辽宁省地下饮用水源水环境健康风险评价
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摘要
目的研究辽宁省10个地下水源水环境健康风险,得出定量的健康风险指标,为地下水源风险管理提供依据.方法采用"水环境健康风险评价模型"对辽宁省10个主要地下饮用水源,2009—2012年的水环境健康进行风险评价,该模型将环境污染健康的风险评价模型与人体的健康结合至一起,再引入到饮用水环境中.结果饮用水源地中污染物总体所致健康风险的个人年风险在6.8×10~(-5)~1.3×10~(-4),水环境健康个人年风险基本符合美国环境保护署(EPA)的标准,但都超过其他组织和国家的标准.化学致癌物对人体健康危害在总体所致的健康危害中占据主体地位,远高于非化学致癌物的危害,其中主要的危险因子为六价铬和砷;对于非致癌有毒物质人年风险水平的顺序为:铅>氟化物>铜>汞>氰化物>氨氮>挥发酚.结论风险评价模型可计算每个指标对人体健康的影响,也能够决定优先治理的污染物,增强了保护饮用水安全的可能,为环境风险管理提供科学证据.
The objective of this paper is getting the quantitative healthy risk indicator by evaluating10 underground water sources in Liaoning Province,and provides evidence for underground water source risk management. By using water environmental healthy risk assessment model,we evaluate the risk of healthiness of 10 main underground water sources in Liaoning Province from 2009 to2012. This model combines the environmental polluting health risk evaluation model and human health,then introduced into drinking water environment. The overall annual risk within the drinking water contaminants is betw een 6. 8 × 10~(- 5)to 1. 3 × 10~(- 4)per person,which basically matches the standard of U. S. environmental protection agency( EPA). How ever,it exceeds the maximum ac-ceptable value recommended by ICRP and countries such as Sw eden and Netherlands. Specifically,chemical cancerogen plays a much more vital role in threating human health than non-chemical cancerogen,with the main ones are hexavalent chromium and arsenic. For non-chemical cancerogen,the order of risk levels is: Pb > F > Cu > Hg > CN > NH_3~-N > Volatile phenol. The risk assessment model can calculate the effects of every indicator on human health,and it also indicates the priority of governing contaminants. This model increases the possibility of protecting the drinking water,and provides scientific evidence for environmental risk management.
The objective of this paper is getting the quantitative healthy risk indicator by evaluating10 underground water sources in Liaoning Province,and provides evidence for underground water source risk management. By using water environmental healthy risk assessment model,we evaluate the risk of healthiness of 10 main underground water sources in Liaoning Province from 2009 to2012. This model combines the environmental polluting health risk evaluation model and human health,then introduced into drinking water environment. The overall annual risk within the drinking water contaminants is betw een 6. 8 × 10~(- 5)to 1. 3 × 10~(- 4)per person,which basically matches the standard of U. S. environmental protection agency( EPA). How ever,it exceeds the maximum ac-ceptable value recommended by ICRP and countries such as Sw eden and Netherlands. Specifically,chemical cancerogen plays a much more vital role in threating human health than non-chemical cancerogen,with the main ones are hexavalent chromium and arsenic. For non-chemical cancerogen,the order of risk levels is: Pb > F > Cu > Hg > CN > NH_3~-N > Volatile phenol. The risk assessment model can calculate the effects of every indicator on human health,and it also indicates the priority of governing contaminants. This model increases the possibility of protecting the drinking water,and provides scientific evidence for environmental risk management.
引文
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[11]梁爽,李维青.乌鲁木齐市饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价[J].新疆农业科学2010,47(8):1660-1664.(LIANG Shuang,LI Weiqing.Assessment on water environmental health risk for water supply sources in Urumqi city[J].Xinjiang agricultural sciences 2010,47(8):1660-1664.)
[12]姜春燕,龚敏.上海某地区饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价[J].北方环境,2013(5):125-127.(JIANG Chunyan,GONG Min.Environmental health risk assessment of drinking water source in a suburban of Shanghai[J].Northern environment,2013(5):125-127.)
[13]耿婷婷,张敏,蔡五田.浅谈健康风险评价中的问题及建议[J].安全与环境工程,2012(1):48-50.(GENG Tingting,ZHANG Min,CAI Wutian.Discussion of the problems and suggestions for the health risk assessment[J].Safety and environmental engineering,2012(1):48-50.)
[14]王秋莲,张震,刘伟.天津饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(5):187-190.(WANG Qiulian,ZHAG Zhen,LIU Wei.Environmental health risk assessment of drinking water source in Tianjing[J].Environmental science&technology,2009,32(5):187-190.)
[15]樊明玉.国内外城市水环境评价指标体系比较与技术模型研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2011.(FAN Mingyu.Study on comparison and technical model of domestic and overseas urban water environment assessment indicator systems[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2001.)
[16]范清华,黎刚,王备新,等.太湖饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价[J].中国环境监测,2012,28(1):6-9.(FAN Qinghua,LI Gang,WANG Beixin,et al.Environmental health risk assessment of drinking water source of Taihu lake[J].Environmental monitoring in China,2012,28(1):6-9.)
[17]王恒,方自力,李云祯,等.峨眉河饮用水源地环境健康风险评价[J].水资源与水工程学报,2013(6):163-166.(WANG Heng,FANG Zili,LI Yunzhen,et al.Assessment of environment health risk in drinking water protected zone of Emei river.[J].Journal of water resources and water engineering,2013(6):163-166.)
[18]US EPA.Child-specific exposure factors handbook[S].Washington DC:US EPA,2008.
[19]张会兴,张征,宋莹.地下水污染健康风险评价理论体系研究[J].环境保护科学,2013(3):59-63.(ZHANG Huixing,ZHANG Zheng,SONG Ying.Theoretical system study on health risk assessment of groundw ater pollution[J].Environmental protection science,2013(3):59-63.)
[20]US EPA.Exposure factors handbook[S].Washington DC:US EPA,2009.
[2]LUU T T G,STHIANNOPKAO S,KIM K.Arsemic and other elements contamination in groungw ater and a risk assessment study for resident in the kandal province of Cambodia[J].Environment international,2009,35:455-460.
[3]EVA L,MARTA S,JOSE L D.Human health risks of petroleum-contaminated round water[J].Environmental science and pollution research,2008,15(3):278-288.
[4]REBECKA T,JERKER B,BAKHTIYOR K.Health risks from large-scale water pollution:trends in central asia[J].Environment international,2011,37:435-442.
[5]LI Jianbing,Gordon H,ZENG Guangming.An integrated fuzzy-stochastic modeling approach for risk assessment of groundw ater contamination[J].Journal of environment management,2007,82:173-188.
[6]张晓平,许文杰,张强.基于区间值模糊数集的水质综合评价方法[J].济南大学学报,2011,25(1):89-93.(ZHANG Xiaoping,XU Wenjie,ZHANG Qiang.Comprehensive evaluation of water quality based on interval-valued fuzzy sets[J].Journal of university of Jinan,2011,25(1):89-93.)
[7]倪彬,王洪波,李旭东,等.湖泊饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(1):74-79.(NI Bin,WANG Hongbo,LI Xudong,et al.Water environmental health risk assessment in lake sources of drinking water[J].Research of environmental sciences,2010,23(1):74-79.)
[8]梁丽华,王新科,郑现明,等.西安市黑河水源地水环境健康风险评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(10):140-144.(LIANG Lihua,WANG Xinke,ZHENG Xian-ming,et al.Environmental health risk assessment on drinking water source of Heihe river for the Xi'an[J].Journal of arid land resources and environment,2014,28(10):140-144.)
[9]邹滨,曾永年.城市水环境健康风险评价[J].地理与地理信息科学,2009,25(2):94-98.(ZOU Bin,ZENG Yongnian.Spatial and temporal health risk assessment of water environment in urban area[J].Geography and geo-information science,2009,25(2):94-98.)
[10]开晓莉,高良敏,吴承国.青弋江芜湖段水环境健康风险评价[J].广东农业科学,2010(2):158-160.(KAI Xiaoli,GAO Liangmin,WU Chengguo.Water environmental health risk assessment for Wuhu reach of Qingyi river[J].Guangdong agricultural sciences,2010(2):158-160.)
[11]梁爽,李维青.乌鲁木齐市饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价[J].新疆农业科学2010,47(8):1660-1664.(LIANG Shuang,LI Weiqing.Assessment on water environmental health risk for water supply sources in Urumqi city[J].Xinjiang agricultural sciences 2010,47(8):1660-1664.)
[12]姜春燕,龚敏.上海某地区饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价[J].北方环境,2013(5):125-127.(JIANG Chunyan,GONG Min.Environmental health risk assessment of drinking water source in a suburban of Shanghai[J].Northern environment,2013(5):125-127.)
[13]耿婷婷,张敏,蔡五田.浅谈健康风险评价中的问题及建议[J].安全与环境工程,2012(1):48-50.(GENG Tingting,ZHANG Min,CAI Wutian.Discussion of the problems and suggestions for the health risk assessment[J].Safety and environmental engineering,2012(1):48-50.)
[14]王秋莲,张震,刘伟.天津饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(5):187-190.(WANG Qiulian,ZHAG Zhen,LIU Wei.Environmental health risk assessment of drinking water source in Tianjing[J].Environmental science&technology,2009,32(5):187-190.)
[15]樊明玉.国内外城市水环境评价指标体系比较与技术模型研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2011.(FAN Mingyu.Study on comparison and technical model of domestic and overseas urban water environment assessment indicator systems[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2001.)
[16]范清华,黎刚,王备新,等.太湖饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价[J].中国环境监测,2012,28(1):6-9.(FAN Qinghua,LI Gang,WANG Beixin,et al.Environmental health risk assessment of drinking water source of Taihu lake[J].Environmental monitoring in China,2012,28(1):6-9.)
[17]王恒,方自力,李云祯,等.峨眉河饮用水源地环境健康风险评价[J].水资源与水工程学报,2013(6):163-166.(WANG Heng,FANG Zili,LI Yunzhen,et al.Assessment of environment health risk in drinking water protected zone of Emei river.[J].Journal of water resources and water engineering,2013(6):163-166.)
[18]US EPA.Child-specific exposure factors handbook[S].Washington DC:US EPA,2008.
[19]张会兴,张征,宋莹.地下水污染健康风险评价理论体系研究[J].环境保护科学,2013(3):59-63.(ZHANG Huixing,ZHANG Zheng,SONG Ying.Theoretical system study on health risk assessment of groundw ater pollution[J].Environmental protection science,2013(3):59-63.)
[20]US EPA.Exposure factors handbook[S].Washington DC:US EPA,2009.