雄安新区韧性社区建设策略——基于复杂适应系统理论的研究
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摘要
雄安新区规划、建设、运营过程中,可能面临复杂的多灾种、交叉性公共安全风险。作为城市社会的基本单元,社区安则新区安。建设韧性社区是贯彻"总体国家安全观"、打造韧性城市的"最后一公里",是创新和发展基层社会治理的必由之路。从复杂适应系统理论(CAS)视角,剖析韧性社区自适应、网络性和多样性三大基本特征,进而提出由"设施环境"、"成员自有资源"、"制度及组织环境"、"经济及公共服务"和"社会资本"组成的社区韧性资源系统。预测雄安新区未来"新建社区"、"搬迁社区"和"既有社区"的韧性资源特征,并从五类韧性资源的建构与整合入手,提出"基于城市微循环营造设施环境韧性"、"合理布局与统筹社区成员资源"、"智慧化监测预警机制和常态化韧性评估机制"、"加强经济韧性建设与公共服务的差异化供给"、"打造社区自适应能力提升内核"等雄安新区城市社区韧性提升策略。
In the process of planning,construction and operation,Xiong'an New Area may face complex multi-disaster and crosscutting public safety risks. The community is the basic unit of urban society. Ensuring community safety is the basis for maintaining the safety of the New Area. Building resilient communities is the " last mile" to implement the " holistic view of national security" and build a resilient city. It is also the only way to innovate and develop the grassroots social governance. From the perspective of Complex Adaptive System Theory (CAS),this paper analyzes the three basic characteristics of resilience community,including adaptation,network and diversity,and then proposes that the community' s resilience resources are composed of " facility environment", " human capital", " institutional and organizational environment", " economic development and public services" and " social capital". This paper predicts the characteristics of the resilience resources of the future " new urban communities", " resettlement communities" and "the existing urban communities" in Xiong' an New District. Starting from the construction and integration of five types of resilient resources,this paper proposes the following urban community resilience promotion strategy in Xiong'an New District: Creating a tough environment for facilities based on the concept of urban micro-cycle,rationally lay outing and coordinating the resources of community members,establishing an intelligent monitoring and early warning mechanism and a normalized resilience assessment mechanism,strengthening the economic resilience and the differentiated supply of public services and creating a community adaptive ability enhancement kernel.
In the process of planning,construction and operation,Xiong'an New Area may face complex multi-disaster and crosscutting public safety risks. The community is the basic unit of urban society. Ensuring community safety is the basis for maintaining the safety of the New Area. Building resilient communities is the " last mile" to implement the " holistic view of national security" and build a resilient city. It is also the only way to innovate and develop the grassroots social governance. From the perspective of Complex Adaptive System Theory (CAS),this paper analyzes the three basic characteristics of resilience community,including adaptation,network and diversity,and then proposes that the community' s resilience resources are composed of " facility environment", " human capital", " institutional and organizational environment", " economic development and public services" and " social capital". This paper predicts the characteristics of the resilience resources of the future " new urban communities", " resettlement communities" and "the existing urban communities" in Xiong' an New District. Starting from the construction and integration of five types of resilient resources,this paper proposes the following urban community resilience promotion strategy in Xiong'an New District: Creating a tough environment for facilities based on the concept of urban micro-cycle,rationally lay outing and coordinating the resources of community members,establishing an intelligent monitoring and early warning mechanism and a normalized resilience assessment mechanism,strengthening the economic resilience and the differentiated supply of public services and creating a community adaptive ability enhancement kernel.
引文
[1]仇保兴.城市规划学新理性主义思想初探---复杂自适应系统(CAS)视角[J].城市发展研究,2017,24(01):1-8.
[2]西亚姆巴巴拉·伯纳德·曼耶纳,张益章,刘海龙.韧性概念的重新审视[J].国际城市规划.2015,(2):13-21.
[3]邵亦文,徐江.城市韧性:基于国际文献综述的概念解析[J]国际城市规划,2015,30(02):48-54.
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[5]Dennis S.Mileti;with the contributions of the participants in the assessment of research and applications on natural hazards.Disasters by design:a reassessment of natural hazards in the United States[M].1999
[6]W.Neil Adger.Social and ecological resilience:are they related?[J].Progress in human geography,2000,Vol.24(3):347-364
[7]Michel Bruneau;Stephanie E.Chang;Ronald T.Eguchi;George C.Lee;Thomas D.O Rourke;Andrei M.Reinhorn;Masanobu Shinozuka;Kathleen Tierney;William A.Wallace;Detlof von Winterfeldt.A Framework to Quantitatively Assess and Enhance the Seismic Resilience of Communities[J].Earthquake Spectra,2003,Vol.19(4):733-752
[8]彭翀,郭祖源,彭仲仁.国外社区韧性的理论与实践进展[J].国际城市规划,2017,32(04):60-66.
[9]Betty J.Pfefferbaum;Dori B.Reissman;Rose L.Pfefferbaum;Richard W.Klomp;Robin H.Gurwitch.Building Resilience to Mass Trauma Events[M].Handbook of Injury and Violence Prevention,2007:347-358
[10]Susan L.Cutter;Lindsey Barnes;Melissa Berry;Christopher Burton;Elijah Evans;Eric Tate;Jennifer Webb.A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters[J].Global Environmental Change,2008,Vol.18:598-606
[11]Cohen O,Leykin D,Lahad M,et al.The Conjoint Community Resiliency Assessment Measure as a Baseline for Profiling and Predicting Community Resilience for Emergencies[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2013,80(9):1732-1741.
[12]Fox-Lent C,Bates M E,Linkov I.A Matrix Approach to Community Resilience Assessment:An Illustrative Case at Rockaway Peninsula[J].Environment Systems and Decisions,2015,35(2):209-218.
[13]Pfefferbaum R L,Pfefferbaum B,Van Horn R L,et al.The Communities Advancing Resilience Toolkit(CART):An Intervention to Build Community Resilience to Disasters[J].Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,2013,19(3):250-258.
[14]Chloe Johansen;Jennifer Horney;Iris Tien.Metrics for Evaluating and Improving Community Resilience[J].Journal of Infrastructure Systems,2017,Vol.23(No.2)
[15]刘佳燕,沈毓颖.面向风险治理的社区韧性研究[J].城市发展研究,2017,24(12):83-91.
[16]刘春成.城市隐秩序:复杂适应系统理论的城市应用[J].经济学动态,2017(04):161.
[17]侯汉坡,刘春成,孙梦水.城市系统理论:基于复杂适应系统的认识[J].管理世界,2013(05):182-183.
[18]Community Resilience System Initiative Steering Committee.Community Resilience System Initiative(CRSI)Steering Committee Final Report:A Roadmap to Increased Community Resilience[M/OL].Oak Ridge,TN:Community&Regiona Resilience Institute,2011.http://www.labrr.org/assets/docs/94.pdf.
[19]陈禹.复杂适应系统(CAS)理论及其应用---由来、内容与启示[J].系统辩证学学报,2001(04):35-39.
[20]谭跃进,邓宏钟.复杂适应系统理论及其应用研究[J].系统工程,2001,19(5):1-6.
[21]J.H.Holland.Complex Adaptive System[M].Reading:Addison Wesley,1995.
[22]Mao Q,Li N.Assessment of the impact of interdependencies on the resilience of networked critical infrastructure systems[J].Natural Hazards,2018,93(1):315-337.
[23]Robert D.Putnam.Turning In,Turn Out:The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America[J].Political Science and Politics,1995(4):664-665.
[24]Manzo,Lynne C.1,Perkins,Douglas D.2.Finding Common Ground:The Importance of Place Attachment to Community Participation and Planning[J].Journal of Planning Literature.2006,Vol.20(NO.4):335-350.
[25]Barrera M.Distinctions between social support concepts,measures,and models[J].American Journal of Community Psychology,1986,14(4):413-445.
(1)据统计资料显示,2016年三县35岁以上人口比例约52%,其中60岁以上人口17%,超过了10%的国际老龄化标准线。
[2]西亚姆巴巴拉·伯纳德·曼耶纳,张益章,刘海龙.韧性概念的重新审视[J].国际城市规划.2015,(2):13-21.
[3]邵亦文,徐江.城市韧性:基于国际文献综述的概念解析[J]国际城市规划,2015,30(02):48-54.
[4]Norris F H,Stevens S P,Pfefferbaum B,et al.Community Resilience as a Metaphor,Theory,Set of Capacities,and Strategy for Disaster Readiness[J].American Journal of Community Psychology,2008,41(1-2):127-150.
[5]Dennis S.Mileti;with the contributions of the participants in the assessment of research and applications on natural hazards.Disasters by design:a reassessment of natural hazards in the United States[M].1999
[6]W.Neil Adger.Social and ecological resilience:are they related?[J].Progress in human geography,2000,Vol.24(3):347-364
[7]Michel Bruneau;Stephanie E.Chang;Ronald T.Eguchi;George C.Lee;Thomas D.O Rourke;Andrei M.Reinhorn;Masanobu Shinozuka;Kathleen Tierney;William A.Wallace;Detlof von Winterfeldt.A Framework to Quantitatively Assess and Enhance the Seismic Resilience of Communities[J].Earthquake Spectra,2003,Vol.19(4):733-752
[8]彭翀,郭祖源,彭仲仁.国外社区韧性的理论与实践进展[J].国际城市规划,2017,32(04):60-66.
[9]Betty J.Pfefferbaum;Dori B.Reissman;Rose L.Pfefferbaum;Richard W.Klomp;Robin H.Gurwitch.Building Resilience to Mass Trauma Events[M].Handbook of Injury and Violence Prevention,2007:347-358
[10]Susan L.Cutter;Lindsey Barnes;Melissa Berry;Christopher Burton;Elijah Evans;Eric Tate;Jennifer Webb.A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters[J].Global Environmental Change,2008,Vol.18:598-606
[11]Cohen O,Leykin D,Lahad M,et al.The Conjoint Community Resiliency Assessment Measure as a Baseline for Profiling and Predicting Community Resilience for Emergencies[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2013,80(9):1732-1741.
[12]Fox-Lent C,Bates M E,Linkov I.A Matrix Approach to Community Resilience Assessment:An Illustrative Case at Rockaway Peninsula[J].Environment Systems and Decisions,2015,35(2):209-218.
[13]Pfefferbaum R L,Pfefferbaum B,Van Horn R L,et al.The Communities Advancing Resilience Toolkit(CART):An Intervention to Build Community Resilience to Disasters[J].Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,2013,19(3):250-258.
[14]Chloe Johansen;Jennifer Horney;Iris Tien.Metrics for Evaluating and Improving Community Resilience[J].Journal of Infrastructure Systems,2017,Vol.23(No.2)
[15]刘佳燕,沈毓颖.面向风险治理的社区韧性研究[J].城市发展研究,2017,24(12):83-91.
[16]刘春成.城市隐秩序:复杂适应系统理论的城市应用[J].经济学动态,2017(04):161.
[17]侯汉坡,刘春成,孙梦水.城市系统理论:基于复杂适应系统的认识[J].管理世界,2013(05):182-183.
[18]Community Resilience System Initiative Steering Committee.Community Resilience System Initiative(CRSI)Steering Committee Final Report:A Roadmap to Increased Community Resilience[M/OL].Oak Ridge,TN:Community&Regiona Resilience Institute,2011.http://www.labrr.org/assets/docs/94.pdf.
[19]陈禹.复杂适应系统(CAS)理论及其应用---由来、内容与启示[J].系统辩证学学报,2001(04):35-39.
[20]谭跃进,邓宏钟.复杂适应系统理论及其应用研究[J].系统工程,2001,19(5):1-6.
[21]J.H.Holland.Complex Adaptive System[M].Reading:Addison Wesley,1995.
[22]Mao Q,Li N.Assessment of the impact of interdependencies on the resilience of networked critical infrastructure systems[J].Natural Hazards,2018,93(1):315-337.
[23]Robert D.Putnam.Turning In,Turn Out:The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America[J].Political Science and Politics,1995(4):664-665.
[24]Manzo,Lynne C.1,Perkins,Douglas D.2.Finding Common Ground:The Importance of Place Attachment to Community Participation and Planning[J].Journal of Planning Literature.2006,Vol.20(NO.4):335-350.
[25]Barrera M.Distinctions between social support concepts,measures,and models[J].American Journal of Community Psychology,1986,14(4):413-445.
(1)据统计资料显示,2016年三县35岁以上人口比例约52%,其中60岁以上人口17%,超过了10%的国际老龄化标准线。