不同饱水度花岗岩的真三轴岩爆试验研究
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摘要
利用真三轴岩爆试验系统,开展了不同饱水度红色粗晶花岗岩的岩爆试验,分析了不同饱水度下岩爆破坏岩样的强度与变形特征、破坏与弹射特征、声发射特性等,探讨了岩石饱水度与岩爆弹射动能的定量关系以及水对岩爆的影响机制。研究结果表明:(1)当岩样的相对饱水度超过0.3,其峰值应力和屈服应力较天然状态的明显降低;(2)岩样饱水度的增加使得岩爆过程中小颗粒弹射减少、小岩片剥落增多、岩板外鼓现象减弱,且岩爆坑体积减小、岩爆碎块的粒径分布由连续分布变为不连续分布;(3)随饱水度的增加,岩爆发生前夕声发射撞击数显著下降的平静期的总历时呈缩短趋势,岩爆发生时刻的声发射撞击数呈增大趋势,且累积绝对能量呈减小趋势、能量释放速度呈放缓趋势,表明岩样塑性破坏特性有所增强;(4)岩爆弹射动能随饱水度的增大而显著减小,二者呈单调线性的负相关关系,水对岩石的作用主要是软化和水楔作用,水的黏性也会对碎块弹射产生影响。
The rockburst experiments were conducted on red coarse-grain granites with different water saturations by using true triaxial rockburst test system. Then this study analyzed the characteristics of strength and deformation, damage and ejection process,failure mode and acoustic emission(AE) of rock specimens after rockburst with different water saturations. The relationship between the water saturation and kinetic energy of rockburst ejection and the influence mechanism of water on rockburst were discussed as well. The results showed that when the water saturation of specimens exceeded 0.3, the peak stress and yield stress of the specimens were significantly lower than those of natural specimens. With the increasing of water saturation, the ejecting behavior of small particles decreased, the spalling behavior of small rock slices increased, and the bulging behavior of rock plates weakened during the process of rockburst. Moreover, the volume of rockburst pits decreased, and the particle-size distribution of rockburst fragments became discontinuous. With the increasing of water saturation, the duration of ‘quiet period' decreased, in which AE impact number dropped significantly before rockburst. Besides, the AE impact number increased at the moment of rockburst, while the accumulated absolute energy and the energy release rate declined, which indicated that the plastic failure of specimen enhanced. The rockburst kinetic energy of specimens decreased obviously with the increasing of water saturation, which exhibited a monotonous linear relationship between the kinetic energy and water saturation. Water mainly showed softening and water wedge effects on rock, and the viscosity of water also affected the ejection of rock fragments.
The rockburst experiments were conducted on red coarse-grain granites with different water saturations by using true triaxial rockburst test system. Then this study analyzed the characteristics of strength and deformation, damage and ejection process,failure mode and acoustic emission(AE) of rock specimens after rockburst with different water saturations. The relationship between the water saturation and kinetic energy of rockburst ejection and the influence mechanism of water on rockburst were discussed as well. The results showed that when the water saturation of specimens exceeded 0.3, the peak stress and yield stress of the specimens were significantly lower than those of natural specimens. With the increasing of water saturation, the ejecting behavior of small particles decreased, the spalling behavior of small rock slices increased, and the bulging behavior of rock plates weakened during the process of rockburst. Moreover, the volume of rockburst pits decreased, and the particle-size distribution of rockburst fragments became discontinuous. With the increasing of water saturation, the duration of ‘quiet period' decreased, in which AE impact number dropped significantly before rockburst. Besides, the AE impact number increased at the moment of rockburst, while the accumulated absolute energy and the energy release rate declined, which indicated that the plastic failure of specimen enhanced. The rockburst kinetic energy of specimens decreased obviously with the increasing of water saturation, which exhibited a monotonous linear relationship between the kinetic energy and water saturation. Water mainly showed softening and water wedge effects on rock, and the viscosity of water also affected the ejection of rock fragments.
引文
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[13]李健,张艳博,刘祥鑫,等.不同含水状态下花岗岩岩爆模拟声发射实验研究[J].金属矿山,2014,43(4):53-59.LI Jian,ZHANG Yan-bo,LIU Xiang-xin,et al.Experimental study of simulated acoustic emission of granites rock burst under different moisture state[J].Metal Mine,2014,43(4):53-59.
[14]王亚东,张艳博,田宝柱,等.饱水花岗岩巷道岩爆声发射时序特性实验研究[J].煤矿开采,2016,21(1):12-17.WANG Ya-dong,ZHANG Yan-bo,TIAN Bao-zhu,et al.Experimental research on ae temporal sequences property of rockburst in roadway with saturated granite[J].Coal Mining Technology,2016,21(1):12-17.
[15]SUN X M,XU H C,ZHEGN L G,et al.An experimental investigation on acoustic emission characteristics of sandstone rockburst with different moisture contents[J].Science China Technological Sciences,2016,59(10):1-10.
[16]SU G S,FENG X T,WANG J H,et al.Experimental study of remotely triggered rockburst induced by a tunnel axial dynamic disturbance under true-triaxial conditions[J].Rock Mechanics&Rock Engineering,2017,50(8):2207-2226.
[17]SU G S,SHI Y J,FENG X T,et al.True-triaxial experimental study of the evolutionary features of the acoustic emissions and sounds of rockburst processes[J].Rock Mechanics&Rock Engineering,2018,51(2):375-389.
[18]长江水利委员会长江科学院.SL264-2001水利水电工程岩石试验规程[S].北京:水利水电出版社,2001.Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute of Changjiang Water Resources Commission.SL264-2001Specifications for rock tests in water conservancy and hydroelectric engineering[S].Beijing:China Water&Power Press,2001.
[19]SU G S,CHEN Z Y,JU J W,et al.Influence of temperature on the strainburst characteristics of granite under true triaxial loading conditions[J].Engineering Geology,2017,222:38-52.
[20]张志镇,高峰,徐小丽.花岗岩力学特性的温度效应试验研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(8):2346-2352.ZHANG Zhi-zhen,GAO Feng,XU Xiao-li.Experimental study of temperature effect of mechanical properties of granite[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(8):2346-2352.
[21]何满潮,周莉,李德建,等.深井泥岩吸水特性试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(6):1113-1120.HE Man-chao,ZHOU Li,LI De-jian,et al.Experimental research on hydrophilic characteristic of mudstone in deep well[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(6):1113-1120.
[22]王斌,李夕兵,尹土兵,等.饱水砂岩动态强度的SHPB试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(5):1003-1009.WANG Bin,LI Xi-bing,YIN Tu-bing,et al.Split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)experiments on dynamic strength of water-saturated sandstone[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(5):1003-1009.
[23]苏国韶,莫金海,陈智勇,等.支护失效对岩爆弹射破坏影响的真三轴试验研究[J].岩土力学,2017,38(5):1243-1250.SU Guo-shao,MO Jin-hai,CHEN Zhi-yong,et al.True triaxial test study of the influence of support failure on rockburst ejection[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(5):1243-1250.
[24]SU G S,ZHAI S B,JIANG J Q,et al.Influence of radial stress gradient on strainbursts:an experimental study[J].Rock Mechanics&Rock Engineering,2017,50(10):2659-2676.
[25]SU G S,JIANG J Q,ZHAI S B,et al.Influence of tunnel axis stress on strainburst:an experimental study[J].Rock Mechanics&Rock Engineering,2017,50(6):1551-1567.
[26]王海龙,李庆斌.饱和混凝土静动力抗压强度变化的细观力学机理[J].水利学报,2006,37(8):958-962.WANG Hai-long,LI Qing-bin.Micro-mechanism of static dynamic strengths for saturated concrete[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2006,37(8):958-962.
[27]ZHANG Z,GAO F.Experimental investigation on the energy evolution of dry and water-saturated red sandstones[J].International Journal of Mining Science and Technology,2015,25(3):383-388.
[2]张传庆,卢景景,陈珺,等.岩爆倾向性指标及其相互关系探讨[J].岩土力学,2017,38(5):1397-1404.ZHANG Chuan-qing,LU Jing-jing,CHEN Jun,et al.Discussion on rock burst proneness indexes and their relation[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(5):1397-1404.
[3]ORTLEPP W D.Rock fracture and rockbursts[M].Johannesburg:SAIMM,1997.
[4]谷明成,何发亮,陈成宗.秦岭隧道岩爆的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(9):1324-1329.GU Ming-cheng,HE Fa-liang,CHEN Cheng-zong.Study on rockburst in Qingling tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(9):1324-1329.
[5]FRID V.Electromagnetic radiation method water-infusion control in rockburst-prone strata[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2000,43(1):5-13.
[6]邵明申,李黎,李最雄.龙游石窟砂岩在不同含水状态下的弹性波速与力学性能[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(增刊2):3514-3518.SHAO Ming-shen,LI Li,LI Zui-xiong.Elastic wave velocity and mechanical properties of sandstone under different water contents at Longyou grottoes[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(Suppl.2):3514-3518.
[7]张春会,赵全胜.饱水度对砂岩模量及强度影响的三轴试验[J].岩土力学,2014,35(4):951-958.ZHANG Chun-hui,ZHAO Quan-sheng.Triaxial tests of effects of varied saturations on strength and modulus for sandstone[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(4):951-958.
[8]冒海军,杨春和,黄小兰,等.不同含水条件下板岩力学实验研究与理论分析[J].岩土力学,2006,27(9):1637-1642.MAO Hai-jun,YANG Chun-he,HUANG Xiao-lan,et al.Experiment study and theoretical analysis of slate under different saturated conditions[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2006,27(9):1637-1642.
[9]杨春和,冒海军,王学潮,等.板岩遇水软化的微观结构及力学特性研究[J].岩土力学,2006,27(12):2090-2098.YANG Chun-he,MAO Hai-jun,WANG Xue-chao,et al.Study on the variation on microstructure and mechanical properties of water-weakening slates[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2006,27(12):2090-2098.
[10]许江,吴慧,陆丽丰,等.不同含水状态下砂岩剪切过程中声发射特性试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(5):914-920.XU Jiang,WU Hui,LU Li-feng,et al.Experimental study of acoustic emission characteristics during shearing process of sandstone under different moisture states[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(5):914-920.
[11]王斌,赵伏军,尹土兵.基于饱水岩石静动力学试验的水防治屈曲型岩爆分析[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(12):1863-1869.WANG Bin,ZHAO Fu-jun,YIN Tu-bing.Analysis on prevention of buckling rockburst with water based on statics and dynamics experiments on water-saturated rock[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2011,33(12):1863-1869.
[12]张艳博,李占金.水对大理岩岩爆影响的模拟实验研究[J].河北理工学院学报,2007,29(1):1-3.ZHANG Yan-bo,LI Zhan-jin.Simulation experimental study on the effect of water on the marble rockburst[J].Journal of Hebei Institute of Technology,2007,29(1):1-3.
[13]李健,张艳博,刘祥鑫,等.不同含水状态下花岗岩岩爆模拟声发射实验研究[J].金属矿山,2014,43(4):53-59.LI Jian,ZHANG Yan-bo,LIU Xiang-xin,et al.Experimental study of simulated acoustic emission of granites rock burst under different moisture state[J].Metal Mine,2014,43(4):53-59.
[14]王亚东,张艳博,田宝柱,等.饱水花岗岩巷道岩爆声发射时序特性实验研究[J].煤矿开采,2016,21(1):12-17.WANG Ya-dong,ZHANG Yan-bo,TIAN Bao-zhu,et al.Experimental research on ae temporal sequences property of rockburst in roadway with saturated granite[J].Coal Mining Technology,2016,21(1):12-17.
[15]SUN X M,XU H C,ZHEGN L G,et al.An experimental investigation on acoustic emission characteristics of sandstone rockburst with different moisture contents[J].Science China Technological Sciences,2016,59(10):1-10.
[16]SU G S,FENG X T,WANG J H,et al.Experimental study of remotely triggered rockburst induced by a tunnel axial dynamic disturbance under true-triaxial conditions[J].Rock Mechanics&Rock Engineering,2017,50(8):2207-2226.
[17]SU G S,SHI Y J,FENG X T,et al.True-triaxial experimental study of the evolutionary features of the acoustic emissions and sounds of rockburst processes[J].Rock Mechanics&Rock Engineering,2018,51(2):375-389.
[18]长江水利委员会长江科学院.SL264-2001水利水电工程岩石试验规程[S].北京:水利水电出版社,2001.Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute of Changjiang Water Resources Commission.SL264-2001Specifications for rock tests in water conservancy and hydroelectric engineering[S].Beijing:China Water&Power Press,2001.
[19]SU G S,CHEN Z Y,JU J W,et al.Influence of temperature on the strainburst characteristics of granite under true triaxial loading conditions[J].Engineering Geology,2017,222:38-52.
[20]张志镇,高峰,徐小丽.花岗岩力学特性的温度效应试验研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(8):2346-2352.ZHANG Zhi-zhen,GAO Feng,XU Xiao-li.Experimental study of temperature effect of mechanical properties of granite[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(8):2346-2352.
[21]何满潮,周莉,李德建,等.深井泥岩吸水特性试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(6):1113-1120.HE Man-chao,ZHOU Li,LI De-jian,et al.Experimental research on hydrophilic characteristic of mudstone in deep well[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(6):1113-1120.
[22]王斌,李夕兵,尹土兵,等.饱水砂岩动态强度的SHPB试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(5):1003-1009.WANG Bin,LI Xi-bing,YIN Tu-bing,et al.Split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)experiments on dynamic strength of water-saturated sandstone[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(5):1003-1009.
[23]苏国韶,莫金海,陈智勇,等.支护失效对岩爆弹射破坏影响的真三轴试验研究[J].岩土力学,2017,38(5):1243-1250.SU Guo-shao,MO Jin-hai,CHEN Zhi-yong,et al.True triaxial test study of the influence of support failure on rockburst ejection[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(5):1243-1250.
[24]SU G S,ZHAI S B,JIANG J Q,et al.Influence of radial stress gradient on strainbursts:an experimental study[J].Rock Mechanics&Rock Engineering,2017,50(10):2659-2676.
[25]SU G S,JIANG J Q,ZHAI S B,et al.Influence of tunnel axis stress on strainburst:an experimental study[J].Rock Mechanics&Rock Engineering,2017,50(6):1551-1567.
[26]王海龙,李庆斌.饱和混凝土静动力抗压强度变化的细观力学机理[J].水利学报,2006,37(8):958-962.WANG Hai-long,LI Qing-bin.Micro-mechanism of static dynamic strengths for saturated concrete[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2006,37(8):958-962.
[27]ZHANG Z,GAO F.Experimental investigation on the energy evolution of dry and water-saturated red sandstones[J].International Journal of Mining Science and Technology,2015,25(3):383-388.