通风空调环境中微生物气溶胶污染及其防治
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摘要
针对国内外通风空调环境中微生物气溶胶污染,介绍了通风空调环境中微生物的来源、传播途径、危害特性、生物特性、微生物气溶胶的受力特性、生物颗粒悬浮模型。并提出一种健康空调系统的构建,主要包括:通风空调系统形式选择、微生物监测和检测、微生物控制与消除、应急处理和事后评价。最后提出了未来需要进一步研究的问题,为健康室内环境的构建和提高建筑内部环境安全性提供参考依据。
Aiming at control of the environmental pollution of air microbe aerosol in ventilation and air conditioning systems,this paper overviewed the literatures in regard to the sources of microorganisms,propagation pathway,hazard characteristics,biological characteristics and mechanical properties of microbial aerosols,as well as the biological particle suspension model;in addition,a structure of an immune air conditioning was suggested,which involved selection of ventilation and air conditioning systems, the testing of microbiological monitoring, microbial control and elimination,emergency handling and the afterwards evaluation;and finally,the problems that need further investigation were pointed out for the safety of building interior environment.
Aiming at control of the environmental pollution of air microbe aerosol in ventilation and air conditioning systems,this paper overviewed the literatures in regard to the sources of microorganisms,propagation pathway,hazard characteristics,biological characteristics and mechanical properties of microbial aerosols,as well as the biological particle suspension model;in addition,a structure of an immune air conditioning was suggested,which involved selection of ventilation and air conditioning systems, the testing of microbiological monitoring, microbial control and elimination,emergency handling and the afterwards evaluation;and finally,the problems that need further investigation were pointed out for the safety of building interior environment.
引文
[1]Pickering A C,Harrison J,Faragher E B,et al.An investigation of the relationship between microbial air pollution and the sick building syndrome[J].Indoor Air Quality,1990,90(5):149-154.
[2]Mc Gee R,Kodama A M.Airborne microbial contaminnants in indoor environmental health[J].Archives of Enviromental Health,1986,41(7):306-311.
[3]Catrine Ahlen,Hans Thore Smedbold,Dan Norback,et al.Sign of eye irritation in female hospital workers and the indoor environment[J].Indoor Air,2001,11(6):223-231.
[4]Greig JE,Camie JA,Talks GF,et al.An outbreak of legionnaires'disease at the Melbourne Aquarium,April 2000:investigation and case-control studies[J].Med J Aust,2004,18(5):56-572.
[5]刘德清.空调器对室内空气污染的实验观察[J].中国消毒学杂志,1990,7(4):241-245.Liu Deqing.Experimental observation of air conditioner on indoor air pollution[J].Journal of China Disinfection,1990,7(4):241-245.
[6]彭崇信,何家禧,赖观良,等.空调劳动环境对工人健康影响的调查[J].职业医学,1988,15(1):19-22.Peng Chongxin,He Jiaxi,Lai Guanliang,et al.Investigation of the influence of air conditioning working environment on the health of workers[J].Occupational Medicine,1988,15(1):19-22.
[7]张锐,李新意.北京市公共场所中央空调通风系统中积尘量的监测与分析[J].中国环境卫生,2004,21(7):126-127.Zhang Rui,Li Xinyi.Monitoring and analysis of dust accumulation in ventilation system of central air conditioning system in Beijing public places[J].China Environmental Health,2004,21(7):126-127.
[8]白雪涛,唐非.我国室内微生物污染与控制研究现状及面临的科学问题[C].第251次学术讨论会会议论文集.北京:香山科学会议组织委员,2008:57-63.Bai Xuetao,Tang Fei.Research Status and Scientific Problems of Indoor Microbial Contamination and Control in China[C].The 251st Academic Conference Papers,Beijing:Xiang shan Science Conference Organizing Committee,2008:57-63.
[9]沈晋明.我国目前室内空气品质改善的对策与措施[J].暖通空调,2002,32(2):34-37.Shen Jinming.Countermeasures and measures for improving the indoor air quality in China[J].Heating Ventilating&Air Conditioning,2002,32(2):34-37.
[10]杜宗敏,王效义,戴二黑,等.空气和空调器样本中SARS冠状病毒的检测[J].中国消毒学杂志,2005,22(2):156-158.Du Zongmin,Wang Xiaoyi,Dai Erhei,et al.Detection of SARS coronavirus in air and air conditioner samples[J].Journal of China Disinfection,2005,22(2):156-158.
[11]潘稚芬,于寿昌,张如英,等.空调对结核分枝杆菌医院内传播的影响[J].中国防痨杂志,2005,27(3):151-153.Pan Zhifen,Yu Shoucang,Zhang Ruying,et al.Effect of air conditioning on the spread of mycobacterium tuberculosis hospital[J].Journal of China Tuberculosis,2005,27(3):151-153.
[12]Paul R Puckorius.Update on legionnaires'disease and cooling systems:case history reviews-what happened/what to do and current guidelines[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1999,105(6):587-594.
[13]沈晋明.空调系统的二次污染与细菌控制[J].暖通空调,2002,32(5):30-33.Shen Jinming.Secondary contamination and bacterial control in air conditioning systems[J].Heating Ventilating&Air Conditioning,2002,32(5):30-33.
[14]Burge H A,Feely J C.Indoor air pollution and infectious diseases[J].Indoor Air Pollution,1991,58(5):273-284.
[15]姚灵芝.空调送回风系统微生物污染研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2008.Yao Lingzhi.Study on Microbial Contamination of Supply and Return Air System[D].Xi'an:Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,2008.
[16]卢振.通风空调系统空气微生物传播与消毒控制方法[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2007.Lu Zhen.Air Microorganism Transmission and Disinfection Control Method of Ventilation air Conditioning System[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2007.
[17]Riley R L,Wells W F,Mills C C,et al.Air hygiene in mycobqcterium tuberculosis quantitative studies of infectivity and control in pilot ward[J].Am Rev Tuber and Pulm Dis,1957,75(3):420-431.
[18]俞苏蒙.空调对室内空气污染所引发的思考[J].中国卫生监督杂志,2010,17(1):91-94.Yu Smeng.Consideration of air conditioning on indoor air pollution[J].Journal of China Health Supervision,2010,17(1):91-94.
[19]江亿.“非典”问题引起的对今后空调系统方式的思考[J].暖通空调:暖通空调与特集,2003,33:4-7.Jiang Yi.Thinking about the form of air conditioning system caused by"SARS"[J].Heating Ventilating&Air Conditioning:HVAC and SARS Special Set,2003,33:4-7.
[20]杨正跃,张继生,陈家驹,等.空调场所空气的卫生质量及其对人体体液免疫水平的影响[J].环境与健康杂志,1987,4(1):32-36.Yang Zhengyue,Zhang Jisheng,Chen Jiaju,et al.Hygienic quality of air in air conditioned place and its influence on the level of humoral immunity in human body[J].Journal of Environment and Health,1987,4(1):32-36.
[21]卢振.建筑环境微生物的危害及其生态特性研究进展[J].建筑热能通风空调,2006,25(1):19-25.Lu Zhen.Research progress on the hazards and ecological characteristics of microorganisms in building environment[J].Building Heat Energy,Ventilating&Air Conditioning,2006,25(1):19-25.
[22]korpi A,Kasanen J P,Raunio P,et al.Acute effects of aspergillus versicolor aerosols on murine airways[J].Indoor Air,2003,45(13):260-266.
[23]Eugene M White.Environmental endotoxin measuremnt methods standardization issues[J].Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene,2002,17(9):606-609.
[24]Bischof W,Koch A,Gehring U,et al.Predictors of high endotoxin concentrations in the settled dust of German homes[J].Indoor Air,2002,36(12):2-9.
[25]Sepp nen O,Fisk W J.Association of ventilation system type with SBS symptoms office workers[J].Indoor Air,2002,36(12):98-112.
[26]Burge H A,Solomon W R,Boise J R.Microbial prevalence indomestic humidifiers[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1980,39(4):840-844.
[27]Rylander R,Haglind P.Airborne endotoxins and humidifier fever[J].Clinical Allergy,1984,46(44):109-112.
[28]Hui PS,Wong LT,Muin KW,et al.Survey of unsatisfactory levels of a irbome bacteria in air conditioned offices[J].Indoor and Built Enviroment,2007,16(2):130-138.
[29]Mumma S A.Dedicated outdoor air-dual wheel system control requirements[J].ASHRAE Transactions,2001,107(1):147-155.
[30]Mui K W,Wong L T,Hui P S.Risks of unsatisfactory airborne bacteria level in air-conditioned offices of subtropical climates[J].Building and Environment,2007,2(10):1-5.
[31]Anthony K Y Law,Chau C K,Gilbert Y S Chan.Characteristics of bioaerosol profile in offce buildings in Hong Kong[J].Building and Environment,2001,36(4):527-54.
[32]GB 50736-2012,民用建筑供暖通风与空气调节设计规范[S].GB 50736-2012,Code for Design of Heating,Ventilation and Air Vonditioning in Civil Buildings[S].
[33]杨帆,张博.温湿度独立控制空调系统在地铁车站的应用[J].现代城市轨道交通,2012,38(6):95-97.Yang Fan,Zhang Bo.Application of temperature and humidity independent control air conditioning system in Metro Station[J].Modern City Rail Transportation,2012,38(6):95-97.
[34]张海强,刘晓华,江亿.温湿度独立控制空调系统和常规空调系统的性能比较[J].暖通空调,2011,41(1):48-52.Zhang Haiqiang,Liu Xiaohua,Jiang Yi.Performance comparison of temperature and humidity independent control air conditioning system and conventional air conditioning system[J].Heating Ventilating&Air Conditioning,2011,41(1):48-52.
[35]刘晓华,易晓勤,谢晓云,等.基于溶液除湿方式的温湿度独立控制空调系统性能分析[J].中国科技论文在线,2008,3(7):469-475.Liu Xiaohua,Yi Xiaoqin,Xie Xiaoyun,et al.Performance analysis of temperature and humidity independent control air conditioning system based on solution desiccant method[J].China Science and Technology Papers Online,2008,3(7):469-475.
[36]许琼琳.空气品质与空调二次污染的对策[D].上海:同济大学,2007.
[37]路诗奎.免疫空调系统的构建及其初步分析[J].建筑热能通风空调,2005,24(2):37-41.Lu Shikui.Construction and preliminary analysis of immune air conditioning system[J].Building Heat Energy,Ventilating&Air Conditioning,2005,24(2):37-41.
[38]李岩.空调房间污染物的分布特性研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2008.
[39]瓦迪斯瓦夫扬·科瓦尔斯基.免疫建筑综合技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006.
[40]侯常春.集中空调通风系统污染现状调查及清洗消毒效果评价[D].天津:天津医科大学,2008.
[41]GB 19210-2003,空调通风系统清洗规范[S].
[42]Ki Youn Kim,Chi Nyon Kim.Airborne microbiological characteristics in public buildings of Korea[J].Building and Environment,2007,42(15):2188-2196.
[43]GB/T 18883-2002,室内空气质量标准[S].
[44]GB/T 17095-1997,室内空气中可吸入颗粒物卫生标准[S].
[45]GB/T 18204.3-2013,公共场所卫生检验方法[S].
[46]WS 394-2012,公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范[S].
[47]WST 396-2012,公共场所集中空调通风系统清洗消毒规范[S].
[48]Clausen G.Ventilation filters and indoor air quality:a review of research from the International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy[J].Indoor Air,2004,14(7):202-207.
[49]Seppanen O,Fisk W J.Summary of human responses to ventilation[J].Indoor air,2004,14(7):102-118.
[50]Sivasubramani S K,Niemeier R T,T Reponen,et al.Assessment of the aerosolization potential for fungal spores in moldy homes[J].Indoor air,2004,14(7):405-412.
[2]Mc Gee R,Kodama A M.Airborne microbial contaminnants in indoor environmental health[J].Archives of Enviromental Health,1986,41(7):306-311.
[3]Catrine Ahlen,Hans Thore Smedbold,Dan Norback,et al.Sign of eye irritation in female hospital workers and the indoor environment[J].Indoor Air,2001,11(6):223-231.
[4]Greig JE,Camie JA,Talks GF,et al.An outbreak of legionnaires'disease at the Melbourne Aquarium,April 2000:investigation and case-control studies[J].Med J Aust,2004,18(5):56-572.
[5]刘德清.空调器对室内空气污染的实验观察[J].中国消毒学杂志,1990,7(4):241-245.Liu Deqing.Experimental observation of air conditioner on indoor air pollution[J].Journal of China Disinfection,1990,7(4):241-245.
[6]彭崇信,何家禧,赖观良,等.空调劳动环境对工人健康影响的调查[J].职业医学,1988,15(1):19-22.Peng Chongxin,He Jiaxi,Lai Guanliang,et al.Investigation of the influence of air conditioning working environment on the health of workers[J].Occupational Medicine,1988,15(1):19-22.
[7]张锐,李新意.北京市公共场所中央空调通风系统中积尘量的监测与分析[J].中国环境卫生,2004,21(7):126-127.Zhang Rui,Li Xinyi.Monitoring and analysis of dust accumulation in ventilation system of central air conditioning system in Beijing public places[J].China Environmental Health,2004,21(7):126-127.
[8]白雪涛,唐非.我国室内微生物污染与控制研究现状及面临的科学问题[C].第251次学术讨论会会议论文集.北京:香山科学会议组织委员,2008:57-63.Bai Xuetao,Tang Fei.Research Status and Scientific Problems of Indoor Microbial Contamination and Control in China[C].The 251st Academic Conference Papers,Beijing:Xiang shan Science Conference Organizing Committee,2008:57-63.
[9]沈晋明.我国目前室内空气品质改善的对策与措施[J].暖通空调,2002,32(2):34-37.Shen Jinming.Countermeasures and measures for improving the indoor air quality in China[J].Heating Ventilating&Air Conditioning,2002,32(2):34-37.
[10]杜宗敏,王效义,戴二黑,等.空气和空调器样本中SARS冠状病毒的检测[J].中国消毒学杂志,2005,22(2):156-158.Du Zongmin,Wang Xiaoyi,Dai Erhei,et al.Detection of SARS coronavirus in air and air conditioner samples[J].Journal of China Disinfection,2005,22(2):156-158.
[11]潘稚芬,于寿昌,张如英,等.空调对结核分枝杆菌医院内传播的影响[J].中国防痨杂志,2005,27(3):151-153.Pan Zhifen,Yu Shoucang,Zhang Ruying,et al.Effect of air conditioning on the spread of mycobacterium tuberculosis hospital[J].Journal of China Tuberculosis,2005,27(3):151-153.
[12]Paul R Puckorius.Update on legionnaires'disease and cooling systems:case history reviews-what happened/what to do and current guidelines[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1999,105(6):587-594.
[13]沈晋明.空调系统的二次污染与细菌控制[J].暖通空调,2002,32(5):30-33.Shen Jinming.Secondary contamination and bacterial control in air conditioning systems[J].Heating Ventilating&Air Conditioning,2002,32(5):30-33.
[14]Burge H A,Feely J C.Indoor air pollution and infectious diseases[J].Indoor Air Pollution,1991,58(5):273-284.
[15]姚灵芝.空调送回风系统微生物污染研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2008.Yao Lingzhi.Study on Microbial Contamination of Supply and Return Air System[D].Xi'an:Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,2008.
[16]卢振.通风空调系统空气微生物传播与消毒控制方法[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2007.Lu Zhen.Air Microorganism Transmission and Disinfection Control Method of Ventilation air Conditioning System[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2007.
[17]Riley R L,Wells W F,Mills C C,et al.Air hygiene in mycobqcterium tuberculosis quantitative studies of infectivity and control in pilot ward[J].Am Rev Tuber and Pulm Dis,1957,75(3):420-431.
[18]俞苏蒙.空调对室内空气污染所引发的思考[J].中国卫生监督杂志,2010,17(1):91-94.Yu Smeng.Consideration of air conditioning on indoor air pollution[J].Journal of China Health Supervision,2010,17(1):91-94.
[19]江亿.“非典”问题引起的对今后空调系统方式的思考[J].暖通空调:暖通空调与特集,2003,33:4-7.Jiang Yi.Thinking about the form of air conditioning system caused by"SARS"[J].Heating Ventilating&Air Conditioning:HVAC and SARS Special Set,2003,33:4-7.
[20]杨正跃,张继生,陈家驹,等.空调场所空气的卫生质量及其对人体体液免疫水平的影响[J].环境与健康杂志,1987,4(1):32-36.Yang Zhengyue,Zhang Jisheng,Chen Jiaju,et al.Hygienic quality of air in air conditioned place and its influence on the level of humoral immunity in human body[J].Journal of Environment and Health,1987,4(1):32-36.
[21]卢振.建筑环境微生物的危害及其生态特性研究进展[J].建筑热能通风空调,2006,25(1):19-25.Lu Zhen.Research progress on the hazards and ecological characteristics of microorganisms in building environment[J].Building Heat Energy,Ventilating&Air Conditioning,2006,25(1):19-25.
[22]korpi A,Kasanen J P,Raunio P,et al.Acute effects of aspergillus versicolor aerosols on murine airways[J].Indoor Air,2003,45(13):260-266.
[23]Eugene M White.Environmental endotoxin measuremnt methods standardization issues[J].Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene,2002,17(9):606-609.
[24]Bischof W,Koch A,Gehring U,et al.Predictors of high endotoxin concentrations in the settled dust of German homes[J].Indoor Air,2002,36(12):2-9.
[25]Sepp nen O,Fisk W J.Association of ventilation system type with SBS symptoms office workers[J].Indoor Air,2002,36(12):98-112.
[26]Burge H A,Solomon W R,Boise J R.Microbial prevalence indomestic humidifiers[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1980,39(4):840-844.
[27]Rylander R,Haglind P.Airborne endotoxins and humidifier fever[J].Clinical Allergy,1984,46(44):109-112.
[28]Hui PS,Wong LT,Muin KW,et al.Survey of unsatisfactory levels of a irbome bacteria in air conditioned offices[J].Indoor and Built Enviroment,2007,16(2):130-138.
[29]Mumma S A.Dedicated outdoor air-dual wheel system control requirements[J].ASHRAE Transactions,2001,107(1):147-155.
[30]Mui K W,Wong L T,Hui P S.Risks of unsatisfactory airborne bacteria level in air-conditioned offices of subtropical climates[J].Building and Environment,2007,2(10):1-5.
[31]Anthony K Y Law,Chau C K,Gilbert Y S Chan.Characteristics of bioaerosol profile in offce buildings in Hong Kong[J].Building and Environment,2001,36(4):527-54.
[32]GB 50736-2012,民用建筑供暖通风与空气调节设计规范[S].GB 50736-2012,Code for Design of Heating,Ventilation and Air Vonditioning in Civil Buildings[S].
[33]杨帆,张博.温湿度独立控制空调系统在地铁车站的应用[J].现代城市轨道交通,2012,38(6):95-97.Yang Fan,Zhang Bo.Application of temperature and humidity independent control air conditioning system in Metro Station[J].Modern City Rail Transportation,2012,38(6):95-97.
[34]张海强,刘晓华,江亿.温湿度独立控制空调系统和常规空调系统的性能比较[J].暖通空调,2011,41(1):48-52.Zhang Haiqiang,Liu Xiaohua,Jiang Yi.Performance comparison of temperature and humidity independent control air conditioning system and conventional air conditioning system[J].Heating Ventilating&Air Conditioning,2011,41(1):48-52.
[35]刘晓华,易晓勤,谢晓云,等.基于溶液除湿方式的温湿度独立控制空调系统性能分析[J].中国科技论文在线,2008,3(7):469-475.Liu Xiaohua,Yi Xiaoqin,Xie Xiaoyun,et al.Performance analysis of temperature and humidity independent control air conditioning system based on solution desiccant method[J].China Science and Technology Papers Online,2008,3(7):469-475.
[36]许琼琳.空气品质与空调二次污染的对策[D].上海:同济大学,2007.
[37]路诗奎.免疫空调系统的构建及其初步分析[J].建筑热能通风空调,2005,24(2):37-41.Lu Shikui.Construction and preliminary analysis of immune air conditioning system[J].Building Heat Energy,Ventilating&Air Conditioning,2005,24(2):37-41.
[38]李岩.空调房间污染物的分布特性研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2008.
[39]瓦迪斯瓦夫扬·科瓦尔斯基.免疫建筑综合技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006.
[40]侯常春.集中空调通风系统污染现状调查及清洗消毒效果评价[D].天津:天津医科大学,2008.
[41]GB 19210-2003,空调通风系统清洗规范[S].
[42]Ki Youn Kim,Chi Nyon Kim.Airborne microbiological characteristics in public buildings of Korea[J].Building and Environment,2007,42(15):2188-2196.
[43]GB/T 18883-2002,室内空气质量标准[S].
[44]GB/T 17095-1997,室内空气中可吸入颗粒物卫生标准[S].
[45]GB/T 18204.3-2013,公共场所卫生检验方法[S].
[46]WS 394-2012,公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范[S].
[47]WST 396-2012,公共场所集中空调通风系统清洗消毒规范[S].
[48]Clausen G.Ventilation filters and indoor air quality:a review of research from the International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy[J].Indoor Air,2004,14(7):202-207.
[49]Seppanen O,Fisk W J.Summary of human responses to ventilation[J].Indoor air,2004,14(7):102-118.
[50]Sivasubramani S K,Niemeier R T,T Reponen,et al.Assessment of the aerosolization potential for fungal spores in moldy homes[J].Indoor air,2004,14(7):405-412.