钾肥运筹对砂泥田土壤烤烟生长、钾素吸收及香气品质改善的影响
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摘要
探究了华南砂泥田土壤有机肥C/N优化下钾肥用量和基追比对烤烟生物量、钾素吸收、土壤有效钾含量及香气品质改善的影响。采用裂区设计,主处理为3个施钾水平,K1(120.0 kg/hm~2)、K2(240.0 kg/hm~2)和K3(360.0 kg/hm~2);副处理为钾肥不同基追比:S1(7∶3)、S2(5∶5)和S3(3∶7)。结果表明:旺长期-成熟期烟叶生物量随施钾量增加而提高,而随钾追肥比例增加,烟叶生物量降低;K2和K3水平下,基追比S1处理成熟期上部烟叶钾离子含量低,但基追比S2和S3处理上部烟叶钾供应充足,表明钾肥后移有利于钾离子从下部叶向中、上部叶转移。随施钾量提高,根际土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量增加;K2水平旺长期、现蕾期根际土壤速效钾含量最高,成熟期时S3基追比处理低于基追比S1和S2处理;K3水平下,根际土壤速效钾在4个生育期内无显著差异。与其他处理相比,K2水平S3处理显著增加烟叶总氮、总烟碱和蛋白质含量,改善糖碱比和氮碱比。K1水平上部叶中性致香物质含量在不同基追比间无显著差异;而K2、K3水平下,基追比S3处理显著提高烟叶(特别上部烟叶)中性致香物质含量,尤其是K2水平下,基追比S3处理烟叶香气质、香气量、浓度最优,劲头适中。综上所述,有机肥C/N优化条件下,华南砂泥田土壤钾肥推荐量为240.0 kg/hm~2,其中基肥(移栽前条施后覆膜)72.0 kg/hm~2,追肥168.0 kg/hm~2(基追比为3∶7),能够有效提高烟叶钾离子含量,并改善烟叶尤其是上部烟叶的品质。
Under the optimization of C/N with organic fertilizer and N fertilizer, a field experiment was carried out to study the effect of potassium and the ratio of basic/dressing fertilizer on biomass, potassium uptake, soil available potassium content and aroma quality of tobacco. Split-plot experiment design was adopted. The main treatment was 3 K level: K1(120.0 kg/ha),K2(240.0 kg/ha) and K3(360.0 kg/ha);and the subsidiary treatment was the ratio of basic/dressing K fertilizer:S1(7∶3),S2(5∶5) and S3(3∶7). The results showed that the biomass of tobacco leaves increased with the increase of potassium application, while it decreased with the increase of potassium dressing ratio in the same K level in the fast growth and mature period. Under the K2 and K3 level, the leaf potassium content was lower in the S1 treatment than in S2 and S3 treatments, indicating that the increase of K dressing percentage was conducive to the transfer of potassium ions from lower leaves to middle and upper leaves. With the increase of potassium application, the content of available and slowly available potassium in rhizosphere soil increased. Under K2 level, the available potassium of soil reached to maximum at fast growth and bud stages, and was lower in S3 treatment than in S1 and S2 treatments at mature stage. Under K3 level, the available potassium in rhizosphere soil had no significant difference among the four growth stages, in which that of S3 treatment>S1 treatment>S2 treatment. Compared with other treatments, the contents of total nitrogen, total nicotine and protein in tobacco leaves were significantly higher in S3 treatment under K2 level, and the ratio of sugar/alkali and ratio of nitrogen/alkali were improved. The neutral aroma components had no significant difference in upper leaves under K1 level, but it improved significantly in S3 treatment under K2 and K3 levels, especially for S3 treatment under the K2 level, in which the quality, quantity and concentration of aroma in tobacco leaves were the best. It was concluded that under the optimization conditions of organic fertilizer C/N, 240.0 kg/ha potassium fertilizer was recommended in the sand mud soil of Southern China, and the basic fertilizer was 72.0 kg/ha and the dressing one was 168.0 kg/ha(the ratio of base to dressing was 3∶7), which could effectively improve the potassium content and quality of tobacco leaves.
Under the optimization of C/N with organic fertilizer and N fertilizer, a field experiment was carried out to study the effect of potassium and the ratio of basic/dressing fertilizer on biomass, potassium uptake, soil available potassium content and aroma quality of tobacco. Split-plot experiment design was adopted. The main treatment was 3 K level: K1(120.0 kg/ha),K2(240.0 kg/ha) and K3(360.0 kg/ha);and the subsidiary treatment was the ratio of basic/dressing K fertilizer:S1(7∶3),S2(5∶5) and S3(3∶7). The results showed that the biomass of tobacco leaves increased with the increase of potassium application, while it decreased with the increase of potassium dressing ratio in the same K level in the fast growth and mature period. Under the K2 and K3 level, the leaf potassium content was lower in the S1 treatment than in S2 and S3 treatments, indicating that the increase of K dressing percentage was conducive to the transfer of potassium ions from lower leaves to middle and upper leaves. With the increase of potassium application, the content of available and slowly available potassium in rhizosphere soil increased. Under K2 level, the available potassium of soil reached to maximum at fast growth and bud stages, and was lower in S3 treatment than in S1 and S2 treatments at mature stage. Under K3 level, the available potassium in rhizosphere soil had no significant difference among the four growth stages, in which that of S3 treatment>S1 treatment>S2 treatment. Compared with other treatments, the contents of total nitrogen, total nicotine and protein in tobacco leaves were significantly higher in S3 treatment under K2 level, and the ratio of sugar/alkali and ratio of nitrogen/alkali were improved. The neutral aroma components had no significant difference in upper leaves under K1 level, but it improved significantly in S3 treatment under K2 and K3 levels, especially for S3 treatment under the K2 level, in which the quality, quantity and concentration of aroma in tobacco leaves were the best. It was concluded that under the optimization conditions of organic fertilizer C/N, 240.0 kg/ha potassium fertilizer was recommended in the sand mud soil of Southern China, and the basic fertilizer was 72.0 kg/ha and the dressing one was 168.0 kg/ha(the ratio of base to dressing was 3∶7), which could effectively improve the potassium content and quality of tobacco leaves.
引文
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[2] 张士荣,王军,张德龙,丁效东.有机肥C/N优化及钾肥运筹对烤烟钾含量及香气品质的影响[J].华北农学报,2017,32(3):220-228.doi:10.7668/hbnxb.2017.03.034.Zhang S R,Wang J,Zhang D L,Ding X D.The effect of K application on K content and aroma quality of leaves of fluecured tobacco under the optimization of C/N with organic fertilizer[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2017,32(3):220-228.
[3] 卢红,梅燕飞,郭怡卿,李军,林云红.增施钾肥对烟叶中镉含量的影响[J].西南农业学报,2016,29(2):352-359.doi:10.16213/j.cnki.scjas.2016.02.027.Lu H,Mei Y F,Guo Y Q,Li J,Lin Y H.Effect of potassium fertilizer on cadmium residue in tobacco leaf[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2016,29(2):352-359.
[4] 吴彦辉,薛立新,许自成,许仪,邵惠芳,金磊,黄五星,刘春奎.断根结合生长素和钾肥施用对烤烟生长及糖碱比、有机钾指数的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(18):5686-5695.Wu Y H,Xue L X,Xu Z C,Xu Y,Shao H F,Jin L,Huang W X,Liu C K.Combined effects of root cutting,auxin application and potassium fertilizer on growth,sugar:nicotine ratio,and organic potassium index of flue cured tobacco[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(18):5686-5695.
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[7] Patel B K.Influence of potassium application during active growth phase on the yield and quality of bidi tobacco[J].Tobacco Research,1983,9(1):26-32.
[8] 代晓燕,郭春燕,刘国顺,曹晓涛,李佳.钾肥不同追施时期对烤烟品质和产量的影响[J].浙江农业学报,2014,26(2):421-426.Dai X Y,Guo C Y,Liu G S,Cao X T,Li J.Effects of different topdressing periods of potassium fertilization on quality and yields of fluecured tobacco[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2014,26(2):421-426.
[9] 贾伟,周怀平,解文艳,关春林,郜春花,石彦琴.长期秸秆还田秋施肥对褐土微生物碳、氮量和酶活性的影响[J].华北农学报,2008,23(2):138-142.doi:10.7668/hbnxb.2008.02.031.Jia W,Zhou H P,Xie W Y,Guan C L,Gao C H,Shi Y Q.Effects of longterm returning corn stalks to the field combined with applying fertilizer in autumn on microbial biomass C,N and enzyme activity in cinnamon soil[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2008,23(2):138-142.
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