摘要
为了评价陕西省泾惠渠灌区地下水污染物对人体健康的潜在危害,探讨GIS在人体健康风险评价中的作用,通过采集地下水样品进行分析测定,运用单因子指数法进行污染评价,利用GIS空间分析工具和人体健康风险评价模型对灌区地下水污染物的人体健康风险做出评价,对不同暴露人群的风险空间分布特征进行可视化展示和统计分析。污染评价结果表明,研究区地下水中As、Cr(Ⅵ)、NO_3~--N的含量均超出标准值。健康风险评价结果显示:As对成年男性的致癌风险高于成年女性,其最高值分别为3.73×10~(-4)和3.26×10~(-4),明显超出限值1.00×10~(-4),长期暴露对当地居民带来的罹患癌症的超额风险较高;非致癌风险值按大小排序为Cr(Ⅵ)>NO_3~--N>As,其中Cr(Ⅵ)对儿童的非致癌风险最高达8.693 7,远超限值1,其危害性最大。空间分布特征方面,As的致癌风险区域面积比例最高为45.82%,As、Cr(Ⅵ)、NO_3~--N的非致癌风险区域面积比例高达69.19%、69.06%和66.55%,非致癌总风险区域几乎覆盖整个研究区,建议加强地下水污染的预防与治理。研究同时表明,GIS能较好地应用于人体健康风险评价的风险空间分布特征获取、信息可视化和暴露风险统计分析。
This study was carried out to assess the potential hazards of groundwater contamination in the Jinghuiqu irrigation district of China and discuss the role of GIS in human health risk assessment. Samples of groundwater were collected, and their physical and chemical characteristics were analyzed via laboratory testing. Their contamination was evaluated using the single factor index method. Considering the age,sex, and exposure pathways of residents, health risks were estimated using the models recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The statistical and spatial distribution characteristics of health risk of different populations were analyzed and visualized using GIS. The results showed that the concentrations of As, Cr(Ⅵ), and NO_3~--N in the groundwater of the study area exceeded their limits.The carcinogenic risk of As was higher for male adults than for female adults, at 3.73×10~(-4) and 3.26×10~(-4), respectively, and significantly exceeded the limit of 1.00×10~(-4). The long-term exposure to As led to the exceeded risk of getting cancer. The noncarcinogenic hazard indices of As, Cr(Ⅵ), and NO_3~--N decreased in the order of Cr(Ⅵ)> NO_3~--N > As,and the noncarcinogenic hazard indices of Cr(Ⅵ)for effects to children reached 8.693 7, significantly exceeding the limit of 1. The carcinogenic risk caused by As covers 45.82% of the total study area.The area ratios of the noncarcinogenic risk caused by As, Cr(Ⅵ), and NO_3~--N were 69.19%, 69.06%, and 66.55%. Thus, the area of total noncarcinogenic risk covered most of the study area, indicating that problems with water safety are outstanding. The study proved that GIS was applicable and useful in the acquisition of risk spatial distribution, information visualization, and statistical analysis of exposure risk for human health risk assessment.
引文
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