不同小麦品种的氮素利用特性研究
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摘要
为了解河南省主要小麦品种的氮素利用特性,探究不同小麦品种之间氮素积累和转运的差异,通过大田试验,分别在开花期和成熟期对河南省18个具有代表性的小麦品种的茎、叶、鞘、穗(开花期)、颖壳和籽粒进行干物质重和氮含量测定,并根据小麦的产量、氮素积累量以及氮素籽粒生产效率划分不同小麦品种的氮效率类型,计算氮素利用特性的相关参数,分析氮素利用特性相关参数与产量和氮素籽粒生产效率之间的关系。结果表明,供试的小麦品种可划分为氮素高效型(Ⅰ)、氮素中效型(Ⅱ)、氮素低效型(Ⅲ)、氮素超低效型(Ⅳ)4种类型,其品种数量分别占总品种数的5%、50%、40%和5%。在小麦成熟期,Ⅳ型品种的颖壳和籽粒氮含量显著高于其他3种类型品种,叶、颖壳和籽粒的氮素积累量显著低于其他3类型品种,4种类型品种间茎和叶氮含量及氮素在茎、叶、鞘、颖壳和籽粒中的分配比例无显著差异;Ⅰ类型和Ⅱ类型品种的花前贮存氮素在花后向籽粒的转运量均显著高于Ⅳ类型品种,Ⅰ类型品种的氮素农艺效率均显著高于Ⅲ和Ⅳ类型品种,氮素偏生产力表现为Ⅰ类型品种>Ⅱ类型品种>Ⅲ类型品种>Ⅳ类型品种,且差异显著。小麦产量、氮素籽粒生产效率与其他氮素利用相关参数呈现显著正相关。
In order to understand the nitrogen use characteristics of main wheat varieties in Henan Province,the differences between nitrogen accumulation and translocation of different wheat cultivars were explored,which provided theoretical basis for the breeding of nitrogen-efficient varieties. The stem,leaf,sheath,spike(flowering),glume and grain of 18 representative wheat varieties in Henan Province were collected,and the dry matter weight and nitrogen content of the wheat organs were determined. Nitrogen accumulation and utilization efficiency of nitrogen grains were used to classify the nitrogen efficiency types of different wheat cultivars,and the correlation parameters of nitrogen utilization characteristics were calculated. The relationship between the correlation parameters of nitrogen use characteristics and yield and nitrogen use efficiency were analyzed. The results showed that the wheat cultivars could be divided into four types,which were nitrogen-efficient(Ⅰ),nitrogen-medium-effect(Ⅱ),nitrogen-inefficient(Ⅲ) and nitrogen-ultra-inefficient(Ⅳ).The variety numbers of the four types were 5%,50%,40% and 5%,respetively.In the ripening period of wheat,the nitrogen contents in the glume and grains of Ⅳ cultivars were significantly higher than that of other three types,and the nitrogen accumulations in leaves,glume and grains were significantly lower than those of other three types,and there was no significant difference in the nitrogen content of the stems and leaves of four nitrogen-efficient types,and in the distribution of nitrogen in stems,leaves,sheaths,glume and grains. The nitrogen translocation amounts of typeⅠ and typeⅡ were significantly higher than those of type Ⅳ,and agronomic nitrogen efficiency of typeⅠcultivars was significantly higher than thatof Ⅲ and Ⅳ types. There were significant differences in nitrogen productivity of the fourtypes of nitrogen-efficiency varieties,ranking as type Ⅰ varieties >type Ⅱ varieties > type Ⅲ varieties > type Ⅳvarieties. Correlation analysis showed that yield and grain nitrogen use efficiency were positively correlated with other nitrogen use parameters.
In order to understand the nitrogen use characteristics of main wheat varieties in Henan Province,the differences between nitrogen accumulation and translocation of different wheat cultivars were explored,which provided theoretical basis for the breeding of nitrogen-efficient varieties. The stem,leaf,sheath,spike(flowering),glume and grain of 18 representative wheat varieties in Henan Province were collected,and the dry matter weight and nitrogen content of the wheat organs were determined. Nitrogen accumulation and utilization efficiency of nitrogen grains were used to classify the nitrogen efficiency types of different wheat cultivars,and the correlation parameters of nitrogen utilization characteristics were calculated. The relationship between the correlation parameters of nitrogen use characteristics and yield and nitrogen use efficiency were analyzed. The results showed that the wheat cultivars could be divided into four types,which were nitrogen-efficient(Ⅰ),nitrogen-medium-effect(Ⅱ),nitrogen-inefficient(Ⅲ) and nitrogen-ultra-inefficient(Ⅳ).The variety numbers of the four types were 5%,50%,40% and 5%,respetively.In the ripening period of wheat,the nitrogen contents in the glume and grains of Ⅳ cultivars were significantly higher than that of other three types,and the nitrogen accumulations in leaves,glume and grains were significantly lower than those of other three types,and there was no significant difference in the nitrogen content of the stems and leaves of four nitrogen-efficient types,and in the distribution of nitrogen in stems,leaves,sheaths,glume and grains. The nitrogen translocation amounts of typeⅠ and typeⅡ were significantly higher than those of type Ⅳ,and agronomic nitrogen efficiency of typeⅠcultivars was significantly higher than thatof Ⅲ and Ⅳ types. There were significant differences in nitrogen productivity of the fourtypes of nitrogen-efficiency varieties,ranking as type Ⅰ varieties >type Ⅱ varieties > type Ⅲ varieties > type Ⅳvarieties. Correlation analysis showed that yield and grain nitrogen use efficiency were positively correlated with other nitrogen use parameters.
引文
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[5]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):918.ZHANG F S,WANG J Q,ZHANG W F,et al.Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement [J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2008,45(5):918.
[6]赵化田,王瑞芳,许云峰,等.小麦苗期耐低氮基因型的筛选与评价[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(5):1199.ZHAO H T,WANG R F,XU Y F,et al.Screening and evaluating low nitrogen tolerant wheat genotype at seedling stage [J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2011,19(5):1199.
[7]柴彦君,黄丽,袁家富,等.小麦氮素高效利用的研究进展[J].湖北农业科学,2009,48(8):2007.CHAI Y J,HUANG L,YUAN J F,et al.Advances in high nitrogen use efficiency of wheat [J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2009,48(8):2007.
[8]柴彦君,袁家富,熊又升,等.不同冬小麦品种氮效率及其生理差异的研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2011(1):21.CHAI Y J,YUAN J F,XIONG Y S,et al.Study on differences of nitrogen efficiency and physiologic of different winter wheat varieties [J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2011(1):21.
[9]LOBELL D B,SCHLENKER W,COSTA-ROBERTS J.Climate trends and global crop production since 1980 [J].Science Direct,2015,333(29):616.
[10]李欢欢,黄玉芳,王玲敏,等.河南省小麦生产与肥料施用状况[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(18):426.LI H H,HUANG Y F,WANG L M,et al.Wheat production and fertilizers application in Henan Province [J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25(18):426.
[11]张运红,申其昆,杜君,等.不同小麦品种氮素利用效率特征差异的研究[J].麦类作物学报,2017,37(11):1503.ZHANG Y H,SHEN Q K,DU J,et al.Differences in the characteristics of nitrogen utilization efficiency of different wheat varieties [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2017,37(11):1503.
[12]吴中伟,樊高琼,王秀芳,等.不同氮肥用量及其生育期分配比例对四川丘陵区带状种植小麦氮素利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(6):1388.WU Z W,FAN G Q,WANG X F,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer levels and application stages on nitrogen utilization of strip-relay-intercropping wheat in Sichuan Hilly Areas [J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014,20(6):1388.
[13]王志伟,黄锦,李菊湘,等.氮磷钾肥不同施用方式对云麦53产量及农艺性状的影响[J].西南农业学报,2014,27(1):173.WANG Z W,HUANG J,LI J X,et al.Effects of N,P and K fertilizer application patterns on yield and agronomic traits in wheat cultivar Yunmai 53 [J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2014,27(1):173.
[14]姜丽娜,岳影,李金娜,等.施氮量对小麦花后氮素分配及氮素利用的影响[J].作物杂志,2018(2):80.JIANG L N,YUE Y,LI J N,et al.Effects of nitrogen application rate on nitrogen allocation and nitrogen use in wheat after anthesis [J].Crops,2018(2):80.
[15]孙洪仁,曹影,刘琳,等.测土施肥不同丰缺级别土壤的适宜施肥量[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2014(12):7.SUN H R,CAO Y,LIU L,et al.The appropriate amount of fertilizer application for the soils with different levels of nutrient abundance and deficiency using soil testing and fertilizer recommendation [J].Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2014(12):7.
[16]杜保见,郜红建,常江,等.小麦苗期氮素吸收利用效率差异及聚类分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(6):1349.DU B J,GAO H J,CHANG J,et al.Screening and cluster analysis of nitrogen use efficiency of different wheat cultivars at the seedling stage [J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014,20(6):1349.
[17]付捷,田慧,高亚军.不同小麦品种生育期氮素效率差异的变化特征[J].中国土壤与肥料,2014(5):37.FU J,TIAN H,GAO Y J.Seasonal changes of the genotypic variations of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) in nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiencies [J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2014(5):37.
[18]熊淑萍,张娟娟,杨阳,等.不同冬小麦品种在3种质地土壤中氮代谢特征及利用效率分析[J].中国生态学报,2013,37(7):601.XIONG S P,ZHANG J J,YANG Y,et al.Research on nitrogen metabolism characteristics and use efficiency in different winter wheat [J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2013,37(7):601.
[19]李淑文,周彦珍,文宏达,等.不同小麦品种氮效率和产量性状的研究[J].植物遗传资源学报,2006,7(2):204.LI S W,ZHOU Y Z,WEN H D,et al.Nitrogen use efficiency and yield traits in different wheat varieties [J].Journal of Plant Genetic Resources,2006,7(2):204.
[20]徐晴,许甫超,董静,等.小麦氮素高效育种研究进展[J].麦类作物学报,2016,36(1):45.XU Q,XU P C,DONG J,et al.Research advances on nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) in wheat(Tritium aestivum L.) breeding [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2016,36(1):45.
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