鲁中南地区双村岩溶水系统地下水中化学致癌物和非致癌物的健康风险评价
|
摘要
我国对水质的评价大多局限于各项指标与饮用水源标准的比较,关注的是超标情况,而对相关指标对人体健康的影响程度关注甚少。本文运用美国环境保护署的健康风险评价模型,对鲁中南地区的双村岩溶水系统中2种化学致癌物[As、Cr(Ⅵ)]和7种非致癌物(Hg、F、CN-、NO-2-N、NH+4-N、NO-3-N、酚类)引起的健康风险作出初步评价。结果表明,个别采样点的NO-3-N、NO-2-N含量超过GB5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》限值;由基因毒物质通过饮水途径所致的个人年健康风险表现为Cr(Ⅵ)>As,由躯体毒物质通过饮水途径所致的个人年健康风险表现为NO-3-N>F>NO-2-N>Hg>CN->NH+4-N>酚类,且致癌毒物质的危害远远超过非致癌毒物质,Cr(Ⅵ)为首要污染物。研究区地下水的个人健康总风险值介于5.0×10-5~10.0×10-5a-1之间,风险等级为Ⅳ级(一般),其作为饮用水源应给予必要的关注。
Currently the majority of water quality assessment in China is based on comparison parameters of water with those of drinking water standards. However,to what extent the pollutants influence human health is less known. Herein,Shuangcun karst water samples in central-southern Shandong province were chosen to evaluate human health risk. Using the risk assessment model of USEPA,the risk induced by two carcinogenic substances,such as As,Cr( Ⅵ) and seven non-carcinogenic substances( Hg,F,CN-,NO-2- N,NH+4- N,NO-3- N,phenols) are evaluated. Results show that concentration of NO-3- N and NO-2- N in samples from several sites exceeds the limiting value of Hygienic Standard for Drinking Water( GB5749—2006). In terms of annual personal health risk caused by gene toxic substances through water drinking,Cr( Ⅵ) shows greater risk than As. In terms of risk caused by non-gene toxic substances,the induced risk has the sequence of NO-3- N > F > NO-2- N > Hg >CN-> NH+4- N > phenols. Moreover,the hazard of carcinogenic substances is much stronger than that of noncarcinogenic substances. Cr( Ⅵ) is the primary pollutant. For all the sampling sites,total risk values range from5. 0 × 10- 5to 10. 0 × 10- 5a- 1,and the risk level is Ⅳ( fair). It means that underground water in the sampling area is harmful to human health to some extent. Therefore,it is worth more attention when the studied water serves as the drinking water source.
Currently the majority of water quality assessment in China is based on comparison parameters of water with those of drinking water standards. However,to what extent the pollutants influence human health is less known. Herein,Shuangcun karst water samples in central-southern Shandong province were chosen to evaluate human health risk. Using the risk assessment model of USEPA,the risk induced by two carcinogenic substances,such as As,Cr( Ⅵ) and seven non-carcinogenic substances( Hg,F,CN-,NO-2- N,NH+4- N,NO-3- N,phenols) are evaluated. Results show that concentration of NO-3- N and NO-2- N in samples from several sites exceeds the limiting value of Hygienic Standard for Drinking Water( GB5749—2006). In terms of annual personal health risk caused by gene toxic substances through water drinking,Cr( Ⅵ) shows greater risk than As. In terms of risk caused by non-gene toxic substances,the induced risk has the sequence of NO-3- N > F > NO-2- N > Hg >CN-> NH+4- N > phenols. Moreover,the hazard of carcinogenic substances is much stronger than that of noncarcinogenic substances. Cr( Ⅵ) is the primary pollutant. For all the sampling sites,total risk values range from5. 0 × 10- 5to 10. 0 × 10- 5a- 1,and the risk level is Ⅳ( fair). It means that underground water in the sampling area is harmful to human health to some extent. Therefore,it is worth more attention when the studied water serves as the drinking water source.
引文
[1]Beane Freeman L E,Dennis L K,Lynch C F,et al.Toenail Arsenic Content and Cutaneous Melanoma in Lowa[J].American Journal Epidemiology,2004,160:679-687.
[2]仇茂龙,刘玲花,邹晓雯,等.国内外水源地水质评价标准与评价方法的比较[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2013,11(3):176-182.Qiu M L,Liu L H,Zou X W,et al.Comparison of Source Water Quality Standards and Evaluation Methods between China and Some Developed Countries[J].Journal of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,2013,11(3):176-182.
[3]富天乙,邹志红,王晓静.基于多元统计和水质标识指数的辽阳太子河水质评价研究[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(2):473-480.Fu T Y,Zou Z H,Wang X J.Water Quality Assessment for Taizi River Watershed in Liaoyang Section Based on Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Water Quality Identification Index[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(2):473-480.
[4]胡冠九,孙成,杨敏娜,等.长江江苏段主干断面污染物健康风险评价[J].长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(8):771-772.Hu G J,Sun C,Yang M N,et al.Health Risk Assessment on Pollutants in the Main Sections of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2009,18(8):771-772.
[5]Covello V T,Merkhofer M W.Risk Assessment Methods:Approaches for Assessing Health and Environmental Risks[M].New York:Plenum Press,1993:1-34.
[6]邹滨,曾永年,Benjamin F Z,等.城市水环境健康风险评价[J].地理与地理信息科学,2009,25(2):94-95.Zou B,Zeng Y N,Benjamin F Z,et al.Spatial and Temporal Health Risk Assessment of Water Environment in Urban Area[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2009,25(2):94-95.
[7]National Research Council(US).Risk Assessment in the Federal Government:Managing the Process[M].Washington,D C:National Academy Press,1983.
[8]Reiley M C.Science,Policy,and Trends of Metals Risk Assessment at EPA:How Understanding Metals Bioavailability Has Changed Metals Assessment at US EPA[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2007,84:292-298.
[9]沈体忠.汉江下游地下水中污染物质量浓度及其健康风险评价——以天门市为例[C]//第四届全国农业环境科学学术研讨会论文集,2011:1001-1007.Shen T Z.Groundwater Pollutant Concentration and Health Risk Assessment of Downstream of Hanjiang River:An Example for Tianmen Hubei Province[C]//Proceedings of the Fourth National Agricultural Environmental Science Symposium,2011:1001-1007.
[10]汪晶,阎雷生.健康风险评价的基本程序与方法[J].环境科学研究,1993,6(5):52-56.Wang J,Yan L S.The Basic Procedure and Method of Health Risk Assessment[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,1993,6(5):52-56.
[11]方栋.高放废液处理与处置不同技术方案的放射性健康风险比较[J].辐射防护,1997,17(5):36-43.Fang D.Risk Comparison of Different Treatment and Disposal Strategies of High Level Liquid Radioactive Waste[J].Radiation Protection,1997,17(5):36-43.
[12]段磊,王文科,孙亚乔,等.关中盆地浅层地下水氮污染的健康风险评价[J].水文地质工程地质,2011,38(3):92-97.Duan L,Wang W K,Sun Y Q,et al.Health Risk Assessment of Three Nitrogen in Shallow Groundwater in the Guangzhong Basin[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2011,38(3):92-97.
[13]周国宏,彭朝琼,余淑苑,等.深圳市饮用水源水中重金属污染物健康风险评价[J].环境与健康杂志,2011,28(1):50-52.Zhou G H,Peng Z Q,Yu S Y,et al.Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Sources in Shenzhen[J].Journal of Environment and Health,2011,28(1):50-52.
[14]王鹤扬.北京市西城区水环境健康风险评价研究[J].环境科学与管理,2013,36(11):163-167.Wang H Y.Environmental Health Risk Assessment on Xicheng District in Beijing[J].Environmental Science and Management,2013,36(11):163-167.
[15]王笑梅,刘桂建,黄润.淠河灌区集中式饮用水源地水质健康风险等级研究[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(3):781-787.Wang X M,Liu G J,Huang R.The Health Risk Level of Water Quality in the Centralized Drinking Water Sources of the River Pihe Irrigation District[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(3):781-787.
[16]赵庆令,李清彩,卜华,等.鲁中南典型岩溶区岩溶水水化学特征及成因分析——以双村岩溶水系统为例[J].水文,2015,35(2):70-76.Zhao Q L,Li Q C,Bu H,et al.Hydrochemical Characteristics and Cause Analysis of Karst Water in Middle and South Shandong Province:Case of Shuangcui Karst Water System[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2015,35(2):70-76.
[17]吴爱民,陆书南,周绍智编著.岩溶水开发与水环境演化——山东双村强渗透性开放岩溶水系统典型研究[M].北京:地震出版社,2003:1-10.Wu A M,Lu S N,Zhou S Z.Karst Water Development and Water Environment Evolution:Strong Permeability Typical Village in Shandong Shuangcui Open Karst Water System Study[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,2003:1-10.
[18]张会兴,张征,宋莹.地下水污染健康风险评价理论体系研究[J].环境保护科学,2013,39(3):59-63.Zhang H X,Zhang Z,Song Y.Theoretical System Study on Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater Pollution[J].Environmental Protection Science,2013,39(3):59-63.
[2]仇茂龙,刘玲花,邹晓雯,等.国内外水源地水质评价标准与评价方法的比较[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2013,11(3):176-182.Qiu M L,Liu L H,Zou X W,et al.Comparison of Source Water Quality Standards and Evaluation Methods between China and Some Developed Countries[J].Journal of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,2013,11(3):176-182.
[3]富天乙,邹志红,王晓静.基于多元统计和水质标识指数的辽阳太子河水质评价研究[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(2):473-480.Fu T Y,Zou Z H,Wang X J.Water Quality Assessment for Taizi River Watershed in Liaoyang Section Based on Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Water Quality Identification Index[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(2):473-480.
[4]胡冠九,孙成,杨敏娜,等.长江江苏段主干断面污染物健康风险评价[J].长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(8):771-772.Hu G J,Sun C,Yang M N,et al.Health Risk Assessment on Pollutants in the Main Sections of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2009,18(8):771-772.
[5]Covello V T,Merkhofer M W.Risk Assessment Methods:Approaches for Assessing Health and Environmental Risks[M].New York:Plenum Press,1993:1-34.
[6]邹滨,曾永年,Benjamin F Z,等.城市水环境健康风险评价[J].地理与地理信息科学,2009,25(2):94-95.Zou B,Zeng Y N,Benjamin F Z,et al.Spatial and Temporal Health Risk Assessment of Water Environment in Urban Area[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2009,25(2):94-95.
[7]National Research Council(US).Risk Assessment in the Federal Government:Managing the Process[M].Washington,D C:National Academy Press,1983.
[8]Reiley M C.Science,Policy,and Trends of Metals Risk Assessment at EPA:How Understanding Metals Bioavailability Has Changed Metals Assessment at US EPA[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2007,84:292-298.
[9]沈体忠.汉江下游地下水中污染物质量浓度及其健康风险评价——以天门市为例[C]//第四届全国农业环境科学学术研讨会论文集,2011:1001-1007.Shen T Z.Groundwater Pollutant Concentration and Health Risk Assessment of Downstream of Hanjiang River:An Example for Tianmen Hubei Province[C]//Proceedings of the Fourth National Agricultural Environmental Science Symposium,2011:1001-1007.
[10]汪晶,阎雷生.健康风险评价的基本程序与方法[J].环境科学研究,1993,6(5):52-56.Wang J,Yan L S.The Basic Procedure and Method of Health Risk Assessment[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,1993,6(5):52-56.
[11]方栋.高放废液处理与处置不同技术方案的放射性健康风险比较[J].辐射防护,1997,17(5):36-43.Fang D.Risk Comparison of Different Treatment and Disposal Strategies of High Level Liquid Radioactive Waste[J].Radiation Protection,1997,17(5):36-43.
[12]段磊,王文科,孙亚乔,等.关中盆地浅层地下水氮污染的健康风险评价[J].水文地质工程地质,2011,38(3):92-97.Duan L,Wang W K,Sun Y Q,et al.Health Risk Assessment of Three Nitrogen in Shallow Groundwater in the Guangzhong Basin[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2011,38(3):92-97.
[13]周国宏,彭朝琼,余淑苑,等.深圳市饮用水源水中重金属污染物健康风险评价[J].环境与健康杂志,2011,28(1):50-52.Zhou G H,Peng Z Q,Yu S Y,et al.Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Sources in Shenzhen[J].Journal of Environment and Health,2011,28(1):50-52.
[14]王鹤扬.北京市西城区水环境健康风险评价研究[J].环境科学与管理,2013,36(11):163-167.Wang H Y.Environmental Health Risk Assessment on Xicheng District in Beijing[J].Environmental Science and Management,2013,36(11):163-167.
[15]王笑梅,刘桂建,黄润.淠河灌区集中式饮用水源地水质健康风险等级研究[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(3):781-787.Wang X M,Liu G J,Huang R.The Health Risk Level of Water Quality in the Centralized Drinking Water Sources of the River Pihe Irrigation District[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(3):781-787.
[16]赵庆令,李清彩,卜华,等.鲁中南典型岩溶区岩溶水水化学特征及成因分析——以双村岩溶水系统为例[J].水文,2015,35(2):70-76.Zhao Q L,Li Q C,Bu H,et al.Hydrochemical Characteristics and Cause Analysis of Karst Water in Middle and South Shandong Province:Case of Shuangcui Karst Water System[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2015,35(2):70-76.
[17]吴爱民,陆书南,周绍智编著.岩溶水开发与水环境演化——山东双村强渗透性开放岩溶水系统典型研究[M].北京:地震出版社,2003:1-10.Wu A M,Lu S N,Zhou S Z.Karst Water Development and Water Environment Evolution:Strong Permeability Typical Village in Shandong Shuangcui Open Karst Water System Study[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,2003:1-10.
[18]张会兴,张征,宋莹.地下水污染健康风险评价理论体系研究[J].环境保护科学,2013,39(3):59-63.Zhang H X,Zhang Z,Song Y.Theoretical System Study on Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater Pollution[J].Environmental Protection Science,2013,39(3):59-63.