基于TCLP法的钼矿区周边农田土壤重金属风险评价
|
摘要
【目的】明确福建省某钼矿区周边农田土壤重金属和钼含量及其风险,为钼矿区周边土壤的安全利用提供依据。【方法】于2018年8月在钼矿区周边采集10个表层(0～20cm)土壤样品,测定了Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cu和Mo等7种元素的全量和TCLP(Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure)提取量,并基于此进行了评价。【结果】调查区域7种重金属元素含量均大于福建省土壤环境背景值的规定,10个采样点土壤Cd、Zn和Cu含量均超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值的规定,Mo的含量均大于安全阈值规定,超标率达100%。基于TCLP法评价的钼矿区土壤重金属存在的风险主要是由Cd、Pb和Mo元素引起的。采用内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果表明,调查区域土壤处于轻度污染以上等级的达到60%,随着离矿口距离的增加,污染程度越低。【结论】钼矿区周边土壤存在一定的重金属污染,TCLP提取的Cd、Pb和Mo存在较高的风险,离矿口越近的土壤污染风险越严重。
【Objective】Heavy metals and molybdenum(Mo)in the soil at farmlands around a Mo-mining area in Fujian were determined to assess the environmental pollution and health risk.【Method】Soil samples at depth of 0-20 cm were collected for analysis at the farms close to a Mo-mine in August 2018.The total,as well as the TCLP(Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure)extracted,Cd,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cu and Mo were determined for the assessment.【Result】All of the Cd,Cu,Cr,Ni,Pb,Zn and Mo contents in the soil samples exceeded the provincial environmental limits.The total Cd,Zn and Cu contents in soil at 10 of the sampling lots exceeded the thresholds for agricultural land use,according to the Environmental Quality Standard for Soil.The Mo contents at all sites were higher than the safety limit.Data on the TCLP-extracted Cd,Pb and Mo indicated that these elements were of major risk concerns.The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index on soil showed that 60%of the sites were moderately polluted and that the farther away from the mine,the lower the degree of contamination of the land.【Conclusion】Pollution by heavy metals in the soil was evident at the surveyed areas.Relatively,Cd,Pb and Mo posed a greater health risk than other heavy metals for the farmlands nearby the Mo-mine.The soil pollution tended to be more severe at the farms closer to the mine.
【Objective】Heavy metals and molybdenum(Mo)in the soil at farmlands around a Mo-mining area in Fujian were determined to assess the environmental pollution and health risk.【Method】Soil samples at depth of 0-20 cm were collected for analysis at the farms close to a Mo-mine in August 2018.The total,as well as the TCLP(Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure)extracted,Cd,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cu and Mo were determined for the assessment.【Result】All of the Cd,Cu,Cr,Ni,Pb,Zn and Mo contents in the soil samples exceeded the provincial environmental limits.The total Cd,Zn and Cu contents in soil at 10 of the sampling lots exceeded the thresholds for agricultural land use,according to the Environmental Quality Standard for Soil.The Mo contents at all sites were higher than the safety limit.Data on the TCLP-extracted Cd,Pb and Mo indicated that these elements were of major risk concerns.The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index on soil showed that 60%of the sites were moderately polluted and that the farther away from the mine,the lower the degree of contamination of the land.【Conclusion】Pollution by heavy metals in the soil was evident at the surveyed areas.Relatively,Cd,Pb and Mo posed a greater health risk than other heavy metals for the farmlands nearby the Mo-mine.The soil pollution tended to be more severe at the farms closer to the mine.
引文
[1]GESTEL C A M V,BORGMAN E,VERWEIJ R A,et al.The influence of soil properties on the toxicity of molybdenum to three species of soil invertebrates[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2011,74(1):1-9.(in Chinese)
[2]于常武,周立岱,陈国伟.钼污染物的产生及在环境中的迁移[J].化工环保,2008,28(5):413-417.YU C W, ZHOU L D, CHEN G W. Generation of molybdenum pollutant and its transportation in environment[J].Environmental Protection of Chemical Industry,2008,28(5):413-417.(in Chinese)
[3]曲皎,王红雨,袁星,等.钼矿尾矿区蔬菜地土壤中重金属含量分析与生态风险预警评估[J].安全与环境学报,2008,8(2):76-79.QU J,WANG H Y,YUAN X,et al.Heavy metal content and the ecological risk warning assessment of the vegetable land-soil near the tailing areas of molybdenum ore[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2008,8(2):76-79.(in Chinese)
[4]肖振林,曲蛟,丛俏.杨家杖子钼矿区周边果园土壤和水果中重金属污染评价[J].吉林农业科学,2011,36(3):58-60.XIAO Z L,QU J,CONG Q,et al.Assessment of heavy metal pollution in orchard soil and fruits around molybdenum mining area of Yangjiazhangzi[J].Journal of Jilin Agricultural Sciences,2011,36(3):58-60.(in Chinese)
[5]贾婷,贾洋洋,余淑娟,等.闽东某钼矿周边农田土壤钼和重金属的污染状况[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(1):45-49.JIA T,JIA Y Y,YU S J,et al.Pollution of molybdenum and heavy metals of the soils and rice near a molybdenum mining site in eastern Fujian[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(1):45-49.(in Chinese)
[6]CHANG E E,CHANG P C,LU P H,et al.Comparisons of metal leachability for various wastes by extraction and leaching methods[J].Chemosphere,2001,45(1):91-99.
[7]ALPASLAN B, YUKSELEN M A. Remediation of lead contaminated soils by stabilization/solidification[J].Water Air and Soil Poll,2002,133(1-4):253-263.(in Chinese)
[8]陈璐,文方,程艳,等.铅锌尾矿中重金属形态分布与毒性浸出特征研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(3):89-94.CHEN L, WEN F,CHENG Y,et al.Characteristics of speciation distribution and toxicity leaching of heavy metals in Pb-Zn tailings[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(3):89-94.(in Chinese)
[9]王丰,李润东,李彦龙,等.污泥飞灰中重金属不同浸出方法比较及综合毒性评价[J].环境科学,2018,39(1):292-299.WANG F,LI R D,LI Y L,et al.Comparison of different leaching methods for heavy metals in sludge fly ash and comprehensive toxicity evaluation[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(1):292-299.(in Chinese)
[10]孙叶芳,谢正苗,徐建明,等.TCLP法评价矿区土壤重金属的生态环境风险[J].环境科学,2005,26(3):152-156.SUN Y F,XIE Z M,XU J M,et al.Assessment of toxicity of heavy metal contaminated soils by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure[J].Chinese Journal of Envieonmental Science,2005,26(3):152-156.(in Chinese)
[11]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].第3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2005:154-159.BAO S D.Soil Agricultural Chemistry Analysis(3rd edition)[M].Beijing:Chinese Agricultural Press,2005:154-159.(in Chinese)
[12]中华人民共和国环境保护部.土壤和沉积物12种元素的测定-王水提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法:HJ 803-2016[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2016.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People′s Republic of China.Determination of 12elements in soil and sedimentaqua regia extraction-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry:HJ 803-2016[S]. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2016.(in Chinese)
[13]STARK S C,SNAPE I,GRAHAM N J,et al.Assessment of metal contamination using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP)during remediation of a waste disposal site in Antarctica[J].Journal Environmental Monitoring,2008,10(1):60-70.(in Chinese)
[14]刘春早,黄益宗,雷鸣,等.重金属污染评价方法(TCLP)评价资江流域土壤重金属生态风险[J].环境化学,2011,30(9):1582-1589.LIU C Z,HUANG Y Z,LEI M,et al.Assessment of ecological risks of heavy metal contaminated soils in the Zijiang river region by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure[J].Environmental Chemistry,2011,30(9):1582-1589.(in Chinese)
[15]丛俏,袁星,曲蛟,等.钼矿区周边农田土壤中重金属污染状况的分析与评价[J].中国环境监测,2009,25(1):47-51.CONG Q, YUAN X, QU J,et al. The analysis and assessment on the pollution condition of heavy metals in the soil in the farmland around the molybdenum ore areas[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2009,25(1):47-51.(in Chinese)
[16]中华人民共和国环境保护局.土壤环境监测技术规范:HJ/166-2004[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.General administration of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China.Technical specifications for soil environmental monitoring:HJ/166-2004[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2005.(in Chinese)
[17]陈振金,陈春秀,刘用清,等.福建省土壤环境背景值研究[J].环境科学,1992,13(4):70-76.CHEN Z J,CHEN C X,LIU Y Q,et al.Study on background value of soil in Fujian Province.Environmental Science,1992,13(4):70-76.(in Chinese)
[18]中华人民共和国生态环境部.土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行):GB 15618-2018[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2018.Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China.Soil environmental quality standard for risk control of soil pollution in agricultural land(trial implementation):GB 15618-2018[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,2018.(in Chinese)
[19]FEDERAL R.Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure[M].U.S.EPA,1986:1-35.(in Chinese)
[20]福建省农业厅.福建省农产品产地土壤重金属污染程度的分级:DB35/T 859-2016[S].福州:福建省质量技术监督局,2016.Fujian Provincial Department of Agriculture.Classification of heavy metal pollution degree in soil of producing area of agricultural products in Fujian province:DB35/T 859-2016[S]. Fuzhou:Fujian Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision,2016.(in Chinese)
[21]曲蛟,马振宇,丛俏,等.钼矿区交通运输干线周边菜地土壤重金属污染分析与评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(1):178-181.QU J,MA Z Y,CONG Q,et al.Analysis and assessment on the heavy metals pollution in vegetable soil around the transportation skeleton line in molybdenum ore areas[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(1):178-181.(in Chinese)
[22]曲蛟,袁星,丛俏,等.钼矿区选矿场周边农田土壤重金属污染状况分析与评价[J].生态环境,2008,17(2):677-681.QU J,YUAN X,CONG Q,et al.Analysis and assessment on the pollution condition of heavy metals in the soil in the farmland around the collection areas of molybdenum ore[J].Ecology and Environment,2018,17(2):677-681.(in Chinese)
[23]毛香菊,马亚梦,邹安华,等.内蒙古草原某铜钼矿区土壤重金属污染特征研究[J].环境科学与技术,2016,39(06):156-161,173.MAO X J,MA Y M,ZOU A H,et al.Characteristics of heavy metals in soils from a copper-molybdenum mining area of grassland in Inner Mongolia[J].Environmental Science &Technology,2016,39(6):156-161,173.(in Chinese)
[24]RUAN X,ZHANG G, NI L,et al. Distribution and migration of heavy metals in undistributed forest soils:A high resolution sampling method[J].Pedosphere,2008,18(3):386-393.
[25]QIAN G R,CHEN W,LIM T T,et al.In-situ stabilization of Pb,Zn, Cu, Cd and Ni in the multi-contaminated sediments with ferrihydrite and apatite composite additives[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,170(2-3):1093-1100.(in Chinese)
[26]窦智勇,程建华,周平,等.基于总量及有效态的铜陵矿区农田土壤重金属生态风险评价[J].环境污染与防治,2015,37(11):6-10.DOU Z Y,CHENG J H,ZHOU P,et al.Eologocal risk assessment based on total and available content of heavy metals in farmland soil of Tongling mining area[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2015,37(11):6-10.(in Chinese)
[2]于常武,周立岱,陈国伟.钼污染物的产生及在环境中的迁移[J].化工环保,2008,28(5):413-417.YU C W, ZHOU L D, CHEN G W. Generation of molybdenum pollutant and its transportation in environment[J].Environmental Protection of Chemical Industry,2008,28(5):413-417.(in Chinese)
[3]曲皎,王红雨,袁星,等.钼矿尾矿区蔬菜地土壤中重金属含量分析与生态风险预警评估[J].安全与环境学报,2008,8(2):76-79.QU J,WANG H Y,YUAN X,et al.Heavy metal content and the ecological risk warning assessment of the vegetable land-soil near the tailing areas of molybdenum ore[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2008,8(2):76-79.(in Chinese)
[4]肖振林,曲蛟,丛俏.杨家杖子钼矿区周边果园土壤和水果中重金属污染评价[J].吉林农业科学,2011,36(3):58-60.XIAO Z L,QU J,CONG Q,et al.Assessment of heavy metal pollution in orchard soil and fruits around molybdenum mining area of Yangjiazhangzi[J].Journal of Jilin Agricultural Sciences,2011,36(3):58-60.(in Chinese)
[5]贾婷,贾洋洋,余淑娟,等.闽东某钼矿周边农田土壤钼和重金属的污染状况[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(1):45-49.JIA T,JIA Y Y,YU S J,et al.Pollution of molybdenum and heavy metals of the soils and rice near a molybdenum mining site in eastern Fujian[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(1):45-49.(in Chinese)
[6]CHANG E E,CHANG P C,LU P H,et al.Comparisons of metal leachability for various wastes by extraction and leaching methods[J].Chemosphere,2001,45(1):91-99.
[7]ALPASLAN B, YUKSELEN M A. Remediation of lead contaminated soils by stabilization/solidification[J].Water Air and Soil Poll,2002,133(1-4):253-263.(in Chinese)
[8]陈璐,文方,程艳,等.铅锌尾矿中重金属形态分布与毒性浸出特征研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(3):89-94.CHEN L, WEN F,CHENG Y,et al.Characteristics of speciation distribution and toxicity leaching of heavy metals in Pb-Zn tailings[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(3):89-94.(in Chinese)
[9]王丰,李润东,李彦龙,等.污泥飞灰中重金属不同浸出方法比较及综合毒性评价[J].环境科学,2018,39(1):292-299.WANG F,LI R D,LI Y L,et al.Comparison of different leaching methods for heavy metals in sludge fly ash and comprehensive toxicity evaluation[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(1):292-299.(in Chinese)
[10]孙叶芳,谢正苗,徐建明,等.TCLP法评价矿区土壤重金属的生态环境风险[J].环境科学,2005,26(3):152-156.SUN Y F,XIE Z M,XU J M,et al.Assessment of toxicity of heavy metal contaminated soils by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure[J].Chinese Journal of Envieonmental Science,2005,26(3):152-156.(in Chinese)
[11]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].第3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2005:154-159.BAO S D.Soil Agricultural Chemistry Analysis(3rd edition)[M].Beijing:Chinese Agricultural Press,2005:154-159.(in Chinese)
[12]中华人民共和国环境保护部.土壤和沉积物12种元素的测定-王水提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法:HJ 803-2016[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2016.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People′s Republic of China.Determination of 12elements in soil and sedimentaqua regia extraction-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry:HJ 803-2016[S]. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2016.(in Chinese)
[13]STARK S C,SNAPE I,GRAHAM N J,et al.Assessment of metal contamination using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP)during remediation of a waste disposal site in Antarctica[J].Journal Environmental Monitoring,2008,10(1):60-70.(in Chinese)
[14]刘春早,黄益宗,雷鸣,等.重金属污染评价方法(TCLP)评价资江流域土壤重金属生态风险[J].环境化学,2011,30(9):1582-1589.LIU C Z,HUANG Y Z,LEI M,et al.Assessment of ecological risks of heavy metal contaminated soils in the Zijiang river region by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure[J].Environmental Chemistry,2011,30(9):1582-1589.(in Chinese)
[15]丛俏,袁星,曲蛟,等.钼矿区周边农田土壤中重金属污染状况的分析与评价[J].中国环境监测,2009,25(1):47-51.CONG Q, YUAN X, QU J,et al. The analysis and assessment on the pollution condition of heavy metals in the soil in the farmland around the molybdenum ore areas[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2009,25(1):47-51.(in Chinese)
[16]中华人民共和国环境保护局.土壤环境监测技术规范:HJ/166-2004[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.General administration of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China.Technical specifications for soil environmental monitoring:HJ/166-2004[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2005.(in Chinese)
[17]陈振金,陈春秀,刘用清,等.福建省土壤环境背景值研究[J].环境科学,1992,13(4):70-76.CHEN Z J,CHEN C X,LIU Y Q,et al.Study on background value of soil in Fujian Province.Environmental Science,1992,13(4):70-76.(in Chinese)
[18]中华人民共和国生态环境部.土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行):GB 15618-2018[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2018.Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China.Soil environmental quality standard for risk control of soil pollution in agricultural land(trial implementation):GB 15618-2018[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,2018.(in Chinese)
[19]FEDERAL R.Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure[M].U.S.EPA,1986:1-35.(in Chinese)
[20]福建省农业厅.福建省农产品产地土壤重金属污染程度的分级:DB35/T 859-2016[S].福州:福建省质量技术监督局,2016.Fujian Provincial Department of Agriculture.Classification of heavy metal pollution degree in soil of producing area of agricultural products in Fujian province:DB35/T 859-2016[S]. Fuzhou:Fujian Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision,2016.(in Chinese)
[21]曲蛟,马振宇,丛俏,等.钼矿区交通运输干线周边菜地土壤重金属污染分析与评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(1):178-181.QU J,MA Z Y,CONG Q,et al.Analysis and assessment on the heavy metals pollution in vegetable soil around the transportation skeleton line in molybdenum ore areas[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(1):178-181.(in Chinese)
[22]曲蛟,袁星,丛俏,等.钼矿区选矿场周边农田土壤重金属污染状况分析与评价[J].生态环境,2008,17(2):677-681.QU J,YUAN X,CONG Q,et al.Analysis and assessment on the pollution condition of heavy metals in the soil in the farmland around the collection areas of molybdenum ore[J].Ecology and Environment,2018,17(2):677-681.(in Chinese)
[23]毛香菊,马亚梦,邹安华,等.内蒙古草原某铜钼矿区土壤重金属污染特征研究[J].环境科学与技术,2016,39(06):156-161,173.MAO X J,MA Y M,ZOU A H,et al.Characteristics of heavy metals in soils from a copper-molybdenum mining area of grassland in Inner Mongolia[J].Environmental Science &Technology,2016,39(6):156-161,173.(in Chinese)
[24]RUAN X,ZHANG G, NI L,et al. Distribution and migration of heavy metals in undistributed forest soils:A high resolution sampling method[J].Pedosphere,2008,18(3):386-393.
[25]QIAN G R,CHEN W,LIM T T,et al.In-situ stabilization of Pb,Zn, Cu, Cd and Ni in the multi-contaminated sediments with ferrihydrite and apatite composite additives[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,170(2-3):1093-1100.(in Chinese)
[26]窦智勇,程建华,周平,等.基于总量及有效态的铜陵矿区农田土壤重金属生态风险评价[J].环境污染与防治,2015,37(11):6-10.DOU Z Y,CHENG J H,ZHOU P,et al.Eologocal risk assessment based on total and available content of heavy metals in farmland soil of Tongling mining area[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2015,37(11):6-10.(in Chinese)