我国北方地区四省份自备井水质卫生学调查风险评价
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摘要
目的了解我国北方地区黑龙江、北京、内蒙古和西藏4省份自备井水质状况,为加强自备井水的卫生监督和管理提供依据。方法对我国北方地区4省份233个自备井,按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750-2006)进行采样,检测感官性状、化学、细菌学和毒理学共27项水质指标,并进行卫生学评价。结果我国北方地区4省份自备井水总不合格率为52.36%。4省份的水质差异性大。黑龙江自备井的超标指标主要是浑浊度、肉眼可见物、锰、砷和硝酸盐;北京自备井的超标指标主要是硝酸盐和微生物;内蒙古自备井的超标指标主要是硫酸盐和氟化物;西藏自备井的超标指标则是锌和氯化物。结论根据地域区别和水质特征,加强自备井水源管理、消毒和水质净化,保证居民饮用水安全。
Objective To understand the water quality of self-supply wells in four provinces of northern China(Heilongjiang, Beijing, Inner Mongolia and Tibet), so as to provide a reference for supervision and management of self-supply wells. Methods Water were sampled from 233 self-supply wells in four northern provinces of China according to standard examination methods for drinking water(GB/T 5750-2006). In total, The samples were tested for 27 kinds of water quality parameters involving sensory properties, chemistry, bacteriology and toxicology, and then evaluated. Results The total unqualified rate of water quality in self-supply well water in four northern provinces of China was 52.36%. The water quality varied greatly among provinces. As for Heilongjiang, the main unqualified indicators of self-supply wells water involved turbidity, visible to the naked eye, manganese, arsenic and nitrate. In relation to Beijing, these referred to the nitrate and microorganism. In case of Inner Mongolia province, these included sulfate and fluoride. With reference to Tibet, these were zinc and chloride. Conclusions To ensure the safety of drinking water for residents, the management, disinfection and purifying measures of self-supply wells should be strengthened basing on their regional differences and water quality characteristics.
Objective To understand the water quality of self-supply wells in four provinces of northern China(Heilongjiang, Beijing, Inner Mongolia and Tibet), so as to provide a reference for supervision and management of self-supply wells. Methods Water were sampled from 233 self-supply wells in four northern provinces of China according to standard examination methods for drinking water(GB/T 5750-2006). In total, The samples were tested for 27 kinds of water quality parameters involving sensory properties, chemistry, bacteriology and toxicology, and then evaluated. Results The total unqualified rate of water quality in self-supply well water in four northern provinces of China was 52.36%. The water quality varied greatly among provinces. As for Heilongjiang, the main unqualified indicators of self-supply wells water involved turbidity, visible to the naked eye, manganese, arsenic and nitrate. In relation to Beijing, these referred to the nitrate and microorganism. In case of Inner Mongolia province, these included sulfate and fluoride. With reference to Tibet, these were zinc and chloride. Conclusions To ensure the safety of drinking water for residents, the management, disinfection and purifying measures of self-supply wells should be strengthened basing on their regional differences and water quality characteristics.
引文
[1] 中华人民共和国卫生部, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. GB/T 5750-2006 生活饮用水标准检验方法 [S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2007. Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. GB/T 5750-2006 Standards examination methods for drinking water [S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2007.
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[3] 何瑛, 刘勇, 李子建, 等. 某部自备饮用水源水质监测分析 [J]. 解放军预防医学杂志, 2009, 27(1):38. DOI: 10.13704/j.cnki.jyyx.2009.01.004. He Y, Liu Y, Li ZJ, et al. Monitoring and analysis of water quality of a self-contained drinking water source [J]. J Prev Med Chin PLA, 2009, 27(1):38.DOI: 10.13704/j.cnki.jyyx.2009.01.004.
[4] 王文东, 岳强, 刘国旗, 等. 传统饮用水净化工艺对锰的去除特性 [J]. 环境工程学报, 2016, 10(9):4733-4734. DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.201507157. Wang WD, Yue Q, Liu GQ, et al. Manganese removal characteristics in traditional drinking water purification process [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2016,10(9):4733-4734. DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.201507157.
[5] 何正, 孙得学, 万东敏. 沈阳市铁西区农村生活饮用水卫生现状调查 [J]. 中国公共卫生, 2012, 28(6): 878-879. DOI:10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-06-71. He Z, Sun DX, Wan DM. Investigation on sanitation status of rural drinking water in Tiexi district of Shenyang city [J]. Chin J Public Health, 2012, 28(6): 878-879. DOI:10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-06-71.
[6] 赵显波, 郎景波. 绥化市农村饮用水水质安全 [J]. 东北水利水电, 2011, 29(8): 21-23. DOI:10.14124/j.cnki.dbslsd22-1097.2011.08.006. Zhao XB, Lang JB. Safety evaluation of rural drinking water quality for Suihua city [J]. Water Resources & Hydropower of Northeast [J]. 2011,29(8):21-23. DOI:10.14124/j.cnki.dbslsd22-1097.2011.08.006.
[7] 陈海平, 宫建, 陈建峰, 等. 北京市海淀区农村自备井生活饮用水毒理学指标合格情况调查 [J]. 中国公共卫生, 2016, 32(7): 946-948. DOI: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-07-18. Chen HP, Gong J, Chen JF, et al. Qualification rate of toxicological indicators for drinking water from rural self-drilled wells in Haidian district of Beijing [J]. Chin J Public Health, 2016,32(7):946-948. DOI: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-07-18.
[8] 郑奇光, 田海燕, 李明艳, 等. 北京东部某区自备井水水质不合格因素分析 [J]. 中国卫生检验杂志, 2015,25(19): 3366-3368. Zheng QG, Tian HY, Li MY, et al. Unqualified indexes analysis of self-provided well water quality in a district of the east of Beijing[J]. Chin J Health Lab Tec, 2015,25(19): 3366-3368.
[9] 赵峰, 曹宝平, 张铁钢, 等. 甲城、乙城铁路地区生活饮用水中氟化物含量分析 [J]. 临床医学研究与实践, 2016, 9(1): 87-88. DOI:10.19347/j.cnki.2096-1413.2016.18.050. Zhao F, Cao BP, Zhang TG,et al. Analysis of fluoride content in drinking water in Jiacheng and Yicheng railway areas [J]. Clinical medical research and practice, 2016, 9(1): 87-88. DOI:10.19347/j.cnki.2096-1413.2016.18.050.
[10] 吴荣涛, 叶冬青. 阜阳市农村水氟浓度和改水降氟工作的现状调查 [J]. 中华疾病控制杂志, 2008, 12(6): 608-610.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-3679.2008.06.028. Wu RT, Ye DQ. A cross-sectional survey of fluoride concentration of water and defluoridation in the country of Fuyang[J]. Chin J Dis Control Prev, 2008, 12(6): 608-610.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-3679.2008.06.028.
[11] 韩方岸, 胡云, 陈连生, 等. 江苏南北中地区农村饮用水水质及影响因素对比分析 [J]. 中华疾病控制杂志, 2008, 12(5): 441-446. Han FA, Hu Y, Chen LS, et al. Compared analysis on the quality and influence factors of rural drinking water in the northern, southern and central region of Jiangsu [J]. Chin J Dis Control Prev, 2008, 12(5): 441-446.
[12] 于瑞敏, 王民, 张晓芳, 等. 北京军区部队自备水源水质监测及风险评估 [J]. 解放军预防医学杂志, 2015, 33(3): 279-281. DOI:10.13704/j.cnki.jyyx.2015.03.015. Yu RM, Wang M, Zhang XF,et al. Water quality monitoring and risk assessment of self-provided water sources in Beijing Military Region [J]. J Prev Med Chin PLA, 2015, 33(3): 279-281. DOI:10.13704/j.cnki.jyyx.2015.03.015.
[13] 梁秀芬, 许汝琪, 宋原, 等. 呼和浩特地区饮水井中砷氟的筛查结果分析 [J]. 医学动物防制, 2009, 25(3): 166-168. DOI: 10.13969/j.issn.1003-6245.2009.03.03. Liang XF, Xu RQ, Song Y, et al. The analysis for screening results of the arsenic and fluorine content in drinking water in Huhhot [J]. Chin J Pest Control, 2009, 25(3): 166-168. DOI: 10.13969/j.issn.1003-6245.2009.03.03
[14] 赵堃, 肖智毅, 盛欣. 北京市海淀区自备井水质卫生调查 [J]. 现代预防医学, 2012, 39(12): 2942-2944. Zhao K, Xiao ZY, Sheng X. Survey on the underground drinking water quality in Haidian District of Beijing [J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2012, 39(12): 2942-2944.
[15] 李素芝, 郑必海, 何祎, 等. 驻藏北某部用于生活饮用水的自备井水质调查及其意义探讨 [J]. 河南预防医学杂志, 2008, 19(3):172-174. DOI:10.13515/j.cnki.hnjpm.2008.03.009. Li SZ, Zheng BH, He Y, et al. The significance on investigation of the drinking water quality in the wells provided for oneself which used for life drinking water at certain part halting in Tibet north[J]. Henan J Prev Med, 2008, 19(3): 172-174. DOI:10.13515/j.cnki.hnjpm.2008.03.009.
[2] 中华人民共和国卫生部, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. GB 5479-2006 生活饮用水卫生标准 [S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2007. Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. GB/T 5479-2006 Standards for drinking water quality [S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2007.
[3] 何瑛, 刘勇, 李子建, 等. 某部自备饮用水源水质监测分析 [J]. 解放军预防医学杂志, 2009, 27(1):38. DOI: 10.13704/j.cnki.jyyx.2009.01.004. He Y, Liu Y, Li ZJ, et al. Monitoring and analysis of water quality of a self-contained drinking water source [J]. J Prev Med Chin PLA, 2009, 27(1):38.DOI: 10.13704/j.cnki.jyyx.2009.01.004.
[4] 王文东, 岳强, 刘国旗, 等. 传统饮用水净化工艺对锰的去除特性 [J]. 环境工程学报, 2016, 10(9):4733-4734. DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.201507157. Wang WD, Yue Q, Liu GQ, et al. Manganese removal characteristics in traditional drinking water purification process [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2016,10(9):4733-4734. DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.201507157.
[5] 何正, 孙得学, 万东敏. 沈阳市铁西区农村生活饮用水卫生现状调查 [J]. 中国公共卫生, 2012, 28(6): 878-879. DOI:10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-06-71. He Z, Sun DX, Wan DM. Investigation on sanitation status of rural drinking water in Tiexi district of Shenyang city [J]. Chin J Public Health, 2012, 28(6): 878-879. DOI:10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-06-71.
[6] 赵显波, 郎景波. 绥化市农村饮用水水质安全 [J]. 东北水利水电, 2011, 29(8): 21-23. DOI:10.14124/j.cnki.dbslsd22-1097.2011.08.006. Zhao XB, Lang JB. Safety evaluation of rural drinking water quality for Suihua city [J]. Water Resources & Hydropower of Northeast [J]. 2011,29(8):21-23. DOI:10.14124/j.cnki.dbslsd22-1097.2011.08.006.
[7] 陈海平, 宫建, 陈建峰, 等. 北京市海淀区农村自备井生活饮用水毒理学指标合格情况调查 [J]. 中国公共卫生, 2016, 32(7): 946-948. DOI: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-07-18. Chen HP, Gong J, Chen JF, et al. Qualification rate of toxicological indicators for drinking water from rural self-drilled wells in Haidian district of Beijing [J]. Chin J Public Health, 2016,32(7):946-948. DOI: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-07-18.
[8] 郑奇光, 田海燕, 李明艳, 等. 北京东部某区自备井水水质不合格因素分析 [J]. 中国卫生检验杂志, 2015,25(19): 3366-3368. Zheng QG, Tian HY, Li MY, et al. Unqualified indexes analysis of self-provided well water quality in a district of the east of Beijing[J]. Chin J Health Lab Tec, 2015,25(19): 3366-3368.
[9] 赵峰, 曹宝平, 张铁钢, 等. 甲城、乙城铁路地区生活饮用水中氟化物含量分析 [J]. 临床医学研究与实践, 2016, 9(1): 87-88. DOI:10.19347/j.cnki.2096-1413.2016.18.050. Zhao F, Cao BP, Zhang TG,et al. Analysis of fluoride content in drinking water in Jiacheng and Yicheng railway areas [J]. Clinical medical research and practice, 2016, 9(1): 87-88. DOI:10.19347/j.cnki.2096-1413.2016.18.050.
[10] 吴荣涛, 叶冬青. 阜阳市农村水氟浓度和改水降氟工作的现状调查 [J]. 中华疾病控制杂志, 2008, 12(6): 608-610.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-3679.2008.06.028. Wu RT, Ye DQ. A cross-sectional survey of fluoride concentration of water and defluoridation in the country of Fuyang[J]. Chin J Dis Control Prev, 2008, 12(6): 608-610.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-3679.2008.06.028.
[11] 韩方岸, 胡云, 陈连生, 等. 江苏南北中地区农村饮用水水质及影响因素对比分析 [J]. 中华疾病控制杂志, 2008, 12(5): 441-446. Han FA, Hu Y, Chen LS, et al. Compared analysis on the quality and influence factors of rural drinking water in the northern, southern and central region of Jiangsu [J]. Chin J Dis Control Prev, 2008, 12(5): 441-446.
[12] 于瑞敏, 王民, 张晓芳, 等. 北京军区部队自备水源水质监测及风险评估 [J]. 解放军预防医学杂志, 2015, 33(3): 279-281. DOI:10.13704/j.cnki.jyyx.2015.03.015. Yu RM, Wang M, Zhang XF,et al. Water quality monitoring and risk assessment of self-provided water sources in Beijing Military Region [J]. J Prev Med Chin PLA, 2015, 33(3): 279-281. DOI:10.13704/j.cnki.jyyx.2015.03.015.
[13] 梁秀芬, 许汝琪, 宋原, 等. 呼和浩特地区饮水井中砷氟的筛查结果分析 [J]. 医学动物防制, 2009, 25(3): 166-168. DOI: 10.13969/j.issn.1003-6245.2009.03.03. Liang XF, Xu RQ, Song Y, et al. The analysis for screening results of the arsenic and fluorine content in drinking water in Huhhot [J]. Chin J Pest Control, 2009, 25(3): 166-168. DOI: 10.13969/j.issn.1003-6245.2009.03.03
[14] 赵堃, 肖智毅, 盛欣. 北京市海淀区自备井水质卫生调查 [J]. 现代预防医学, 2012, 39(12): 2942-2944. Zhao K, Xiao ZY, Sheng X. Survey on the underground drinking water quality in Haidian District of Beijing [J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2012, 39(12): 2942-2944.
[15] 李素芝, 郑必海, 何祎, 等. 驻藏北某部用于生活饮用水的自备井水质调查及其意义探讨 [J]. 河南预防医学杂志, 2008, 19(3):172-174. DOI:10.13515/j.cnki.hnjpm.2008.03.009. Li SZ, Zheng BH, He Y, et al. The significance on investigation of the drinking water quality in the wells provided for oneself which used for life drinking water at certain part halting in Tibet north[J]. Henan J Prev Med, 2008, 19(3): 172-174. DOI:10.13515/j.cnki.hnjpm.2008.03.009.