质子交换膜燃料电池复合材料双极板研究进展
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摘要
质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFCs)具有能量转换效率高、低温快速启动、零污染等特点,是一种极具发展潜力的清洁、高效、可靠的发电装置.双极板作为PEMFCs的核心组成部分,其性能和成本决定了PEMFCs的商业化推广.通过对PEMFCs碳基复合材料和金属基复合材料双极板的制备方法及其性能研究进展的综述,指出了PEMFCs复合材料双极板的主要研究方向和制备方法.
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)are clean,efficient and reliable power generation devices with high conversion efficiency,quick start at low temperature and zero pollution.As the core component of the PEMFCs,the performance and cost of bipolar plates determine the commercialization of PEMFCs.The research progress of carbon matrix composites and metal matrix composite bipolar plates for PEMFCs including performance and manufacturing method were reviewed in this article.The main research directions and preparation methods of composite bipolar plates for PEMFCs were pointed out.
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)are clean,efficient and reliable power generation devices with high conversion efficiency,quick start at low temperature and zero pollution.As the core component of the PEMFCs,the performance and cost of bipolar plates determine the commercialization of PEMFCs.The research progress of carbon matrix composites and metal matrix composite bipolar plates for PEMFCs including performance and manufacturing method were reviewed in this article.The main research directions and preparation methods of composite bipolar plates for PEMFCs were pointed out.
引文
[1]Kim K H,Lim J W,Kim M,et al.Development of carbon fabric/graphite hybrid bipolar plate for PEMFC[J].Composite Structures,2013,98(3):103-110.
[2]Antunes R A,Oliveira M,Ett G,et al.Corrosion of metal bipolar plates for PEM fuel cells:a review[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2010,35(8):3632-3647.
[3]Taherian R.A review of composite and metallic bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cell:materials,fabrication,and material selection[J].Journal of Power Sources,2014:265:370-390.
[4]张嘉波,唐普洪,许来涛,等.质子交换膜燃料电池金属双极板制备工艺研究进展[J].轻工机械,2016,34(6):104-106.Zhang Jiabo,Tang Puhong,Xu Laitao,et al.Research progress in metallic bipolar plate preparation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J].Light Industry Machinery,2016,34(6):104-106.(in Chinese)
[5]Wang S L,Hou M,Zhao Q,et al.Ti/(Ti,Cr)N/CrN multilayer coated 316Lstainless steel by arc ion plating as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Journal of Energy Chemistry,2017,26(1):168-174.
[6]Mani S,Rajendran N.Corrosion and interfacial contact resistance behavior of electrochemically nitride316LSS bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Energy,2017,133:1050-1062.
[7]Rajaei V,Rashtchi H,Raeissi K,et al.The study of Ni-based nano-crystalline and amorphous alloy coatings on AISI 304stainless steel for PEM fuel cell bipolar plate application[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2017,42:14264-14278.
[8]Lin K J,Li X Y,Dong H S,et al.Surface modification of 316stainless steel with platinum for the application of bipolar plates in high performance proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2017,42:2338-2348.
[9]Huang Y H,Garg A,Asghari S,et al.Robust model for optimization of forming process for metallic bipolar plates of cleaner energy production system[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2018,43:341-353.
[10]Adloo A,Sadeghi M,Masoomi M,et al.High performance polymeric bipolar plate based on polypropylene/graphite/graphene/nano-carbon black composites for PEM fuel cells[J].Renewable Energy,2016,99:867-874.
[11]Yusuf M Y,Selamat M Z,Sahari J,et al.Fabrication of a flow channel for the production of polymer composite bipolar plates through hot compression molding[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences,2017,11:2428-2442.
[12]San F,Okur O.The effect of compression molding parameters on the electrical and physical properties of polymer composite bipolar plates[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42:23054-23069.
[13]欧阳涛,尹绍峰,谢志勇,等.膨胀石墨/酚醛树脂-聚乙烯醇缩丁醛复合双极板的制备与性能[J].复合材料学报,2018,35(11):1-10.Ouyang Tao,Yin Shaofeng,Xie Zhiyong,et al.Preparation and properties of expanded graphite/phenolic resin-polyvinyl butyral composite bipolar plates[J].Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica,2018,35(11):1-10.(in Chinese)
[14]Planes E,Flandin L,Alberola N.Polymer composites bipolar plates for PEMFCs[J].Energy Procedia,2012,20:311-323.
[15]Lim J W,Lee D G.Carbon composite hybrid bipolar plates with bypass-connected gas diffusion layers for PEM fuel cells[J].Composite Structures,2013,95(1):557-563.
[16]Lee H E,Han S H,Song S A,et al.Novel fabrication process for carbon fiber composite bipolar plates using sol gel and the double percolation effect for PEMFC[J].Composite Structures,2015,134(1):44-51.
[17]Lim J W,Lee D G.Surface modifications of gasketless carbon composite bipolar plates for gas tightness of PEM fuel cells[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2013,38:12343-12352.
[18]Boyaci S,Fatma G,Isik-Gulsac I.Effect of surface wettability of polymer composite bipolar plates on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell performances[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2013,38:4089-4098.
[19]Lee D Y,Lee D G.Carbon composite bipolar plate for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells(HT-PEMFCs)[J].Journal of Power Sources,2016,327:119-126.
[20]Lim J W,Kim M,Yu Y H,et al.Development of carbon/PEEK composite bipolar plates with nanoconductive particles for high-temperature PEM fuel cells(HT-PEMFCs)[J].Composite Structures,2014,118(1):519-527.
[21]Kim M,Lee D G.Optimum design of the carbon composite bipolar plate(BP)for the open cathode of an air breathing PEMFC[J].Composite Structures,2016,140(1):675-683.
[22]Lee D Y,Lim J Y,Lee D G.Cathode/anode integrated composite bipolar plate for high-temparature PEMFC[J].Composite Structures,2017,167:144-151.
[23]Minke C,Hickmann T,Santos A,et al.Cost and performance prospects for composite bipolar plates in fuel cells and redox flow batteries[J].Journal of Power Sources,2016,305:182-190.
[24]阴强,李爱菊,孙康宁,等.高性能石墨酚醛树脂/石墨双极板导电复合材料的制备[J].现代化工,2007,27(1):220-225.Yin Qiang,Li Aiju,Sun Kangning,et al.Preparation of phenol-formaldehyde resin/graphite bipolar plate conductive composite of high properties[J].Modern Chemical Industry,2007,27(1):220-225.(in Chinese)
[25]Du C,Ming P W,Hou M,et al.Preparation and properties of thin epoxy/compressed expanded graphite composite bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2010,195(3):794-800.
[26]Xia L G,Li A J,Wang W Q,et al.Effects of resin content and preparing conditions on the properties of polyphenylene sulfide resin/graphite composite for bipolar plate[J].Journal of Power Sources,2008,178(1):363-367.
[27]常丰瑞,黄俭标,刘金玲,等.膨胀石墨/聚酰亚胺复合材料双极板的制备研究[J].化工新型材料,2015,43(5):65-68.Chang Fengrui,Huang Jianbiao,Liu Jinling,et al.Preparation of expanded graphite/polyimide composite bipolar plates[J].New Chemical Materials,2015,43(5):65-68.(in Chinese)
[28]Kimura H,Ohtsuka K,Matsumoto A.Performance of graphite filled composite based on benzoxazine resin[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2010,117(3):1711-1717.
[29]Kim M,Lim J W,Kim K H,et al.Bipolar plates made of carbon fabric/phenolic composite reinforced with carbon black for PEMFC[J].Composite Structures,2013,96:569-575.
[30]Kang K,Park S,Ju H.Effects of type of graphite conductive filler on the performance of a composite bipolar plate for fuel cells[J].Solid State Ionics,2014,262(9):332-336.
[31]Kim M,Choe J,Lim J W,et al.Manufacturing of the carbon/phenol composite bipolar plates for PEMFC with continuous hot rolling process[J].Composite Structures,2015,132:1122-1128.
[32]Lim J W,Kim M,Lee D G.Conductive particles embedded carbon composite bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Composite Structures,2014,108:757-766.
[33]Lee M H,Kim H Y,Oh S M,et al.Structural optimization of graphite for high-performance fluorinated ethylene-propylene composites as bipolar plates[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2018,43:21918-21927.
[34]Yao K,Adams D,Hao A,et al.Highly conductive and strong graphite-phenolic resin composite for bipolar plate applications[J].Energy &Fuels,2017,31(12):14320-14331.
[35]Kang S J,Kim D O,Lee J H,et al.Solvent-assisted graphite loading for highly conductive phenolic resin bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2010,195(12):3794-3801.
[36]Akhtar M N,Sulong A B,Umer A,et al.Multicomponent MWCNT/NG/EP-based bipolar plates with enhanced mechanical and electrical characteristics fabricated by compression moulding[J].Ceramics International,2018,44:14457-14464.
[37]Chen S C,Cheng C K,Shih M Y,et al.Effects of molding parameters on the through-plane resistance of injection molded composite polymer bipolar plate[J].Journal of Polymer Engineering,2009,29:121-133.
[38]Chen H,Xia X H,Yang L,et al.Preparation and characterization of graphite/resin composite bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells[J].Science and Engineering of Composite Materials,2014,2(3):1-6.
[39]Li W W,Jing S,Wang S B,et al.Experimental investigation of expanded graphite/phenolic resin composite bipolar plate[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2016,41(36):16240-16246.
[40]王彦明,王威强,李爱菊,等.碳纤维增强酚醛树脂/石墨复合材料双极板的性能[J].机械工程材料,2006,30(7):4-6.Wang Yanming,Wang Weiqiang,Li Aiju,et al.Properties of carbon fiber reinforced PF resin/graphite composite bipolar plate[J].Materials for Mechanical Engineering,2006,30(7):4-6.(in Chinese)
[41]Gautam R K,Kar K K.Synergistic effects of carbon fillers of phenolic resin based composite bipolar plates on the performance of PEM fuel cell[J].Fuel Cells,2016,16(2):179-192.
[42]Dhakate S R,Scharma S,Cchauhan N,et al.CNTs nanostructuring effect on the properties of graphite composite bipolar plate[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2010,35(9):4195-4200.
[43]Iswandi,Sahari J,Sulong A B.Effects of different particles size of graphite on the engineering properties of graphites/polypropylene composites on injection molding application[J].Key Engineering Materials,2011,471-472:109-114.
[44]Kakati B K,Ghosh A,Verma A.Efficient composite bipolar plate reinforced with carbon fiber and graphene for proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2013,38:9362-9369.
[45]Jiang B Y,Stubler N,Wu W Q,et al.Manufacturing and characterization of bipolar fuel cell plate with textile reinforced polymer composites[J].Materials and Design,2015,65:1011-1020.
[46]Lee D Y,Choe J,Nam S,et al.Development of nonwoven carbon felt composite bipolar plates using the soft layer method[J].Composite Structures,2017,160:976-982.
[47]Kang K,Park S,Jo A,et al.Development of ultralight and thin bipolar plates using epoxy-carbon fiber prepregs and graphite composites[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(3):1691-1697.
[48]Raunija T.Methodology for the fabrication of next generation titanium carbide coated C/C composite bipolar plate[J].Ceramics International,2015,41(5):6340-6343.
[49]Lee H E,Chuang Y S,Kim S S.Feasibility study on carbon-felt-reinforced thermoplastic composite materials for PEMFC bipolar plates[J].Composite Structures,2017,180:378-385.
[50]Lee D Y,Lim J W,Nam S Y,et al.Method for exposing carbon fibers on composite bipolar plates[J].Composite Structures,2015,134:1-9.
[51]Lee Y B,Lee C H,Kim K M,et al.Preparation and properties on the graphite/polypropylene composite bipolar plates with a 304stainless steel by compression molding for PEM fuel cell[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2011,36:7621-7627.
[52]Mehta V,Cooper J S.Review and analysis of PEM fuel cell design and manufacturing[J].Journal of Power Sources,2003,144(1):32-53.
[53]Hsiao M C,Liao S H,Yen M Y,et al.Electrical and thermal conductivities of novel metal hybrid polymer composite bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2010,195(2):509-515.
[54]Lim J W,Lee D G.Development of composite-metal hybrid bipolar plates for PEM fuel cells[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2012,37(17):12504-12512.
[2]Antunes R A,Oliveira M,Ett G,et al.Corrosion of metal bipolar plates for PEM fuel cells:a review[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2010,35(8):3632-3647.
[3]Taherian R.A review of composite and metallic bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cell:materials,fabrication,and material selection[J].Journal of Power Sources,2014:265:370-390.
[4]张嘉波,唐普洪,许来涛,等.质子交换膜燃料电池金属双极板制备工艺研究进展[J].轻工机械,2016,34(6):104-106.Zhang Jiabo,Tang Puhong,Xu Laitao,et al.Research progress in metallic bipolar plate preparation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J].Light Industry Machinery,2016,34(6):104-106.(in Chinese)
[5]Wang S L,Hou M,Zhao Q,et al.Ti/(Ti,Cr)N/CrN multilayer coated 316Lstainless steel by arc ion plating as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Journal of Energy Chemistry,2017,26(1):168-174.
[6]Mani S,Rajendran N.Corrosion and interfacial contact resistance behavior of electrochemically nitride316LSS bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Energy,2017,133:1050-1062.
[7]Rajaei V,Rashtchi H,Raeissi K,et al.The study of Ni-based nano-crystalline and amorphous alloy coatings on AISI 304stainless steel for PEM fuel cell bipolar plate application[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2017,42:14264-14278.
[8]Lin K J,Li X Y,Dong H S,et al.Surface modification of 316stainless steel with platinum for the application of bipolar plates in high performance proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2017,42:2338-2348.
[9]Huang Y H,Garg A,Asghari S,et al.Robust model for optimization of forming process for metallic bipolar plates of cleaner energy production system[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2018,43:341-353.
[10]Adloo A,Sadeghi M,Masoomi M,et al.High performance polymeric bipolar plate based on polypropylene/graphite/graphene/nano-carbon black composites for PEM fuel cells[J].Renewable Energy,2016,99:867-874.
[11]Yusuf M Y,Selamat M Z,Sahari J,et al.Fabrication of a flow channel for the production of polymer composite bipolar plates through hot compression molding[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences,2017,11:2428-2442.
[12]San F,Okur O.The effect of compression molding parameters on the electrical and physical properties of polymer composite bipolar plates[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42:23054-23069.
[13]欧阳涛,尹绍峰,谢志勇,等.膨胀石墨/酚醛树脂-聚乙烯醇缩丁醛复合双极板的制备与性能[J].复合材料学报,2018,35(11):1-10.Ouyang Tao,Yin Shaofeng,Xie Zhiyong,et al.Preparation and properties of expanded graphite/phenolic resin-polyvinyl butyral composite bipolar plates[J].Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica,2018,35(11):1-10.(in Chinese)
[14]Planes E,Flandin L,Alberola N.Polymer composites bipolar plates for PEMFCs[J].Energy Procedia,2012,20:311-323.
[15]Lim J W,Lee D G.Carbon composite hybrid bipolar plates with bypass-connected gas diffusion layers for PEM fuel cells[J].Composite Structures,2013,95(1):557-563.
[16]Lee H E,Han S H,Song S A,et al.Novel fabrication process for carbon fiber composite bipolar plates using sol gel and the double percolation effect for PEMFC[J].Composite Structures,2015,134(1):44-51.
[17]Lim J W,Lee D G.Surface modifications of gasketless carbon composite bipolar plates for gas tightness of PEM fuel cells[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2013,38:12343-12352.
[18]Boyaci S,Fatma G,Isik-Gulsac I.Effect of surface wettability of polymer composite bipolar plates on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell performances[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2013,38:4089-4098.
[19]Lee D Y,Lee D G.Carbon composite bipolar plate for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells(HT-PEMFCs)[J].Journal of Power Sources,2016,327:119-126.
[20]Lim J W,Kim M,Yu Y H,et al.Development of carbon/PEEK composite bipolar plates with nanoconductive particles for high-temperature PEM fuel cells(HT-PEMFCs)[J].Composite Structures,2014,118(1):519-527.
[21]Kim M,Lee D G.Optimum design of the carbon composite bipolar plate(BP)for the open cathode of an air breathing PEMFC[J].Composite Structures,2016,140(1):675-683.
[22]Lee D Y,Lim J Y,Lee D G.Cathode/anode integrated composite bipolar plate for high-temparature PEMFC[J].Composite Structures,2017,167:144-151.
[23]Minke C,Hickmann T,Santos A,et al.Cost and performance prospects for composite bipolar plates in fuel cells and redox flow batteries[J].Journal of Power Sources,2016,305:182-190.
[24]阴强,李爱菊,孙康宁,等.高性能石墨酚醛树脂/石墨双极板导电复合材料的制备[J].现代化工,2007,27(1):220-225.Yin Qiang,Li Aiju,Sun Kangning,et al.Preparation of phenol-formaldehyde resin/graphite bipolar plate conductive composite of high properties[J].Modern Chemical Industry,2007,27(1):220-225.(in Chinese)
[25]Du C,Ming P W,Hou M,et al.Preparation and properties of thin epoxy/compressed expanded graphite composite bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2010,195(3):794-800.
[26]Xia L G,Li A J,Wang W Q,et al.Effects of resin content and preparing conditions on the properties of polyphenylene sulfide resin/graphite composite for bipolar plate[J].Journal of Power Sources,2008,178(1):363-367.
[27]常丰瑞,黄俭标,刘金玲,等.膨胀石墨/聚酰亚胺复合材料双极板的制备研究[J].化工新型材料,2015,43(5):65-68.Chang Fengrui,Huang Jianbiao,Liu Jinling,et al.Preparation of expanded graphite/polyimide composite bipolar plates[J].New Chemical Materials,2015,43(5):65-68.(in Chinese)
[28]Kimura H,Ohtsuka K,Matsumoto A.Performance of graphite filled composite based on benzoxazine resin[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2010,117(3):1711-1717.
[29]Kim M,Lim J W,Kim K H,et al.Bipolar plates made of carbon fabric/phenolic composite reinforced with carbon black for PEMFC[J].Composite Structures,2013,96:569-575.
[30]Kang K,Park S,Ju H.Effects of type of graphite conductive filler on the performance of a composite bipolar plate for fuel cells[J].Solid State Ionics,2014,262(9):332-336.
[31]Kim M,Choe J,Lim J W,et al.Manufacturing of the carbon/phenol composite bipolar plates for PEMFC with continuous hot rolling process[J].Composite Structures,2015,132:1122-1128.
[32]Lim J W,Kim M,Lee D G.Conductive particles embedded carbon composite bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Composite Structures,2014,108:757-766.
[33]Lee M H,Kim H Y,Oh S M,et al.Structural optimization of graphite for high-performance fluorinated ethylene-propylene composites as bipolar plates[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2018,43:21918-21927.
[34]Yao K,Adams D,Hao A,et al.Highly conductive and strong graphite-phenolic resin composite for bipolar plate applications[J].Energy &Fuels,2017,31(12):14320-14331.
[35]Kang S J,Kim D O,Lee J H,et al.Solvent-assisted graphite loading for highly conductive phenolic resin bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2010,195(12):3794-3801.
[36]Akhtar M N,Sulong A B,Umer A,et al.Multicomponent MWCNT/NG/EP-based bipolar plates with enhanced mechanical and electrical characteristics fabricated by compression moulding[J].Ceramics International,2018,44:14457-14464.
[37]Chen S C,Cheng C K,Shih M Y,et al.Effects of molding parameters on the through-plane resistance of injection molded composite polymer bipolar plate[J].Journal of Polymer Engineering,2009,29:121-133.
[38]Chen H,Xia X H,Yang L,et al.Preparation and characterization of graphite/resin composite bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells[J].Science and Engineering of Composite Materials,2014,2(3):1-6.
[39]Li W W,Jing S,Wang S B,et al.Experimental investigation of expanded graphite/phenolic resin composite bipolar plate[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2016,41(36):16240-16246.
[40]王彦明,王威强,李爱菊,等.碳纤维增强酚醛树脂/石墨复合材料双极板的性能[J].机械工程材料,2006,30(7):4-6.Wang Yanming,Wang Weiqiang,Li Aiju,et al.Properties of carbon fiber reinforced PF resin/graphite composite bipolar plate[J].Materials for Mechanical Engineering,2006,30(7):4-6.(in Chinese)
[41]Gautam R K,Kar K K.Synergistic effects of carbon fillers of phenolic resin based composite bipolar plates on the performance of PEM fuel cell[J].Fuel Cells,2016,16(2):179-192.
[42]Dhakate S R,Scharma S,Cchauhan N,et al.CNTs nanostructuring effect on the properties of graphite composite bipolar plate[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2010,35(9):4195-4200.
[43]Iswandi,Sahari J,Sulong A B.Effects of different particles size of graphite on the engineering properties of graphites/polypropylene composites on injection molding application[J].Key Engineering Materials,2011,471-472:109-114.
[44]Kakati B K,Ghosh A,Verma A.Efficient composite bipolar plate reinforced with carbon fiber and graphene for proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2013,38:9362-9369.
[45]Jiang B Y,Stubler N,Wu W Q,et al.Manufacturing and characterization of bipolar fuel cell plate with textile reinforced polymer composites[J].Materials and Design,2015,65:1011-1020.
[46]Lee D Y,Choe J,Nam S,et al.Development of nonwoven carbon felt composite bipolar plates using the soft layer method[J].Composite Structures,2017,160:976-982.
[47]Kang K,Park S,Jo A,et al.Development of ultralight and thin bipolar plates using epoxy-carbon fiber prepregs and graphite composites[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(3):1691-1697.
[48]Raunija T.Methodology for the fabrication of next generation titanium carbide coated C/C composite bipolar plate[J].Ceramics International,2015,41(5):6340-6343.
[49]Lee H E,Chuang Y S,Kim S S.Feasibility study on carbon-felt-reinforced thermoplastic composite materials for PEMFC bipolar plates[J].Composite Structures,2017,180:378-385.
[50]Lee D Y,Lim J W,Nam S Y,et al.Method for exposing carbon fibers on composite bipolar plates[J].Composite Structures,2015,134:1-9.
[51]Lee Y B,Lee C H,Kim K M,et al.Preparation and properties on the graphite/polypropylene composite bipolar plates with a 304stainless steel by compression molding for PEM fuel cell[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2011,36:7621-7627.
[52]Mehta V,Cooper J S.Review and analysis of PEM fuel cell design and manufacturing[J].Journal of Power Sources,2003,144(1):32-53.
[53]Hsiao M C,Liao S H,Yen M Y,et al.Electrical and thermal conductivities of novel metal hybrid polymer composite bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2010,195(2):509-515.
[54]Lim J W,Lee D G.Development of composite-metal hybrid bipolar plates for PEM fuel cells[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2012,37(17):12504-12512.