《黄帝内经》“劫刺”与《太素》“却刺”之辨
|
摘要
从《黄帝内经》篇中的"劫刺"和仁和寺本《太素》篇中的"却刺"之异入手,逐条罗列传世本《黄帝内经》及其历代不同注本、传本、校本中"劫刺""却刺"之不同。"却""劫"二字,字形相似,笔者详细分析了导致"却刺"误作"劫刺"的字形演变因素。以此为基础,运用音韵学和训诂学方法,因"卻"与"郤(郄)"二字的上古音完全相同,遵"因声求义"之旨,而将"却刺"释为"郤(郄)刺",其义当为"隙刺"或"穴刺"解。最后,对"郤刺"的学术意义作了探讨,认为这是刺灸部位由脉到穴演变过程中的一个特定认识阶段,与刺脉、刺肉、刺筋等刺法相区别而言。所以,历代诸书中的"劫刺"当为"却刺"之误,从而澄清了自北宋以降,诸家对"燔针却刺"的误解误注。
In order to identify the differences between "劫刺" in Huangdi Neijing(The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic) and "却刺" in Taisu(Grand Simplicity of the Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic), the edition of Ninna-ji, Japan, the author analyzed all "劫刺" and "却刺"of the extant Huangdi Neijing, its annotation books, its handed-down books and its collated books during the past dynasties. "劫" and "却" are similar in Chinese character pattern. The authors had also analyzed the evolution factors of Chinese character patterns in detail, which induced the misunderstanding of "却刺" as "劫刺". Hence, the phonology and Chinese exegetics were adopted in analysis. "卻" and "郤(郄)" were completely same in ancient pronunciation. In compliance with the theory as seeking for the connotation from the pronunciation, "却刺" was explained as "郤(郄)刺", meaning cleft needling or point needling. Additionally, the academic significance of "郤刺" was explored. It was believed that it was the specific recognition stage from the vessel to the point regarding the sites of acupuncture and moxibustion in terms of the differences in needling techniques, i.e. vessel needling, muscle needling or tendon needling. It is concluded that "劫刺"resulted from the misunderstanding of "却刺" in the books of different dynasties, hence, the mistakes in the explanation and annotation of "燔针却刺" since the Northern Song Dynasty have been clarified.
In order to identify the differences between "劫刺" in Huangdi Neijing(The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic) and "却刺" in Taisu(Grand Simplicity of the Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic), the edition of Ninna-ji, Japan, the author analyzed all "劫刺" and "却刺"of the extant Huangdi Neijing, its annotation books, its handed-down books and its collated books during the past dynasties. "劫" and "却" are similar in Chinese character pattern. The authors had also analyzed the evolution factors of Chinese character patterns in detail, which induced the misunderstanding of "却刺" as "劫刺". Hence, the phonology and Chinese exegetics were adopted in analysis. "卻" and "郤(郄)" were completely same in ancient pronunciation. In compliance with the theory as seeking for the connotation from the pronunciation, "却刺" was explained as "郤(郄)刺", meaning cleft needling or point needling. Additionally, the academic significance of "郤刺" was explored. It was believed that it was the specific recognition stage from the vessel to the point regarding the sites of acupuncture and moxibustion in terms of the differences in needling techniques, i.e. vessel needling, muscle needling or tendon needling. It is concluded that "劫刺"resulted from the misunderstanding of "却刺" in the books of different dynasties, hence, the mistakes in the explanation and annotation of "燔针却刺" since the Northern Song Dynasty have been clarified.
引文
[1](明)张景岳.类经[M].金阊童涌泉刊本排印本.北京:人民卫生出版社, 1964:565.
[2](清)张隐菴集注.黄帝内经灵枢集注[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社, 1958.
[3]日本丹波元简.灵枢识[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社, 1959.
[4]张珍玉.灵枢经语释[M].济南:山东科学技术出版社, 1983.
[5]郭霭春.黄帝内经灵枢校注语译[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社, 1989.
[6]张烂玾,徐国仟.针灸甲乙经校注(上)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社, 1996.
[7]重广补注黄帝内经素问[M].明顾从德影印本.北京:人民卫生出版社, 1956.
[8]黄帝素问灵枢经[M].明赵府居敬堂刊本加句影印本.北京:人民卫生出版社, 1956.
[9](隋)杨上善.东洋医学善本丛书仁和寺本黄帝内经太素[M].日本仁和寺原抄古卷子本影印.东洋医学研究会, 1981.
[10](隋)杨上善撰注,(清)袁昶校注.黄帝内经太素(附遗文内经明堂)[M].清光绪23年(公元1897年)通隐堂刊刻的袁昶氏渐西村舍汇刊丛书本.上海:商务印书馆, 1935.
[11]张灿玾.黄帝内经文献研究[M].上海:上海中医药大学出版社, 2005.
[12](隋)杨上善撰注,(清)萧延平校注.黄帝内经太素[M].影印本.北京:人民卫生出版社, 1955.
[13]施歆民.日本仁和寺所藏《太素》影修举正[J].中医杂志,1991(4):57.
[14](隋)杨上善撰注,(民国)刘震鋆校订,杨明济补注.黄帝内经太素补注[M].武汉:余生印刷社, 1935.
[15](隋)杨上善撰注,钱超尘、李云校正.日本仁和寺原抄古卷子本《黄帝内经太素》新校正[M].北京:学苑出版社, 2006.
[16](明)吴崐注.吴注黄帝内经素问[M].明万历37年己酉(公元1609)石室刻本. 1609.
[17]冷玉龙,韦一心.中华字海(上)[M].2版.北京:中国友谊出版公司, 2000:174.
[18](清)阮元.经籍纂诂(下)[M].北京:中华书局, 1982:2088.
[19]日本丹波元简.素问识[M].北京:人民卫生出版社, 1955:282.
[20](清)戈颂平.黄帝内经素问指归[M].长春中医药大学图书馆馆藏影抄本.北京:中医古籍出版社, 2008:430.
[21](明)张自烈,(清)廖文英撰.正字通[M].北京:中国工人出版社,1996.
[22](清)张隐菴集注.黄帝内经素问集注[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社, 1959.
[23](清)马元台原本,(清)高士宗增注.黄帝内经素问直解[M].三余堂梓刊.
[24](晋)皇甫谧著.针灸甲乙经[M].明医统正脉影印本.北京:人民卫生出版社, 1956.
[25](晋)皇甫谧著,刘衡如校.针灸甲乙经[M].2版.北京:人民卫生出版社, 1962:48-51, 140.
[26](晋)皇甫谧著,黄龙祥校注.黄帝针灸甲乙经(新校本)[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社, 1990:117-124, 294.
[27](晋)皇甫谧撰,鲁兆麟主校.针灸甲乙经[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社, 1997:19-20, 53.
[28]刘衡如校.《灵枢经》校勘本[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1964:78-84.
[29]胡天雄.素问补识[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社, 1991:369.
[30]郭霭春.黄帝内经素问校注语译[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社, 1981:356.
[31]段逸山.《素问》全元起本研究与辑复[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社, 2001:76.
[32](隋)杨上善.黄帝内经太素[M].影印本.北京:人民卫生出版社, 1955:黄帝内经太素例言8.
[33]张固也,张世磊.杨上善生平考据新证[J].中医文献杂志,2008(5):1-4.
[34]中国大百科全书总编辑委员会编.中国大百科全书图书馆学·情报学·档案学[M].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,2002:94.
[35]黄征.敦煌俗字典[M].上海:上海教育出版社, 2005:584.
[36](唐)张参.五经文字(《钦定四库全书荟要经部》)[M].摛藻堂本.
[37](梁)顾野王撰,(唐)孙强增字,(宋)陈彭年重修.大广益会玉篇[M].张氏泽存堂影印本.北京:中华书局, 1987.
[38]国家文物局古文献研究室编.马王堆汉墓帛书壹[M].北京:文物出版社, 1980:《老子乙本及卷前古佚书》图版一五七下.
[39]马王堆汉墓帛书整理小组编.马王堆汉墓帛书叁[M].北京:文物出版社, 1983:《春秋事语》图版八二.
[40]甘肃省博物馆,中国科学院考古研究所.考古学专刊乙种第十二号《武威汉简》[M].北京:文物出版社, 1964.
[41]薛元明.历代碑帖精粹《汉史晨碑》[M].合肥:安徽美术出版社, 2015:35.
[42]鲁仁.中国古代工具书丛编5释名方言笺疏续方言玉篇匡谬正俗干禄字书[M].天津:天津古籍出版社, 1999:834.
[43](辽)释·行均.龙龛手镜[M].影印本.北京:中华书局, 1985.
[44](汉)许慎撰,(清)段玉裁注.说文解字注[M].2版.经韵楼藏板.上海:上海古籍出版社, 1988:431.
[45]吴倩倩.副词“却”的历史发展[D].广州:暨南大学, 2010.
[46]唐作藩.上古音手册(增订本)[M].北京:中华书局,2013:131,168.
[47](西汉)刘向整理,(汉)高诱注,(宋)姚宏续注.钦定四库全书史部战国策[M].钦定四库全书本.上海:上海古籍出版社, 1987.
[48](西汉)刘向.战国策(上)[M].上海:上海古籍出版社, 1978:389.
[49]陈奇猷校释.吕氏春秋校释(下)[M].上海:学林出版社,1984.
[50]夏纬瑛校释.吕氏春秋上农等四篇校释[M].北京:中华书局,1956:61.
[51](汉)司马迁.史记[M].北京:中华书局, 1963.
[52]国家文物局古文献研究室编.马王堆汉墓帛书(叁)[M].北京:文物出版社, 1980:17.
[53](宋)丁度.集韵(下)[M].北京:中国书店, 1983:1517.
[54](清)邵瑛.说文解字群经正字[M].卷十二17.
[55](西晋)郭象注,(唐)成玄英疏,(清)黎庶昌校刊.古逸丛书17影宋本庄子注疏[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社, 2002:3.
[56]王叔岷.中央研究院历史语言研究所专刊之八十八庄子校诠(上册)[M].台北:台湾商务印书馆, 1988:106.
[57]黄龙祥.中国针灸学术史大纲[M].北京:华夏出版社, 2001:182.
[58]高式国.针灸穴名解[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1928:82.
[2](清)张隐菴集注.黄帝内经灵枢集注[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社, 1958.
[3]日本丹波元简.灵枢识[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社, 1959.
[4]张珍玉.灵枢经语释[M].济南:山东科学技术出版社, 1983.
[5]郭霭春.黄帝内经灵枢校注语译[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社, 1989.
[6]张烂玾,徐国仟.针灸甲乙经校注(上)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社, 1996.
[7]重广补注黄帝内经素问[M].明顾从德影印本.北京:人民卫生出版社, 1956.
[8]黄帝素问灵枢经[M].明赵府居敬堂刊本加句影印本.北京:人民卫生出版社, 1956.
[9](隋)杨上善.东洋医学善本丛书仁和寺本黄帝内经太素[M].日本仁和寺原抄古卷子本影印.东洋医学研究会, 1981.
[10](隋)杨上善撰注,(清)袁昶校注.黄帝内经太素(附遗文内经明堂)[M].清光绪23年(公元1897年)通隐堂刊刻的袁昶氏渐西村舍汇刊丛书本.上海:商务印书馆, 1935.
[11]张灿玾.黄帝内经文献研究[M].上海:上海中医药大学出版社, 2005.
[12](隋)杨上善撰注,(清)萧延平校注.黄帝内经太素[M].影印本.北京:人民卫生出版社, 1955.
[13]施歆民.日本仁和寺所藏《太素》影修举正[J].中医杂志,1991(4):57.
[14](隋)杨上善撰注,(民国)刘震鋆校订,杨明济补注.黄帝内经太素补注[M].武汉:余生印刷社, 1935.
[15](隋)杨上善撰注,钱超尘、李云校正.日本仁和寺原抄古卷子本《黄帝内经太素》新校正[M].北京:学苑出版社, 2006.
[16](明)吴崐注.吴注黄帝内经素问[M].明万历37年己酉(公元1609)石室刻本. 1609.
[17]冷玉龙,韦一心.中华字海(上)[M].2版.北京:中国友谊出版公司, 2000:174.
[18](清)阮元.经籍纂诂(下)[M].北京:中华书局, 1982:2088.
[19]日本丹波元简.素问识[M].北京:人民卫生出版社, 1955:282.
[20](清)戈颂平.黄帝内经素问指归[M].长春中医药大学图书馆馆藏影抄本.北京:中医古籍出版社, 2008:430.
[21](明)张自烈,(清)廖文英撰.正字通[M].北京:中国工人出版社,1996.
[22](清)张隐菴集注.黄帝内经素问集注[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社, 1959.
[23](清)马元台原本,(清)高士宗增注.黄帝内经素问直解[M].三余堂梓刊.
[24](晋)皇甫谧著.针灸甲乙经[M].明医统正脉影印本.北京:人民卫生出版社, 1956.
[25](晋)皇甫谧著,刘衡如校.针灸甲乙经[M].2版.北京:人民卫生出版社, 1962:48-51, 140.
[26](晋)皇甫谧著,黄龙祥校注.黄帝针灸甲乙经(新校本)[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社, 1990:117-124, 294.
[27](晋)皇甫谧撰,鲁兆麟主校.针灸甲乙经[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社, 1997:19-20, 53.
[28]刘衡如校.《灵枢经》校勘本[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1964:78-84.
[29]胡天雄.素问补识[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社, 1991:369.
[30]郭霭春.黄帝内经素问校注语译[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社, 1981:356.
[31]段逸山.《素问》全元起本研究与辑复[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社, 2001:76.
[32](隋)杨上善.黄帝内经太素[M].影印本.北京:人民卫生出版社, 1955:黄帝内经太素例言8.
[33]张固也,张世磊.杨上善生平考据新证[J].中医文献杂志,2008(5):1-4.
[34]中国大百科全书总编辑委员会编.中国大百科全书图书馆学·情报学·档案学[M].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,2002:94.
[35]黄征.敦煌俗字典[M].上海:上海教育出版社, 2005:584.
[36](唐)张参.五经文字(《钦定四库全书荟要经部》)[M].摛藻堂本.
[37](梁)顾野王撰,(唐)孙强增字,(宋)陈彭年重修.大广益会玉篇[M].张氏泽存堂影印本.北京:中华书局, 1987.
[38]国家文物局古文献研究室编.马王堆汉墓帛书壹[M].北京:文物出版社, 1980:《老子乙本及卷前古佚书》图版一五七下.
[39]马王堆汉墓帛书整理小组编.马王堆汉墓帛书叁[M].北京:文物出版社, 1983:《春秋事语》图版八二.
[40]甘肃省博物馆,中国科学院考古研究所.考古学专刊乙种第十二号《武威汉简》[M].北京:文物出版社, 1964.
[41]薛元明.历代碑帖精粹《汉史晨碑》[M].合肥:安徽美术出版社, 2015:35.
[42]鲁仁.中国古代工具书丛编5释名方言笺疏续方言玉篇匡谬正俗干禄字书[M].天津:天津古籍出版社, 1999:834.
[43](辽)释·行均.龙龛手镜[M].影印本.北京:中华书局, 1985.
[44](汉)许慎撰,(清)段玉裁注.说文解字注[M].2版.经韵楼藏板.上海:上海古籍出版社, 1988:431.
[45]吴倩倩.副词“却”的历史发展[D].广州:暨南大学, 2010.
[46]唐作藩.上古音手册(增订本)[M].北京:中华书局,2013:131,168.
[47](西汉)刘向整理,(汉)高诱注,(宋)姚宏续注.钦定四库全书史部战国策[M].钦定四库全书本.上海:上海古籍出版社, 1987.
[48](西汉)刘向.战国策(上)[M].上海:上海古籍出版社, 1978:389.
[49]陈奇猷校释.吕氏春秋校释(下)[M].上海:学林出版社,1984.
[50]夏纬瑛校释.吕氏春秋上农等四篇校释[M].北京:中华书局,1956:61.
[51](汉)司马迁.史记[M].北京:中华书局, 1963.
[52]国家文物局古文献研究室编.马王堆汉墓帛书(叁)[M].北京:文物出版社, 1980:17.
[53](宋)丁度.集韵(下)[M].北京:中国书店, 1983:1517.
[54](清)邵瑛.说文解字群经正字[M].卷十二17.
[55](西晋)郭象注,(唐)成玄英疏,(清)黎庶昌校刊.古逸丛书17影宋本庄子注疏[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社, 2002:3.
[56]王叔岷.中央研究院历史语言研究所专刊之八十八庄子校诠(上册)[M].台北:台湾商务印书馆, 1988:106.
[57]黄龙祥.中国针灸学术史大纲[M].北京:华夏出版社, 2001:182.
[58]高式国.针灸穴名解[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1928:82.