013,43(1):251-258.ZHAO Juan,LI Yu-song,BIAN Jian-min,et al.Threshold analysis and health risk assessment of arsenic in groundwater in western Jilin Province[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2013,43(1):251-258.