长期施肥对小麦—玉米轮作红壤抗蚀性的影响
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摘要
为探讨不同施肥处理对红壤旱地土壤理化性状和抗蚀性影响,以长期定位施肥试验小区为研究对象,研究了CK(荒草地)、T1(不施肥)、T2(施有机肥)、T3(施氮磷钾肥)和T4(氮磷钾肥与秸秆配施) 5种处理的土壤理化性状及土壤抗蚀性。结果表明:(1)荒草地开垦后,土壤容重降低,土壤孔隙度和含水量升高;相较于不施肥,施肥提高土壤有机质含量、改善土壤物理性质作用更为明显;(2)衡量不同施肥处理土壤抗蚀性的2个最佳指标为>0. 25 mm水稳性团聚体含量和结构破坏率;(3)使用主成分分析综合指数表示不同处理土壤抗蚀性依次为:T2>CK>T3>T4>T1,荒草地开垦后,耕种会降低土壤抗蚀性,但施肥能略微提升土壤抗蚀性,而施有机肥提升最为明显。研究结果可为区域内农业生态系统持续发展及农田水土保持工作提供依据。
To explore the effects of different fertilization treatments on soil physical properties and soil antierodibility under red upland soil,long-term location fertilization test plots as the research object,the soil physical and chemical properties were measured,and selected of 10 indicators such as bulk density,water content,content of soil organic matters,mean weight diameter of water stable aggregate,water stable aggregate( bigger than 0. 25 mm),dispersion rate,agglomeration degree,structural failure rate,erodibility index and corrosion resistance index,used principal component analysis to study the soil anti-erodibility of five treatments. Five treatments were included as follows: CK( weeds land),T1( unfertilized control),T2( farmyard manure),T3( NPK fertilizer) and T4( NPK fertilizer and wheat straw). The results were as follows: 1) After reclamation,the soil bulk density decreased evidently, the soil porosity and water content increased; compared with unfertilized control,the role of fertilization in increasing soil organic matter content and improving soil physical properties was more pronounced. 2) The two major indexes affecting soil anti-erodibility were water stable aggregate( bigger than 0. 25 mm) and structural failure rate. 3) The principal component analysis composite indexes showed that the order of soil anti-erodibility in different treatments was: T2 > CK > T3 > T4 > T1. After reclaiming weeds land,the cultivation will decrease the soil anti-erodibility,but the fertilization can obviously increase soil anti-erodibility,and the farmyard manure was most obvious. The research results can provide evidence for the sustainable development of agro-ecosystems in the region and soil and water conservation research.
To explore the effects of different fertilization treatments on soil physical properties and soil antierodibility under red upland soil,long-term location fertilization test plots as the research object,the soil physical and chemical properties were measured,and selected of 10 indicators such as bulk density,water content,content of soil organic matters,mean weight diameter of water stable aggregate,water stable aggregate( bigger than 0. 25 mm),dispersion rate,agglomeration degree,structural failure rate,erodibility index and corrosion resistance index,used principal component analysis to study the soil anti-erodibility of five treatments. Five treatments were included as follows: CK( weeds land),T1( unfertilized control),T2( farmyard manure),T3( NPK fertilizer) and T4( NPK fertilizer and wheat straw). The results were as follows: 1) After reclamation,the soil bulk density decreased evidently, the soil porosity and water content increased; compared with unfertilized control,the role of fertilization in increasing soil organic matter content and improving soil physical properties was more pronounced. 2) The two major indexes affecting soil anti-erodibility were water stable aggregate( bigger than 0. 25 mm) and structural failure rate. 3) The principal component analysis composite indexes showed that the order of soil anti-erodibility in different treatments was: T2 > CK > T3 > T4 > T1. After reclaiming weeds land,the cultivation will decrease the soil anti-erodibility,but the fertilization can obviously increase soil anti-erodibility,and the farmyard manure was most obvious. The research results can provide evidence for the sustainable development of agro-ecosystems in the region and soil and water conservation research.
引文
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[18]李朝霞,蔡崇法,史志华,等.鄂南第四纪粘土红壤团聚体的稳定性及其稳定机制初探[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(4):69-72.LI Z X, CAI C F, SHI Z H, et al. Aggregate stability and stable mechanism of aggregate derived from quaternary red clay in south of Hubei Province[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(4):69-72.
[19]王云琦,王玉杰,朱金兆.重庆缙云山典型林分林地土壤抗蚀性分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(6):775-780.WANG Y Q,WANG Y J,ZHU J Z. Anti-erodibility analysis in forest soil of typical forests in Jinyun Mountain in Chongqing City[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2005,14(6):775-780.
[20]王改兰,段建南,贾宁凤,等.长期施肥对黄土丘陵区土壤理化性质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(4):82-85.WANG G L, DUAN J N, JIA N F, et al. Effects of longterm fertilizatton on soil physical and chemical property in Loess Hilly Area[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,20(4):82-85.
[21]李昌新.长期施肥对红壤旱地玉米生产力和土壤肥力的影响及其机制研究[D].南京农业大学,2009.LI C X. Effects of long-term fertilization on corn productivity and soil fertility as well as its mechanisms under upland red soil in subtropical China[D]. Nanjing Agricultural University,2009.
[22] HUANG S,PENG X,HUANG Q,et al. Soil aggregation and organic carbon fractions affected by long-term fertilization in a red soil of subtropical China[J]. Geoderma,2010,154(3):364-369.
[23] ZHANG W,XU M,WANG X,et al. Effects of organic amendments on soil carbon sequestration in paddy fields of subtropical China[J]. Journal of Soils&Sediments, 2012, 12(4):457-470.
[24] TADESSE T,DECHASSA N,BAYU W,et al. Effects of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer application on soil physico-chemical properties and nutrient balance in rain-fed lowland rice ecosystem[J]. American Journal of Plant Sciences,2013,4(2):309-316.
[25] YANG Z H,SINGH B R,HANSEN S. Aggregate associated carbon,nitrogen and sulfur and their ratios in long-term fertilized soils[J]. Soil and Tillage Research,2007,95:161-171.
[26]李会,周运超,刘娟,等.喀斯特土壤抗蚀性对不同土地利用方式的响应[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(5):16-23.LI H,ZHOU Y C,LIU J,et al. Responses of karst soil antierodibility to different land use types[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,13(5):16-23.
[27]卢喜平,史东梅,蒋光毅,等.两种果草模式根系提高土壤抗蚀性的研究.水土保持学报,2004,18(5):64-68.LU X P,SHI D M,JIANG G Y,et al. Study on root systerm of two kinds of intercropping orchard-pasturage model improving soil anti-erodibility[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(5):64-68.
[28]张昌胜,刘国彬,薛萐,等.不同沙生植被土壤微团聚体分形特征及抗蚀性[J].水土保持通报,2012,32(2):1-6.ZHANG C S,LIU G B,XUE S,et al. Anti-erodibility and micro aggregate fractal features of soils under different psammophytes[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012,32(2):1-6.
[29]骆东奇,侯春霞,魏朝富,等.紫色土团聚体抗蚀特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(2):20-23,27.LUO D Q,HOU C X,WEI C F,et al. Study on characteristics of purple soils aggregates erosion-resistant[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(2):20-23,27.
[30]董慧霞,李贤伟,张健,等.不同草本层三倍体毛白杨林地土壤抗蚀性研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(3):70-78.DONG H X,LI X W, ZHANG J, et al. Study on soil antierodibility of different herbages in triploid of Populus tomentosa woodland[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,19(3):70-78.
[31]和利钊,张杨珠,刘杰,等.不同施肥和调理剂对侵蚀红壤肥力和抗侵蚀性的修复效应[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):54-58.HE L Z, ZHANG Y Z, LIU J, et al. Restoration effects of different fertilization and conditioner on eroded red soil fertility and anti-erodibility[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(4):54-58.
[32]闫思宇,王景燕,龚伟,等.川南山地林分变化对土壤物理性质和抗蚀性的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,2016,25(7):1112-1120.YAN S Y, WANG J Y, GONG W, et al. Effects of forest change on soil physical properties and anti-erodibility in southern Sichuan Mountains[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2016,25(7):1112-1120.
[2]史志华,王玲,刘前进,等.土壤侵蚀:从综合治理到生态调控[J].中国科学院院刊,2018,33(2):198-205.SHI Z H,WANG L,LIU Q J,et al. Soil erosion:from comprehensive control to ecological regulation[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2018,33(2):198-205.
[3] BRESHEARS D D,WHICKER J J,JOHANSEN M P,et al.Wind and water erosion and transport in semi-arid shrubland,grassland and forest ecosystems:quantifying dominance of horizontal wind-driven transport[J]. Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2003,28(11):1189-1209.
[4]沈慧,姜凤岐,杜晓军,等.水土保持林土壤抗蚀性能评价研究[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(3):345-348.SHEN H,JIANG F Q,DU X J,et al. Evaluation on soil antierodibility of soil and water conservation forest[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2000,11(3):345-348.
[5]王佑民,郭培才,高维森.黄土高原土壤抗蚀性研究[J].水土保持学报,1994,8(4):11-16.WANG Y M,GUO P C,GAO W S. A study on soil antierodibility in Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1994,8(4):11-16.
[6] BOUYOUCOS G J. The clay ratio as a criterion of susceptibility of soils to erosion[J]. Journal of American Society of Agronomy,1935,27:738-741.
[7]王俭成,杨建英,史常青,等.北川地区典型林分土壤抗蚀性分析[J].水土保持学报,2013(1):71-75.WANG J C,YANG J Y,SHI C Q,et al. Analysis of soil anti-erodibility of different typical forests in Beichuan area[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013(1):71-75.
[8] YAN F L,SHI Z H,LI Z X,et al. Estimating interrill soil erosion from aggregate stability of Ultisols in subtropical China[J]. Soil&Tillage Research,2008,100(1):34-41.
[9] SHI Z H,YAN F L,LI L,et al. Interrill erosion from disturbed and undisturbed samples in relation to topsoil aggregate stability in red soils from subtropical China[J]. Catena,2010,81(3):240-248.
[10] WANG Y,CAO L,FAN J,et al. Modelling soil detachment of different management practices in the red soil region of China[J]. Land Degradation&Development,2017,28:1496-1505.
[11]邸佳颖,刘小粉,杜章留,等.长期施肥对红壤性水稻土团聚体稳定性及固碳特征的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(10):1129-1138.DI J Y,LIU X F,DU Z L,et al. Influences of long-term organic and chemical fertilization on soil aggregation and associated organic carbon fractions in a red paddy soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2014,22(10):1129-1138.
[12]柳开楼,黄晶,张会民,等.长期施肥对红壤旱地团聚体特性及不同组分钾素分配的影响[J].土壤学报,2018,55(2):443-454.LIU K L, HUANG J, ZHANG H M, et al. Effect of longterm fertilization on aggregation characteristics and distribution of potassium fractions in red soil[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2018,55(2):443-454.
[13]姜培坤,俞益武,徐秋芳.商品林地土壤物理性质演变与抗蚀性能的评价[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(1):112-115.JIANG P K,YU Y W,XU Q F. Assessment on evolving law of soil physical properties and erosion resistance of land with different commercial forest[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,16(1):112-115.
[14]刘光崧.土壤理化分析与剖面描述[M].北京:中国标准出版社,1996.LIU G S. Soil physical and chemical analysis and description of soil profiles[M]. Beijing:Chinese Standard Press,1996.
[15]薛萐,刘国彬,张超,等.黄土丘陵区人工灌木林土壤抗蚀性演变特征[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(15):3143-3150.XUE S, LIU G B, ZHANG C, et al. Change of soil antierodibility of artificial shrubs in Loess Hilly Area[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(15):3143-3150.
[16]宫阿都,何毓蓉.金沙江干热河谷典型区(云南)退化土壤的结构性与形成机制[J].山地学报,2001,19(3):213-219.GONG A D, HE Y R. The structure feature and formation mechanism of the degraded soil in dry-hot valley region of the Jinsha River,Yunnan Province,China[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2001,19(3):213-219.
[17]薛萐,李占斌,李鹏,等.不同植被恢复模式对黄土丘陵区土壤抗蚀性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(S1):69-72.XUE S, LI Z B, LI B, et al. Effects of different vegetation restoration models on soil anti-erodibility in Loess Hilly Area[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(S1):69-72.
[18]李朝霞,蔡崇法,史志华,等.鄂南第四纪粘土红壤团聚体的稳定性及其稳定机制初探[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(4):69-72.LI Z X, CAI C F, SHI Z H, et al. Aggregate stability and stable mechanism of aggregate derived from quaternary red clay in south of Hubei Province[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(4):69-72.
[19]王云琦,王玉杰,朱金兆.重庆缙云山典型林分林地土壤抗蚀性分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(6):775-780.WANG Y Q,WANG Y J,ZHU J Z. Anti-erodibility analysis in forest soil of typical forests in Jinyun Mountain in Chongqing City[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2005,14(6):775-780.
[20]王改兰,段建南,贾宁凤,等.长期施肥对黄土丘陵区土壤理化性质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(4):82-85.WANG G L, DUAN J N, JIA N F, et al. Effects of longterm fertilizatton on soil physical and chemical property in Loess Hilly Area[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,20(4):82-85.
[21]李昌新.长期施肥对红壤旱地玉米生产力和土壤肥力的影响及其机制研究[D].南京农业大学,2009.LI C X. Effects of long-term fertilization on corn productivity and soil fertility as well as its mechanisms under upland red soil in subtropical China[D]. Nanjing Agricultural University,2009.
[22] HUANG S,PENG X,HUANG Q,et al. Soil aggregation and organic carbon fractions affected by long-term fertilization in a red soil of subtropical China[J]. Geoderma,2010,154(3):364-369.
[23] ZHANG W,XU M,WANG X,et al. Effects of organic amendments on soil carbon sequestration in paddy fields of subtropical China[J]. Journal of Soils&Sediments, 2012, 12(4):457-470.
[24] TADESSE T,DECHASSA N,BAYU W,et al. Effects of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer application on soil physico-chemical properties and nutrient balance in rain-fed lowland rice ecosystem[J]. American Journal of Plant Sciences,2013,4(2):309-316.
[25] YANG Z H,SINGH B R,HANSEN S. Aggregate associated carbon,nitrogen and sulfur and their ratios in long-term fertilized soils[J]. Soil and Tillage Research,2007,95:161-171.
[26]李会,周运超,刘娟,等.喀斯特土壤抗蚀性对不同土地利用方式的响应[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(5):16-23.LI H,ZHOU Y C,LIU J,et al. Responses of karst soil antierodibility to different land use types[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,13(5):16-23.
[27]卢喜平,史东梅,蒋光毅,等.两种果草模式根系提高土壤抗蚀性的研究.水土保持学报,2004,18(5):64-68.LU X P,SHI D M,JIANG G Y,et al. Study on root systerm of two kinds of intercropping orchard-pasturage model improving soil anti-erodibility[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(5):64-68.
[28]张昌胜,刘国彬,薛萐,等.不同沙生植被土壤微团聚体分形特征及抗蚀性[J].水土保持通报,2012,32(2):1-6.ZHANG C S,LIU G B,XUE S,et al. Anti-erodibility and micro aggregate fractal features of soils under different psammophytes[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012,32(2):1-6.
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