“海上丝绸之路”超大城市环境变化遥感分析
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摘要
随着城市化进程的加快,如何及时、精确地对城市环境的变化做出评价,进而制定出合理的发展方案,对城市可持续发展至关重要。本文综合利用卫星遥感获取的PM_(2.5)浓度数据、地表温度数据(Land Surface Temperature,LST)、植被指数数据(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)及城市用地辅助信息数据,基于综合评价指标,分析海上丝绸之路沿线12个超大城市地区2000-2013年环境质量的动态变化。研究结果表明,2000-2013年,海上丝绸之路沿线约75%的超大城市呈现出不同程度的环境恶化现象。12个超大城市用地环境恶化及逐步恶化面积占研究区域总面积的31.33%(4732.39 km~2)。2000-2013年,城市扩张用地恶化和逐步恶化面积约占总扩张用地的29.48%(3765.83 km~2)。平均地表温度的上升、植被覆盖度的急剧下降及PM2.5浓度的增加均对海上丝绸之路沿线超大城市环境质量变化产生影响。其中,空气中PM_(2.5)浓度的大幅度增加是2000-2013年海上丝绸之路沿线超大城市扩张用地环境退化的主要原因。
With the rapid process of urbanization, it is very important for sustainable urban development that how to evaluate the changes of urban environmental quality in time and accurately, and thus make reasonable urban developmental plans. In this paper, the fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) concentration data, land surface temperature(LST) data, normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) data and supplementary information data of urban land use obtained by satellite remote sensing were obtained and synthetically used to assess the urban environment changes in mega cities along the Maritime Silk Road. The dynamic changes of urban environmental quality of 12 mega cities along the Maritime Silk Road were analyzed based on the comprehensive evaluation index(CEI) from 2000 to 2013. The results showed that, from 2000 to 2013,approximately 75 percent of the mega cities along the Maritime Silk Road showed different degrees of environmental deterioration. The area of environmental deterioration and moderately environmental deterioration accounted for 31.33 percent(4732.39 km~2) of the total urban areas in the 12 mega cities. And 29.48 percent(3765.83 km~2) of the total expanded urban areas from 2000 to 2013 exhibited environmental degradation or moderately environmental degradation. The rise of average land surface temperature, the sharp decrease of vegetation coverage and the increase of the fine particulate matter concentration all had an impact on the urban environmental quality changes of the mega cities along the Maritime Silk Road. Among them, the significant increase of the fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) concentration in the air was one of the main manifestations for the environmental degradation of the expanded urban areas from 2000 to 2013 in mega cities along the Maritime Silk Road. These findings suggested that more attentions should be paid to urban environment issues to ensure sustainable urban development along the Maritime Silk Road.
With the rapid process of urbanization, it is very important for sustainable urban development that how to evaluate the changes of urban environmental quality in time and accurately, and thus make reasonable urban developmental plans. In this paper, the fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) concentration data, land surface temperature(LST) data, normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) data and supplementary information data of urban land use obtained by satellite remote sensing were obtained and synthetically used to assess the urban environment changes in mega cities along the Maritime Silk Road. The dynamic changes of urban environmental quality of 12 mega cities along the Maritime Silk Road were analyzed based on the comprehensive evaluation index(CEI) from 2000 to 2013. The results showed that, from 2000 to 2013,approximately 75 percent of the mega cities along the Maritime Silk Road showed different degrees of environmental deterioration. The area of environmental deterioration and moderately environmental deterioration accounted for 31.33 percent(4732.39 km~2) of the total urban areas in the 12 mega cities. And 29.48 percent(3765.83 km~2) of the total expanded urban areas from 2000 to 2013 exhibited environmental degradation or moderately environmental degradation. The rise of average land surface temperature, the sharp decrease of vegetation coverage and the increase of the fine particulate matter concentration all had an impact on the urban environmental quality changes of the mega cities along the Maritime Silk Road. Among them, the significant increase of the fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) concentration in the air was one of the main manifestations for the environmental degradation of the expanded urban areas from 2000 to 2013 in mega cities along the Maritime Silk Road. These findings suggested that more attentions should be paid to urban environment issues to ensure sustainable urban development along the Maritime Silk Road.
引文
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[2]鹿琳琳,郭华东,Martino Pesaresi.“一带一路”城市化动态遥感视角[J].中国科学院院刊,2017,32(Z1):70-77.[Lu L L,Guo H D,Martino Pesaresi.Remote sensing of urbanization dynamics along the Belt and Road[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2017,32(Z1):70-77.]
[3]He C,Gao B,Huang Q,et al.Environmental degradation in the urban areas of China:Evidence from multi-source remote sensing data[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2017,193:65-75.
[4]Zhu K,Xie M,Wang T,et al.A modeling study on the effect of urban land surface forcing to regional meteorology and air quality over South China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2017,152:389-404.
[5]Liao J,Wang T,Jiang Z,et al.WRF/Chem modeling of the impacts of urban expansion on regional climate and air pollutants in Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,106:204-214.
[6]Zhang Q,Geng,et al.Satellite remote sensing of changes in NOx emissions over China during 1996-2010[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57(22):2857-2864.
[7]Egondi T,Muindi K,Kyobutungi C,et al.Measuring exposure levels of inhalable airborne particles(PM2.5)in two socially deprived areas of Nairobi,Kenya[J].Environmental Research,2016,148:500.
[8]Zhang D,Huang Q,He C,et al.Impacts of urban expansion on ecosystem services in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration,China:A scenario analysis based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways[J].Resources Conservation&Recycling,2017,125:115-130.
[9]Salvati L.Monitoring high-quality soil consumption driven by urban pressure in a growing city(Rome,Italy)[J].Cities,2013,31(2):349-356.
[10]史军,崔林丽.长江三角洲城市群霾的演变特征及影响因素研究[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(12):2113-2122.[Shi J,Cui L L.Characteristics and influencing factors of haze in the Yangtze River Delta region[J],.China Environmental Science,2013,33(12):2113-2122.]
[11]Sun J,Wang X,Chen A,et al.NDVI indicated characteristics of vegetation cover change in China's metropolises over the last three decades[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2011,179(1-4).
[12]季崇萍,刘伟东,轩春怡.北京城市化进程对城市热岛的影响研究[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(1):69-77.[Ji C P,Liu W D,Xuan C Y.Impact of urban growth on the heat island in Beijing[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2006,49(1):69-77.]
[13]Dewan,A.M,Yamaguchi,Y.Land use and land cover change in Greater Dhaka,Bangladesh:using remote sensing to promote sustainable urbanization[J].Applied Geography,2009,29(3):390-401.
[14]Doygun H.Effects of urban sprawl on agricultural land:A case study of Kahramanmara?,Turkey[J].Environmental monitoring and assessment,2009,158(1-4):471.
[15]Organization W H.India takes steps to curb air pollution[J].Bull World Health Organ,2016,94(7):487-488.
[16]Peng S,Piao S,Ciais P,et al.Surface urban heat island across 419 global big cities[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(2):696-703.
[17]Fang X,Zou B,Liu X,et al.Satellite-based ground PM2.5estimation using timely structure adaptive modeling[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2016,186:152-163.
[18]United Nations,Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division[R].World Urbanization Prospects:The 2014 Revision,2014.
[19]He C,Liu Z,Tian J,et al.Urban expansion dynamics and natural habitat loss in China:A multiscale landscape perspective[J].Global Change Biology,2014,20(9):2886-2902.
[20]Zhou D,Zhao S,Zhang L,et al.The footprint of urban heat island effect in China[J].Scientific Reports,2015,11160.
[21]孙久虎,刘晓萌,李佑钢,等.北运河地区植被覆盖的遥感估算及变化分析[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(6):97-99.[Sun J H,Liu X M,Li Y G,et al.Remote sensing estimation and variation analysis of vegetation cover in North Canal area[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,13(6):97-99.
[22]Pesaresi M,Guo H,Blaes X,et al.A global human settlement layer from optical HR/VHR RS data:concept and first results[J].IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations&Remote Sensing,2013,6(5):2102-2131.
[23]He C,Ma Q,Li T,Yang Y,et al.Spatiotemporal dynamics of electric power consumption in Chinese mainland from1995 to 2008 modeled using dmsp/ols stable nighttime lights data[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2012,22(1):125-136.
[24]Estoque R C,Murayama Y,Myint S W.Effects of landscape composition and pattern on land surface temperature:An urban heat island study in the megacities of Southeast Asia[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,577:349-359.