长江和畅洲江段大型船舶的噪声特征及其对长江江豚的潜在影响
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摘要
长江航运业的快速发展导致长江中船舶数量激增,相应的水体噪声污染可能对同水域的长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)产生一定的负面影响,本研究采用宽频录音设备对长江和畅洲北汊非正式通航江段的各类常见大型船舶(长> 15 m且宽> 5 m)的航行噪声进行了记录,并分析其峰值-峰值声压级强度(SPLp-p)和功率谱密度(PSD)等。结果表明,大型船舶的航行噪声能量分布频率范围较广(> 100 k Hz),但主要集中于中低频(<10 k Hz)部分,各频率(20 Hz～144 k Hz)处的均方根声压级(SPLrms)对环境背景噪声在该频率处的噪声增量范围为3. 7～66. 5 d B。接收到的1/3倍频程声压级(TOL)在各频率处都大于70 d B,在8～140 k Hz频段内都高于长江江豚的听觉阈值。说明大型船舶的航行噪声可能会对长江江豚个体间的声通讯及听觉带来不利影响,如听觉掩盖。
The ever growing number of larger commercial vessels( with length and width over 15 m and 5 m,respectively)in the Yangtze River is becoming increasingly concerning for the conservation of the local Yangtze finless porpoise( Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis). As such,quantification of the noise emissions of these vessels is greatly in need to better understand the potential impact on the Yangtze finless porpoise. By using a broadband sound recording system,we recorded the noise emissions of a variety of large vessels at Zhenjiang region of the Yangtze River and analyzed their acoustic properties,such as peak-to-peak sound pressure level( SPLp-p) and power spectral density( PSD). The results showed that the vessel noise was featured by broadband( > 100 k Hz) and majority of energy was concentrated in frequencies below 10 k Hz. The root-mean-square( RMS) sound pressure levels( SPLrms) of all frequency components were higher than 30 d B re 1μPa and raised the ambient noise levels between 3. 7 d B and 66. 5 d B across frequency bands ranging from20 Hz to 144 k Hz. The recorded one-third octave band sound pressure levels( TOL) for all investigated vessels were higher than 70 d B across all frequencies. The RMS levels of vessel noise were higher than the hearing thresholds of the Yangtze finless porpoise at the frequency range from 8 k Hz to 140 k Hz. These results indicate that the noise emissions from larger vessels may have negative impacts on the communication and hearing of the Yangtze finless porpoise,such as auditory masking.
The ever growing number of larger commercial vessels( with length and width over 15 m and 5 m,respectively)in the Yangtze River is becoming increasingly concerning for the conservation of the local Yangtze finless porpoise( Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis). As such,quantification of the noise emissions of these vessels is greatly in need to better understand the potential impact on the Yangtze finless porpoise. By using a broadband sound recording system,we recorded the noise emissions of a variety of large vessels at Zhenjiang region of the Yangtze River and analyzed their acoustic properties,such as peak-to-peak sound pressure level( SPLp-p) and power spectral density( PSD). The results showed that the vessel noise was featured by broadband( > 100 k Hz) and majority of energy was concentrated in frequencies below 10 k Hz. The root-mean-square( RMS) sound pressure levels( SPLrms) of all frequency components were higher than 30 d B re 1μPa and raised the ambient noise levels between 3. 7 d B and 66. 5 d B across frequency bands ranging from20 Hz to 144 k Hz. The recorded one-third octave band sound pressure levels( TOL) for all investigated vessels were higher than 70 d B across all frequencies. The RMS levels of vessel noise were higher than the hearing thresholds of the Yangtze finless porpoise at the frequency range from 8 k Hz to 140 k Hz. These results indicate that the noise emissions from larger vessels may have negative impacts on the communication and hearing of the Yangtze finless porpoise,such as auditory masking.
引文
Bailey H,Senior B,Simmons D,Rusin J,Picken G,Thompson P M.2010.Assessing underwater noise levels during pile-driving at an offshore windfarm and its potential effects on marine mammals.Marine Pollution Bulletin,60(6):888-897.
Brumm H.2013.Animal Communication and Noise.Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag Berlin,251-267.
Dazey E,Mc Intosh B,Brown S,Dudzinski K M.2012.Assessment of underwater anthropogenic noise associatedwith construction activitiesin Bechers Bay,Santa Rosa Island,California.Journal of Environmental Protection,3(10):1286-1294.
Fang L,Wang D,Li Y T,Cheng Z L,Pine M K,Wang K X,Li S H.2015.The source parameters of echolocation clicks from captive and free-ranging Yangtze finless porpoises(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis).PLoS ONE,10(6):22-25.
Halvorsen M B,Casper B M,Woodley C M,Carlson T J,Popper A N.2012.Threshold for onset of injury in Chinook salmon from exposure to impulsive pile driving sounds.PLoS ONE,7(6):e38968.
Hermannsen L,Beedholm K,Tougaard J,Madsen P T.2014.High frequency components of ship noise in shallow water with a discussion of implications for harbor porpoises(Phocoena phocoena).The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,136(4):1640-1653.
Li S H,Wang D,Wang K X,Xiao J Q,Akamatsu T.2007.The ontogeny of echolocation in a Yangtze finless porpoise(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)(L).The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,122(2):715-718.
Li S H,Wang K X,Wang D,Dong S Y,Akamatsu T.2008.Simultaneousproduction of low-and high-frequency sounds by neonatal finless porpoises(L).The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,124(2):716-718.
Li S H,Wu H P,Xu Y H,Peng C W,Fang L,Lin M L,Xing L R,Zhang P J.2015.Mid-to high-frequency noise from high-speed boats and its potential impacts on humpback dolphins.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,138(2):942-952.
Mei Z G,Zhang X Q,Huang S L,Zhao X J,Hao Y J,Zhang L,Qian Z Y,Zheng J S,Wang K X,Wang D.2014.The Yangtze finless porpoise:on an accelerating path to extinction?Biological Conservation,172:117-123.
Merchant N D,Pirotta E,Barton T R,Thompson P M.2014.Monitoring ship noise to assess the impact of coastal developments on marine mammals.Marine Pollution Bulletin,78(1-2):85-95.
Ng S L,Leung S.2003.Behavioral response of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin(Sousa chinensis)to vessel traffic.Marine Environmental Research,56(5):555-567.
Parijs S M V,Corkeron P J.2001.Boat traffic affects the acoustic behavior of Pacific humpback dolphins,Sousa chinensis.Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK,81(3):533-538.
Popov V V,Supin A Y,Wang D,Wang K X,Dong L J,Wang S Y.2011.Noise-induced temporary threshold shift and recovery in Yangtze finless porpoises Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,130(1):574-584.
Popov V V,Supin A Y,Wang D,Wang K X,Xiao J Q,Li S H.2005.Evoked-potential audiogram of the Yangtze finless porpoise(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis).The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,117(5):2728-2731.
Richardson W J,Greene C R,Malme C I,Thomson D H.1995.Marine Mammals and Noise.San Diego:Academic Press,205-240.
Shi W J,Wang Z T,Fang L,Dong L J,Wang S Y,Wang D,Wang KX.2015.A preliminary study on impact of piling underwater noise on the Yangtze finless porpoise(Neophocaena asiaeorientali sasiaeorientalis).Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,39(2):399-407.(in Chinese)
Thompson P M,Lusseau D,Barton T,Simmons D,Rusin J,Bailey H.2010.Assessing the responses of coastal cetaceans to the construction of offshore wind turbines.Marine Pollution Bulletin,60(8):1200-1208.
Tougaard J,Wright A J,Madsen P T.2015.Cetacean noise criteria revisited in the light of proposed exposure limits for harbour porpoises.Marine Pollution Bulletin,90(1-2):196-208.
Wang D.1996.A preliminary study on sound and acoustic behavior of the Yangtze finless porpoise,Neophocaena phocaenoides.Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,20(2):127-133.(in Chinese)
Wang Z T,Li Q Q,Shi W J,Cheng Z L,Wang D,Wang K X.2014.Impact assessment of underwater noise caused by dredging ships in Dongting Lake on the Yangtze finless porpoise.Technical Acoustics,33(S1):20-25.(in Chinese)
Zhang T C,Ju T,Dong L J,Wang K X,Wang D,Li S H.2016.Noise from two kinds of fast-speed boats in Tian-e-zhou oxbow.Technical Acoustics,35(5):130-135.(in Chinese)
王丁.1996.长江江豚声信号及其声行为的初步研究.水生生物学报,20(2):127-133.
王克雄,王丁.1999.豢养长江江豚声信号特征和功能.见:中国声学学会主编.中国声学学会1999年青年学术会议论文集.上海:声学技术编辑部,9-12.
王振太,李青青,时文静,程兆龙,王丁,王克雄.2014.洞庭湖采砂船水下噪声对长江江豚的影响研究.声学技术,33(S1):20-25.
时文静,王志陶,方亮,董黎君,王士勇,王丁,王克雄.2015.打桩水下噪声对长江江豚影响初探.水生生物学报,39(2):399-407.
张天赐,居涛,董黎君,王克雄,王丁,李松海.2016.天鹅洲豚类保护区内快艇噪声研究.声学技术,35(5):130-135.
Brumm H.2013.Animal Communication and Noise.Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag Berlin,251-267.
Dazey E,Mc Intosh B,Brown S,Dudzinski K M.2012.Assessment of underwater anthropogenic noise associatedwith construction activitiesin Bechers Bay,Santa Rosa Island,California.Journal of Environmental Protection,3(10):1286-1294.
Fang L,Wang D,Li Y T,Cheng Z L,Pine M K,Wang K X,Li S H.2015.The source parameters of echolocation clicks from captive and free-ranging Yangtze finless porpoises(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis).PLoS ONE,10(6):22-25.
Halvorsen M B,Casper B M,Woodley C M,Carlson T J,Popper A N.2012.Threshold for onset of injury in Chinook salmon from exposure to impulsive pile driving sounds.PLoS ONE,7(6):e38968.
Hermannsen L,Beedholm K,Tougaard J,Madsen P T.2014.High frequency components of ship noise in shallow water with a discussion of implications for harbor porpoises(Phocoena phocoena).The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,136(4):1640-1653.
Li S H,Wang D,Wang K X,Xiao J Q,Akamatsu T.2007.The ontogeny of echolocation in a Yangtze finless porpoise(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)(L).The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,122(2):715-718.
Li S H,Wang K X,Wang D,Dong S Y,Akamatsu T.2008.Simultaneousproduction of low-and high-frequency sounds by neonatal finless porpoises(L).The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,124(2):716-718.
Li S H,Wu H P,Xu Y H,Peng C W,Fang L,Lin M L,Xing L R,Zhang P J.2015.Mid-to high-frequency noise from high-speed boats and its potential impacts on humpback dolphins.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,138(2):942-952.
Mei Z G,Zhang X Q,Huang S L,Zhao X J,Hao Y J,Zhang L,Qian Z Y,Zheng J S,Wang K X,Wang D.2014.The Yangtze finless porpoise:on an accelerating path to extinction?Biological Conservation,172:117-123.
Merchant N D,Pirotta E,Barton T R,Thompson P M.2014.Monitoring ship noise to assess the impact of coastal developments on marine mammals.Marine Pollution Bulletin,78(1-2):85-95.
Ng S L,Leung S.2003.Behavioral response of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin(Sousa chinensis)to vessel traffic.Marine Environmental Research,56(5):555-567.
Parijs S M V,Corkeron P J.2001.Boat traffic affects the acoustic behavior of Pacific humpback dolphins,Sousa chinensis.Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK,81(3):533-538.
Popov V V,Supin A Y,Wang D,Wang K X,Dong L J,Wang S Y.2011.Noise-induced temporary threshold shift and recovery in Yangtze finless porpoises Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,130(1):574-584.
Popov V V,Supin A Y,Wang D,Wang K X,Xiao J Q,Li S H.2005.Evoked-potential audiogram of the Yangtze finless porpoise(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis).The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,117(5):2728-2731.
Richardson W J,Greene C R,Malme C I,Thomson D H.1995.Marine Mammals and Noise.San Diego:Academic Press,205-240.
Shi W J,Wang Z T,Fang L,Dong L J,Wang S Y,Wang D,Wang KX.2015.A preliminary study on impact of piling underwater noise on the Yangtze finless porpoise(Neophocaena asiaeorientali sasiaeorientalis).Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,39(2):399-407.(in Chinese)
Thompson P M,Lusseau D,Barton T,Simmons D,Rusin J,Bailey H.2010.Assessing the responses of coastal cetaceans to the construction of offshore wind turbines.Marine Pollution Bulletin,60(8):1200-1208.
Tougaard J,Wright A J,Madsen P T.2015.Cetacean noise criteria revisited in the light of proposed exposure limits for harbour porpoises.Marine Pollution Bulletin,90(1-2):196-208.
Wang D.1996.A preliminary study on sound and acoustic behavior of the Yangtze finless porpoise,Neophocaena phocaenoides.Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,20(2):127-133.(in Chinese)
Wang Z T,Li Q Q,Shi W J,Cheng Z L,Wang D,Wang K X.2014.Impact assessment of underwater noise caused by dredging ships in Dongting Lake on the Yangtze finless porpoise.Technical Acoustics,33(S1):20-25.(in Chinese)
Zhang T C,Ju T,Dong L J,Wang K X,Wang D,Li S H.2016.Noise from two kinds of fast-speed boats in Tian-e-zhou oxbow.Technical Acoustics,35(5):130-135.(in Chinese)
王丁.1996.长江江豚声信号及其声行为的初步研究.水生生物学报,20(2):127-133.
王克雄,王丁.1999.豢养长江江豚声信号特征和功能.见:中国声学学会主编.中国声学学会1999年青年学术会议论文集.上海:声学技术编辑部,9-12.
王振太,李青青,时文静,程兆龙,王丁,王克雄.2014.洞庭湖采砂船水下噪声对长江江豚的影响研究.声学技术,33(S1):20-25.
时文静,王志陶,方亮,董黎君,王士勇,王丁,王克雄.2015.打桩水下噪声对长江江豚影响初探.水生生物学报,39(2):399-407.
张天赐,居涛,董黎君,王克雄,王丁,李松海.2016.天鹅洲豚类保护区内快艇噪声研究.声学技术,35(5):130-135.