基于TWINSPAN分类的天然云冷杉-阔叶混交林发育阶段划分
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摘要
[目的]提出了基于TWINSPAN双向指示种分析法的发育阶段划分方法。划分天然云冷杉-阔叶混交林的发育阶段,为天然林发育阶段划分和按阶段进行森林经营提供方法和理论依据。[方法]以吉林省森林资源一类连续清查中的172块云冷杉阔叶混交林为对象,采用TWINSPAN双向指示种数量分类法进行初始分类,对各初始类的生长、树种多样性和结构进行比较分析,进而划分其生长发育阶段。[结果] TWINSPAN法将云冷杉阔叶混交林分为3类(类1:云杉桦木混交林;类2:冷杉软阔叶混交林;类3:红松云杉硬阔叶混交林)。各类林分直径分布相似,基本均呈倒J形分布;垂直结构呈现一定的规律性。各类的林分因子、定期生长量存在一定差异,其中,林分的平均胸径、平均高、优势高、优势径、每公顷蓄积的大小排序为:类2<类1<类3;定期生长量的大小排序为:类3<类2<类1。各类林分的树种多样性存在一定差异,树种丰富度的大小排序为:类2>类3>类1,类2、类3的树种优势度低于类1。[结论]根据TWINSPAN、林分结构和生长分析,云冷杉阔叶混交林的生长发育阶段依次为:冷杉软阔叶混交林、云杉桦木混交林、红松云杉硬阔叶混交林。该方法也可用于其它天然林发育阶段的划分。
[Objective] The study aims at determining the development stages of natural spruce-fir and broadleaved mixed forest so as to provide theoretical basis and technical support for its management according to stage. [Method] One hundred and seventy-two permanent sample plots of spruce-fir-broadleaved mixed forest in Jilin Province were selected for initial classification based on the TWINSPAN two-way indicator species quantitative classification analysis techniques. The growth, species diversity and stand structure of spruce-fir mixed forest were compared and analyzed to determine the development stage. [Result] The result indicated that the spruce-fir-broadleaved mixed forests could be divided into three groups(group 1: spruce-birch mixed forest; group 2: fir-softwood-broadleaved mixed forest; group 3: Korean pine-spruce-hardwood-broadleaved mixed forest) by TWINSPAN. In general, the diameter of all stands showed an inversed J-shape distribution. The height structure development of stand showed a trends related with tree species characteristics. There were differences in stand factors and periodic annual increment among these groups. The stand average diameter, mean height, dominant height, dominant diameter and volume all ranked by ascending order as group 2, group 1 and group 3; the periodic annual increment ranked by ascending order as group 3, group 2 and group 1. The species richness ranked by descending order as group 2, group 3 and group 1. The species dominance of groups 2 and 3 were lower than that of the group 1. [Conclusion] According to the above classification and characteristics analysis, the development stage of spruce-fir-broadleaved mixed forest was determined as fir-softwood-broadleaved mixed forest, spruce-birch mixed forest, Korean pine-spruce-hard-broadleaved mixed forest. This method might be suitable for other natural forests.
[Objective] The study aims at determining the development stages of natural spruce-fir and broadleaved mixed forest so as to provide theoretical basis and technical support for its management according to stage. [Method] One hundred and seventy-two permanent sample plots of spruce-fir-broadleaved mixed forest in Jilin Province were selected for initial classification based on the TWINSPAN two-way indicator species quantitative classification analysis techniques. The growth, species diversity and stand structure of spruce-fir mixed forest were compared and analyzed to determine the development stage. [Result] The result indicated that the spruce-fir-broadleaved mixed forests could be divided into three groups(group 1: spruce-birch mixed forest; group 2: fir-softwood-broadleaved mixed forest; group 3: Korean pine-spruce-hardwood-broadleaved mixed forest) by TWINSPAN. In general, the diameter of all stands showed an inversed J-shape distribution. The height structure development of stand showed a trends related with tree species characteristics. There were differences in stand factors and periodic annual increment among these groups. The stand average diameter, mean height, dominant height, dominant diameter and volume all ranked by ascending order as group 2, group 1 and group 3; the periodic annual increment ranked by ascending order as group 3, group 2 and group 1. The species richness ranked by descending order as group 2, group 3 and group 1. The species dominance of groups 2 and 3 were lower than that of the group 1. [Conclusion] According to the above classification and characteristics analysis, the development stage of spruce-fir-broadleaved mixed forest was determined as fir-softwood-broadleaved mixed forest, spruce-birch mixed forest, Korean pine-spruce-hard-broadleaved mixed forest. This method might be suitable for other natural forests.
引文
[1] 丛者福.天山云杉林生长发育阶段龄级划分新探[J].新疆农业科学,1989,4:28-29.
[2] Goodell L,Faber-Langendoen D.Development of stand structural stage indices to characterize forest condition in Upstate New York[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2007,249(3):158-170.
[3] Podlaski R.Suitability of the selected statistical distributions for fitting diameter data in distinguished development stages and phases of near-natural mixed forests in the Swi?tokrzyski National Park (Poland)[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2006,236(2-3):393-402.
[4] Král K,Vr?ka T,Hort L,et al.Developmental phases in a temperate natural spruce-fir-beech forest:determination by a supervised classification method[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2010,129(3):339-351.
[5] 蔡学林,张志云,陈善民.安远县杉木、马尾松人工林生长规律的研究[J].江西农业大学学报,1992,14(6):37-45.
[6] 丛健,沈海龙.东北东部山区樟子松人工林生长阶段划分和生长进程分析[J].森林工程,2016,32(3):16-20.
[7] 李婷婷,陆元昌,张显强,等.经营的马尾松森林类型发育演替阶段量化指标研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2014,36(3):9-17.
[8] 包青,郑晓光.天然落叶松林分生长阶段划分与定向经营[J].东北林业大学学报,1997,25(1):12-14.
[9] 雷相东,朱光玉,卢军.云冷杉阔叶混交过伐林林分优势高估计方法的研究[J].林业科学研究,2018,31(1):36-41.
[10] 陈科屹,张会儒,雷相东,等.云冷杉过伐林垂直结构特征分析[J].林业科学研究,2017,30(3):450-459.
[11] 刘鑫,王海燕,雷相东,等.基于 BP神经网络的天然云冷杉针阔混交林标准树高-胸径模型[J].林业科学研究,2017,30(3):368-375.
[12] 张金屯.植被数量生态学方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995.
[13] Hill M O.TWINSPAN——A fortran program for arranging multivariate data in an ordered two-way table by classification of the individuals and attributes[M].Ecology and Systematics Cornell University,New York,1979.
[14] Rolecek J,Tichy L,Zeleny D,et al.Modified TWINSPAN classification in which the hierarchy respects cluster heterogeneity[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2009,20(4):596-602.
[15] 赵俊卉.长白山云冷杉混交林生长模型的研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.
[16] 李俊清.森林生态学(第三版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2017:249-250.
[17] Feldmann E,Glatthorn J,Hauck M,et al.A novel empirical approach for determining the extension of forest development stages in temperate old-growth forests[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2018:1-15.
[18] Pretzsch H.Forest dynamics,growth,and yield[M]//Forest Dynamics,Growth and Yield.Springer,Berlin,Heidelberg,2009:1-39.
[19] Král K,McMahon S M,Janík D,et al.Patch mosaic of developmental stages in central European natural forests along vegetation gradient[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2014,330(10):17-28.
[20] Lorimer C G,Halpin C R.Classification and dynamics of developmental stages in late-successional temperate forests[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2014,334(12):344-357.
[21] Zenner E K,Sagheb-Talebi K,Akhavan R,et al.Integration of small-scale canopy dynamics smoothes live-tree structural complexity across development stages in old-growth Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests at the multi-gap scale[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2015,335(1):26-36.
[2] Goodell L,Faber-Langendoen D.Development of stand structural stage indices to characterize forest condition in Upstate New York[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2007,249(3):158-170.
[3] Podlaski R.Suitability of the selected statistical distributions for fitting diameter data in distinguished development stages and phases of near-natural mixed forests in the Swi?tokrzyski National Park (Poland)[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2006,236(2-3):393-402.
[4] Král K,Vr?ka T,Hort L,et al.Developmental phases in a temperate natural spruce-fir-beech forest:determination by a supervised classification method[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2010,129(3):339-351.
[5] 蔡学林,张志云,陈善民.安远县杉木、马尾松人工林生长规律的研究[J].江西农业大学学报,1992,14(6):37-45.
[6] 丛健,沈海龙.东北东部山区樟子松人工林生长阶段划分和生长进程分析[J].森林工程,2016,32(3):16-20.
[7] 李婷婷,陆元昌,张显强,等.经营的马尾松森林类型发育演替阶段量化指标研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2014,36(3):9-17.
[8] 包青,郑晓光.天然落叶松林分生长阶段划分与定向经营[J].东北林业大学学报,1997,25(1):12-14.
[9] 雷相东,朱光玉,卢军.云冷杉阔叶混交过伐林林分优势高估计方法的研究[J].林业科学研究,2018,31(1):36-41.
[10] 陈科屹,张会儒,雷相东,等.云冷杉过伐林垂直结构特征分析[J].林业科学研究,2017,30(3):450-459.
[11] 刘鑫,王海燕,雷相东,等.基于 BP神经网络的天然云冷杉针阔混交林标准树高-胸径模型[J].林业科学研究,2017,30(3):368-375.
[12] 张金屯.植被数量生态学方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995.
[13] Hill M O.TWINSPAN——A fortran program for arranging multivariate data in an ordered two-way table by classification of the individuals and attributes[M].Ecology and Systematics Cornell University,New York,1979.
[14] Rolecek J,Tichy L,Zeleny D,et al.Modified TWINSPAN classification in which the hierarchy respects cluster heterogeneity[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2009,20(4):596-602.
[15] 赵俊卉.长白山云冷杉混交林生长模型的研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.
[16] 李俊清.森林生态学(第三版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2017:249-250.
[17] Feldmann E,Glatthorn J,Hauck M,et al.A novel empirical approach for determining the extension of forest development stages in temperate old-growth forests[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2018:1-15.
[18] Pretzsch H.Forest dynamics,growth,and yield[M]//Forest Dynamics,Growth and Yield.Springer,Berlin,Heidelberg,2009:1-39.
[19] Král K,McMahon S M,Janík D,et al.Patch mosaic of developmental stages in central European natural forests along vegetation gradient[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2014,330(10):17-28.
[20] Lorimer C G,Halpin C R.Classification and dynamics of developmental stages in late-successional temperate forests[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2014,334(12):344-357.
[21] Zenner E K,Sagheb-Talebi K,Akhavan R,et al.Integration of small-scale canopy dynamics smoothes live-tree structural complexity across development stages in old-growth Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests at the multi-gap scale[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2015,335(1):26-36.