电弧作用下浸铜碳材料烧蚀过程的数值模拟
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摘要
电弧侵蚀是影响浸铜碳材料使用寿命的关键因素之一。首先,将电弧等效为高斯分布的热源,基于热传导理论和流体理论,考虑材料相变,探讨了浸铜碳材料的温度变化过程、材料发生相变的熔化-凝固过程;接着,分析了液体表面张力是烧蚀熔池流动的主导因素,影响材料内部的温度分布;最后,考虑浸铜碳材料的蒸发升华,求解了材料表面的形貌及温度分布。仿真研究结果表明:电弧作用下,浸铜碳材料相变形成熔池域,电弧熄灭后,熔池域继续扩大一段时间才逐渐减小;熔池表面散热较内部散热快。液体表面张力导致熔池表面流动,进而加快材料表面散热。电弧持续作用下,浸铜碳材料表面逐渐形成烧蚀熔池和烧蚀凹坑。烧蚀熔池的半径和深度随着时间的变化近似线性增长,材料表面烧蚀凹坑处的温度最高,其值在碳的升华温度附近波动。
Arc erosion is one of the key factors that affect the service life of metal-impregnated carbon material. First, the arc was equivalent to a heat source of Gauss distribution. Based on the heat conduction theory, fluid dynamics, the temperature change of copper-impregnated carbon material and melting-solidification process of material phase transition were calculated. Then, the effects of liquid surface tension of molten pool on the temperature and velocity of copper-impregnated carbon material surface were analyzed. Finally, considering the evaporation and sublimation of copper-impregnated carbon material, the surface morphology and temperature distribution were solved. The simulation results show that the temperature of the copper-impregnated carbon material increases rapidly with arc,resulting in a pool domain formed by the phase transition. After the arc is extinguished, the pool area continues to expand for a period of time and then decreases gradually. The surface of molten pool dissipates heat faster than the interior. The surface tension of the liquid causes the flow of the melting pool surface, thereby accelerating the heat dissipation. Under the continuous action of arc, the surface of copper-impregnated carbon material gradually forms a molten pool and an ablation pit. The radius and depth of the molten pool increase linearly with time. The temperature of the ablation pit on the material surface is the highest, and its value fluctuates near the sublimation temperature of carbon.
Arc erosion is one of the key factors that affect the service life of metal-impregnated carbon material. First, the arc was equivalent to a heat source of Gauss distribution. Based on the heat conduction theory, fluid dynamics, the temperature change of copper-impregnated carbon material and melting-solidification process of material phase transition were calculated. Then, the effects of liquid surface tension of molten pool on the temperature and velocity of copper-impregnated carbon material surface were analyzed. Finally, considering the evaporation and sublimation of copper-impregnated carbon material, the surface morphology and temperature distribution were solved. The simulation results show that the temperature of the copper-impregnated carbon material increases rapidly with arc,resulting in a pool domain formed by the phase transition. After the arc is extinguished, the pool area continues to expand for a period of time and then decreases gradually. The surface of molten pool dissipates heat faster than the interior. The surface tension of the liquid causes the flow of the melting pool surface, thereby accelerating the heat dissipation. Under the continuous action of arc, the surface of copper-impregnated carbon material gradually forms a molten pool and an ablation pit. The radius and depth of the molten pool increase linearly with time. The temperature of the ablation pit on the material surface is the highest, and its value fluctuates near the sublimation temperature of carbon.
引文
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[3]胡海星,高国强,魏文赋,等.基于莫尔偏折的低温等离子体气体温度参数研究[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(20):97-103.Hu Haixing,Gao Guoqiang,Wei Wenfu,et al.Research on the low gas temperature of discharge produced plasma based on moire deflectometry[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(20):97-103.
[4]翟国富,薄凯,周学,等.直流大功率继电器电弧研究综述[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(22):251-263.Zhai Guofu,Bo Kai,Zhou Xue,et al.DC high-power relay arc research summary[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(22):251-263.
[5]马强,荣命哲,Anthony B Murphy,等.考虑电极烧蚀影响的低压断路器电弧运动特性仿真及实验[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,29(3):115-120.Ma Qiang,Rong Mingzhe,Anthony B Murphy,et al.Simulation and experimental research on air arc movement characteristic in low-voltage circuit breaker considering electrodes erosion[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2009,29(3):115-120.
[6]Watanabe K,Somei H,Satoh Y,et al.The calculation of anode surface temperature and melting depth at current zero in AC 50Hz vacum arc[C]//Proceeding IEE Japan Power&Energy,1994:227-231.
[7]王立军,贾申利,刘宇,等.纵磁下真空电弧阳极热过程的仿真[J].电工技术学报,2011,26(3):65-73.Wang Lijun,Jia Shenli,Liu Yu,et al.Simulation of anode thermal process in vacuum arc under axial magnetic field[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2011,26(3):65-73.
[8]Wang Lijun,Jia Shenli,Liu Yu,et al.Modeling and simulation of anode melting pool flow under the action of high-current vacuum arc[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2010,107(11):113306.
[9]Wang Lijun,Zhou Xin,Wang Haijing,et al.Anode activity in a high-current vacuum arc:threedimensional modeling and simulation[J].IEEETransactions on Plasma Science,2012,40(9):2237-2246.
[10]卜俊,丁涛,陈光雄.温度对受电弓滑板材料磨损的影响[J].润滑与密封,2010,35(5):22-25,105.Bu Jun,Ding Tao,Chen Guangxiong.Effect of temperature on the wear behavior of a pantograph strip material[J].Lubrication Engineering,2010,35(5):22-25,105.
[11]Senouci A,Frene J,Zaidi H.Wear mechanism in graphite-copper electrical sliding contact[J].Wear,1999,225(2):949-953.
[12]郭凤仪,任志玲,马同立,等.滑动电接触磨损过程变化的实验研究[J].电工技术学报,2010,25(10):24-29.Guo Fengyi,Ren Zhiling,Ma Tongli,et al.Experimental research on wear process variability of the sliding electric contact[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2010,25(10):24-29.
[13]赵燕霞,刘敬超,孙乐民,等.载流摩擦磨损中电弧侵蚀的研究现状及趋势[J].润滑与密封,2010,35(8):111-113.Zhao Yanxia,Liu Jingchao,Sun Lemin,et al.Present research status and future trends of arc in friction and wear with current[J].Lubrication Engineering,2010,35(8):111-113.
[14]芦凤桂,唐新华,李少青,等.定点TIG焊接电弧与熔池交互耦合数值模拟[J].焊接学报,2005,26(9):78-81.Lu Fenggui,Tang Xinhua,Li Shaoqing,et al.Numerical simulation of interaction coupling between TIG welding arc and molten pool[J].Journal of Welding,2005,26(9):78-81.
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[16]Zhou Xue,Cui Xinglei,Chen Mo,et al.Evaporation erosion of contacts under static arc by gas dynamics and molten pool simulation[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2015,43(12):4149-4160.