2007—2015年北京地区能见度时空变化特征
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摘要
利用2007—2015年北京市大兴观象台、28个道面自动气象站、部分区域自动气象站等多种台站观测资料分析了2007—2015年北京地区能见度的时空变化特征。结果表明:2007—2015年北京地区春季平均能见度最高、夏季平均能见度最低,夏季及年平均能见度呈显著增加的趋势,春季和秋季能见度均呈波动增加,冬季颗粒物浓度的显著增加致使北京地区冬季能见度下降的时段集中在2011—2014年;空间上,北京西北地区能见度明显高于中心城区和东南大部地区。秋季和冬季能见度的空间分布特征与年平均能见度的分布特征较一致,表现为能见度自西北向东南方向逐渐递减;与能见度相关性最高的为相对湿度、颗粒物浓度、风向及风速,但不同要素在月、季和年尺度上的相关性差别较大;根据天气现象统计表明,近10 a来北京地区雾、霾、沙尘日均呈增加的趋势,但是山区与城区气象站点低能见度事件的发生频次存在较大的差异。整体来看,小于10 km能见度事件的发生频次在全区以增加为主,而小于1 km能见度事件的发生频次在全区以减少为主。此外,近10 a来北京地区干霾的发生频率为44. 29%,湿霾的发生频率为7. 13%,低能见度事件多由干霾造成,但湿霾发生时,能见度恶化的更明显。
Using the data from Daxing observation station,twenty-eight road automatic stations and regional automatic stations from 2007 to 2015,the temporal and spatial characteristics of visibility in Beijing were analyzed. The results show that the highest value of visibility appears in spring and the lowest one appears in summer. The annual and summer visibility in Beijing has increased significantly for the last nine years. From 2011 to 2014,the increase in the particulate matters results in low visibility in winter. The visibility in the northwest part is significantly higher than that in the southeast part. The annual spatial distribution of visibility features decreasing gradually from the northwest to the southeast,which is the same as those in autumn and winter. The factors that are highly correlated with visibility are as follows,i. e. relative humid,particulate matters,wind direction,wind speed,and rainfall. However,the degree of the correlation of these factors with the visibility is different according to the different months,seasons and years. During this period,the numbers of days with occurrence of the fog,haze and dust weather phenomena are all increasing. The frequency of visibility less than 10 km mainly increases and that of visibility less than 1 km decreases in the whole area. As for the case study,when the wet haze events(7. 13%) occur,the visibility in Beijing becomes worse than when the dry haze events(44. 29%) occur.
Using the data from Daxing observation station,twenty-eight road automatic stations and regional automatic stations from 2007 to 2015,the temporal and spatial characteristics of visibility in Beijing were analyzed. The results show that the highest value of visibility appears in spring and the lowest one appears in summer. The annual and summer visibility in Beijing has increased significantly for the last nine years. From 2011 to 2014,the increase in the particulate matters results in low visibility in winter. The visibility in the northwest part is significantly higher than that in the southeast part. The annual spatial distribution of visibility features decreasing gradually from the northwest to the southeast,which is the same as those in autumn and winter. The factors that are highly correlated with visibility are as follows,i. e. relative humid,particulate matters,wind direction,wind speed,and rainfall. However,the degree of the correlation of these factors with the visibility is different according to the different months,seasons and years. During this period,the numbers of days with occurrence of the fog,haze and dust weather phenomena are all increasing. The frequency of visibility less than 10 km mainly increases and that of visibility less than 1 km decreases in the whole area. As for the case study,when the wet haze events(7. 13%) occur,the visibility in Beijing becomes worse than when the dry haze events(44. 29%) occur.
引文
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[23]王淑英,张小玲,徐晓峰.北京地区大气能见度变化规律及影响因子统计分析[J].气象科技,2003,31(2):109-114.
[24]毛卓成,马井会,翟元昊,等.2015年上海地区空气质量状况及其与气象条件的关系[J].气象与环境学报,2018,34(2):52-60.
[25]余予,孟晓艳,张欣.1980-2011年北京城区能见度变化趋势及突变分析[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(2):129-136.
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[27]Pui D Y H,Chen S C,Zuo Z L.PM2.5 in China:Measurements,sources,visibility and health effects,and mitigation[J].Particuology,2014,13:1-26.
[28]方书敏,钱正堂,李远平.甘肃省降水的空间内插方法比较[J].干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(3):47-50.
[29]孟庆香,刘国彬,杨勤科.基于GIS的黄土高原气象要素空间插值方法[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(1):10-14.
[30]邱金桓.北京等地气象能见度的变化特性分析[J].大气科学,1986,10(4):437-442.
[31]王英,李令军,李成才.北京大气能见度和消光特性变化规律及影响因素[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(5):1310-1318.
[32]郑景春.上海的能见度[J].华东师范大学学报:自然科学版,1985(2):90-96.
[33]Zhang Q,Quan J N,Tie X X.et al.Efffects of meteorology and secondary particle formation on visibility during heavy haze events in Beijing,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,502:578-584.
[34]付桂琴,张迎新,张庆红,等.河北省低能见度事件特征分析[J].气象,2013,39(8):1042-1049.
[35]Zhou J M,Zhang R J,Cao J J,et al.Carbonaceous and ionic components of atmospheric fine particles in Beijing and their impact on atmospheric visibility[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2012,12(4):492-502.
[36]夏凡,李昌义.基于3种能见度方案山东地区雾天气预报试验研究[J].气象与环境学报,2018,34(3):48-57.
[2]Sloane C S,Groblicki P J.Denver's visibility history[J].Atmospheric Environment(1967),1981,15(12):632-2638.
[3]Okada K,Isono K.Trends in visibility in the urban atmosphere:a case study in Nagoya,Japan[J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan.Ser.Ⅱ,1982,60(2):777-786.
[4]王继志,徐祥德,杨元琴.北京城市能见度及雾特征分析[J].应用气象学报,2002,13(S1):160-169.
[5]张德山,魏建明,陈廷良,等.首都机场高速公路能见度预报方法[J].气象科技,2002,30(6):358-361.
[6]宋宇,唐孝炎,方晨,等.北京市能见度下降与颗粒物污染的关系[J].环境科学学报,2003,23(4):468-471.
[7]Chang D,Song Y,Liu B.Visibility trends in six megacities in China 1973-2007[J].Atmospheric Research,2009,94(2):161-167.
[8]Hodkinson J R.Calculation of colour and visibility in urban atmospheres polluted by gaseous NO2[J].Air and Water Pollution,1966,10(2):137-144.
[9]宋艳玲,董文杰,张尚印,等.北京市城、郊气候要素对比研究[J].干旱气象,2003,21(3):63-68.
[10]张宏,刘子锐,胡波,等.北京能见度变化趋势及冬季一次典型污染过程分析[J].气候与环境研究,2011,16(5):620-628.
[11]赵习方,徐晓峰,王淑英,等.北京地区低能见度区域分布初探[J].气象,2002,28(11):55-57.
[12]Tsai Y I.Atmospheric visibility trends in an urban area in Taiwan 1961-2003[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(30):5555-5567.
[13]Deng X J,Tie X X,Wu D,et al.Long-term trend of visibility and its characterizations in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(7):1424-1435.
[14]Zhang Q H,Zhang J P,Xue H W.The challenge of improving visibility in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2010,10(16):7821-7827.
[15]Dai A.Recent climatology,variability,and trends in global surface humidity[J].Journal of Climate,2006,19(5),3589-3606.
[16]Dzubay T G.Stevens R K,Lewis C W,et al.Visibility and aerosol composition in Houston,Texas[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1982,16(8):514-525.
[17]Cao J J,Wang Q Y,Chow J C,et al.Impacts of aerosol compositions on visibility impairment in Xi'an,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,59:559-566.
[18]苏维瀚,张秋彭,沈济,等.北京地区大气能见度与大气污染的关系初探[J].大气科学,1986,10(2):138-144.
[19]刘爱霞,韩素芹,姚青,等.2011年秋冬季天津PM2.5组分特征及其对能见度的影响[J].气象与环境学报,2013,29(2):42-47.
[20]韦意双,蔡旭晖,范绍佳,等.北京地区冬季SO2浓度的时空分布和年际变化特征研究[J].环境保护科学,2007,33(6):1-4.
[21]宋明,韩素芹,张敏,等.天津大气能见度与相对湿度和PM10及PM2.5的关系[J].气象与环境学报,2013,29(2):34-41.
[22]张利娜,张朝林,王必正,等.北京机场高速公路能见度与大气动力和热力因子的诊断及物理分析[J].气候与环境研究,2008,13(3):260-272.
[23]王淑英,张小玲,徐晓峰.北京地区大气能见度变化规律及影响因子统计分析[J].气象科技,2003,31(2):109-114.
[24]毛卓成,马井会,翟元昊,等.2015年上海地区空气质量状况及其与气象条件的关系[J].气象与环境学报,2018,34(2):52-60.
[25]余予,孟晓艳,张欣.1980-2011年北京城区能见度变化趋势及突变分析[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(2):129-136.
[26]孟燕军,王淑英,赵习方.北京地区大雾日大气污染状况及气象条件分析[J].气象,2000,26(3):40-43.
[27]Pui D Y H,Chen S C,Zuo Z L.PM2.5 in China:Measurements,sources,visibility and health effects,and mitigation[J].Particuology,2014,13:1-26.
[28]方书敏,钱正堂,李远平.甘肃省降水的空间内插方法比较[J].干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(3):47-50.
[29]孟庆香,刘国彬,杨勤科.基于GIS的黄土高原气象要素空间插值方法[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(1):10-14.
[30]邱金桓.北京等地气象能见度的变化特性分析[J].大气科学,1986,10(4):437-442.
[31]王英,李令军,李成才.北京大气能见度和消光特性变化规律及影响因素[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(5):1310-1318.
[32]郑景春.上海的能见度[J].华东师范大学学报:自然科学版,1985(2):90-96.
[33]Zhang Q,Quan J N,Tie X X.et al.Efffects of meteorology and secondary particle formation on visibility during heavy haze events in Beijing,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,502:578-584.
[34]付桂琴,张迎新,张庆红,等.河北省低能见度事件特征分析[J].气象,2013,39(8):1042-1049.
[35]Zhou J M,Zhang R J,Cao J J,et al.Carbonaceous and ionic components of atmospheric fine particles in Beijing and their impact on atmospheric visibility[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2012,12(4):492-502.
[36]夏凡,李昌义.基于3种能见度方案山东地区雾天气预报试验研究[J].气象与环境学报,2018,34(3):48-57.