四环素对人粪便好氧堆肥过程中酶活性及腐熟的影响
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摘要
为了探讨抗生素对好氧堆肥过程中酶活性及堆肥腐熟的影响,添加四环素(TC)的人粪便与锯末进行好氧堆肥试验.试验共设4个处理:CK(不添加TC)、TC100(100 mg·kg~(-1)DW(干重)TC)、TC500(500 mg·kg~(-1)DW TC)和TC1000(1000 mg·kg~(-1)DW TC).研究了堆肥温度、p H、水溶性碳、种子发芽率、脱氢酶和脲酶在21 d的不同堆肥处理中的变化特性.结果表明,堆肥中四环素浓度的增加显著抑制了堆料中温度的升高,降低了p H值,增加了水溶性碳的残留,减少了种子发芽率并阻碍了脱氢酶和脲酶的活性.堆肥的参数如堆肥温度、p H、水溶性碳和种子发芽率等指标都可以用来表征堆肥的腐熟度,以上研究结果表明堆肥中四环素浓度高达1000 mg·kg~(-1)时,四环素阻碍了粪便处理的好氧堆肥过程并影响堆肥产物的腐熟.
In order to investigate the effect of antibiotics on enzymatic activity and maturity during aerobic composting of human feces using sawdust as bulky carrier,tetracycline(TC)was added to composting system at four different concentrations(0,100,500 and 1000 mg·kg~(-1)).Variation of temperature,p H,water-soluble carbon(WSC),germination index(GI),dehydrogenase activity and urease activity were investigated during 21 d composting process in batch mode.It was found that with the increase of TC concentration,temperature increase during the aerobic composting was inhibited,p H was lowered,WSC residue was increased,GI was decreased,and the dehydrogenase and urease activity was also hindered.The parameters such as temperature,p H,WSC and GI could all be employed as indicators to evaluate the compost maturity.Overall,it was indicated that when the concentration of TC was higher than 1000 mg·kg~(-1),aerobic composting process and the maturity of final compost were inhibited.
In order to investigate the effect of antibiotics on enzymatic activity and maturity during aerobic composting of human feces using sawdust as bulky carrier,tetracycline(TC)was added to composting system at four different concentrations(0,100,500 and 1000 mg·kg~(-1)).Variation of temperature,p H,water-soluble carbon(WSC),germination index(GI),dehydrogenase activity and urease activity were investigated during 21 d composting process in batch mode.It was found that with the increase of TC concentration,temperature increase during the aerobic composting was inhibited,p H was lowered,WSC residue was increased,GI was decreased,and the dehydrogenase and urease activity was also hindered.The parameters such as temperature,p H,WSC and GI could all be employed as indicators to evaluate the compost maturity.Overall,it was indicated that when the concentration of TC was higher than 1000 mg·kg~(-1),aerobic composting process and the maturity of final compost were inhibited.
引文
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[25]BERNAI M P,PAREDES C,SANCHEZ-MONEDERO M A,et al.Maturity and stability parameters of composts prepared with a wide range of organic wastes[J].Bioresource Technology,1998,63(1):91-99.
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[31]金兰淑,申龙,刘艳茹,等.鸡粪与四环素对土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(5):986-990.JIN L S,SHEN L,LIU Y R,et al.Effect of chicken manure and tetracycline on soil urease and phosphatase activity[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2013,32(5):986-990(in Chinese).
[32]VARGASGARCIA M C,SUAREZESTRELLA F,LOPEZ M J,et al.Microbial population dynamics and enzyme activities in composting processes with different starting materials[J].Waste Management,2010,30(5):771-778.
[33]王静,黄申斌,江敏,等.抗生素类污染物对活性污泥酶活的影响研究[J].环境污染与防治,2011,33(12):27-32.WANG J,HUANG S B,JIANG M,et al.Effect of antibiotics pollutants on enzyme activities in activated sludge[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2011,33(12):27-32(in Chinese).
[34]WONG J W C,FANG M.Effects of lime addition on sewage sludge composting process[J].Water Research,2000,34(15):3691-3698.
[35]BENITEZ E,NOGALES R,ELVIRA C,et al.Enzyme activities as indicators of the stabilization of sewage sludges composting with Eisenia foetida[J].Bioresource Technology,1999,67(3):297-303.
[36]LIU B,LI Y,ZHANG X,et al.Combined effects of chlortetracycline and dissolved organic matter extracted from pig manure on the functional diversity of soil microbial community[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,74:148-155.
[2]JENKINS W M,CUMMING O,CAIRNVROSS S.Pit latrine emptying behavior and demand for sanitation services in dar es salaam,tanzania[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2015,12(3):2588-2611.
[3]BERNAL M P,ALBURQUERQUE J A,MORAL R.Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment.A review[J].Bioresource Technology,2009,100(22):5444-5453.
[4]KAZAMA S,TAMEIKE N,NAKAGAWA N,et al.A fate model of pathogenic viruses in a composting toilet based on coliphage inactivation[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2011,23(7):1194-1198.
[5]LOPEZ ZAVALA M A,FUNAMIZU N,TAKAKUWA T.Modeling of aerobic biodegradation of feces using sawdust as a matrix[J].Water Research,2004,38(5):1327-1339.
[6]高立红,史亚利,厉文辉,等.抗生素环境行为及其环境效应研究进展[J].环境化学,2013,32(9):1619-1633.GAO L H,SHI Y L,LI W H,et al.Environmental behavior and impacts of antibiotics[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(9):1619-1633(in Chinese).
[7]DU L,LIU W.Occurrence,fate,and ecotoxicity of antibiotics in agro-ecosystems.A review[J].Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2011,32(2):309-327.
[8]HIRSCH R,TERNES T,HABERER K,et al.Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment[J].Science of the Total Environment,1999,225(1-2):109-118.
[9]LOPEZ ZAVALA M A,FUNAMIZU N,TAKAKUWA T.Biological activity in the composting reactor of the bio-toilet system[J].Bioresource Technology,2005,96(7):805-812.
[10]KAKIMOTO T,OSAWA T,FUNAMIZU N.Antibiotic effect of amoxicillin on the feces composting process and reactivation of bacteria by intermittent feeding of feces[J].Bioresource Technology,2007,98(18):3555-3560.
[11]WU X,WEI Y,ZHENG J,et al.The behavior of tetracyclines and their degradation products during swine manure composting[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(10):5924-5931.
[12]SHI H L,WANG X C,LI Q,et al.Degradation of typical antibiotics during human feces aerobic composting under different temperatures[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(15):15076-15087.
[13]QIAN X,SUN W,GU J,et al.Variable effects of oxytetracycline on antibiotic resistance gene abundance and the bacterial community during aerobic composting of cow manure[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,315:61-69.
[14]ARIKAN O A,SIKORA L J,MULBRY W,et al.Composting rapidly reduces levels of extractable oxytetracycline in manure from therapeutically treated beef calves[J].Bioresource Technology,2007,98(1):169-176.
[15]SARMAH A K,MEYER M T,BOXALL A B.A global perspective on the use,sales,exposure pathways,occurrence,fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics(VAs)in the environment[J].Chemosphere,2006,65(5):725-759.
[16]CARMAN R J,SIMON M A,PETZOLD H E,et al.Antibiotics in the human food chain:Establishing no effect levels of tetracycline,neomycin,and erythromycin using a chemostat model of the human colonic microflora[J].Regulatory Toxicology&Pharmacology,2005,43(2):168-180.
[17]CHANTIGNY M H,PREVOST D,ANGERS D A,et al.Microbial biomass and N transformations in two soils cropped with annual and perennial species[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1996,21(4):239-244.
[18]FENG L J,ZHANG L Q,FENG L.Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil amended with sewage sludge compost[J].International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2014,95:200-207.
[19]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.GUAN S Y.Soil enzymes and their researching methods[M].Beijing:Agriculture Press,1986(in Chinese).
[20]GU W,ZHANG F,XU P,et al.Effects of sulphur and thiobacillus thioparus on cow manure aerobic composting[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(11):6529-6535.
[21]SUN J,QIAN X,GU J,et al.Effects of oxytetracycline on the abundance and community structure of nitrogen-fixing bacteria during cattle manure composting[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,216:801-807.
[22]LI Q,WANG X C,ZHANG H H,et al.Characteristics of nitrogen transformation and microbial community in an aerobic composting reactor under two typical temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,137(11):270-277.
[23]WANG X,CUI H,SHI J,et al.Relationship between bacterial diversity and environmental parameters during composting of different raw materials[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,198:395-402.
[24]LIU B,LI Y,ZHANG X,et al.Effects of composting process on the dissipation of extractable sulfonamides in swine manure[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,175:284-290.
[25]BERNAI M P,PAREDES C,SANCHEZ-MONEDERO M A,et al.Maturity and stability parameters of composts prepared with a wide range of organic wastes[J].Bioresource Technology,1998,63(1):91-99.
[26]ZUCCONI F,PERA A,FORTE M,et al.Evaluating toxicity of immature compost[J].Biocycle,1981,22(2):54-57.
[27]MOHARANA P C,BISWAS D R.Assessment of maturity indices of rock phosphate enriched composts using variable crop residues[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,222:1-13.
[28]谭小琴,邓良伟,伍钧,等.猪场废水堆肥化处理过程中微生物及酶活性的变化[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(1):244-248.TAN X Q,DENG L W,WU J,et al.Variations of the amount of microbe and the activity of decomposing enzyme during composting[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2006,25(1):244-248(in Chinese).
[29]BARRENA R,VAZQUEZ F,SANCHEZ A.Dehydrogenase activity as a method for monitoring the composting process[J].Bioresource Technology,2008,99(4):905-908.
[30]张凯煜,谷洁,赵听,等.土霉素和磺胺二甲嘧啶对堆肥过程中酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(12):3927-3936.ZHANG K Y,GU J,ZHAO T,et al.Effects of OTC and SM2on the enzyme activities and the functional diversity of microbial community during pig manure composting[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(12):3927-3936(in Chinese).
[31]金兰淑,申龙,刘艳茹,等.鸡粪与四环素对土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(5):986-990.JIN L S,SHEN L,LIU Y R,et al.Effect of chicken manure and tetracycline on soil urease and phosphatase activity[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2013,32(5):986-990(in Chinese).
[32]VARGASGARCIA M C,SUAREZESTRELLA F,LOPEZ M J,et al.Microbial population dynamics and enzyme activities in composting processes with different starting materials[J].Waste Management,2010,30(5):771-778.
[33]王静,黄申斌,江敏,等.抗生素类污染物对活性污泥酶活的影响研究[J].环境污染与防治,2011,33(12):27-32.WANG J,HUANG S B,JIANG M,et al.Effect of antibiotics pollutants on enzyme activities in activated sludge[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2011,33(12):27-32(in Chinese).
[34]WONG J W C,FANG M.Effects of lime addition on sewage sludge composting process[J].Water Research,2000,34(15):3691-3698.
[35]BENITEZ E,NOGALES R,ELVIRA C,et al.Enzyme activities as indicators of the stabilization of sewage sludges composting with Eisenia foetida[J].Bioresource Technology,1999,67(3):297-303.
[36]LIU B,LI Y,ZHANG X,et al.Combined effects of chlortetracycline and dissolved organic matter extracted from pig manure on the functional diversity of soil microbial community[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,74:148-155.