微气泡与聚合物对水下航行体减阻特性影响试验研究
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摘要
为研究微气泡与聚合物对水下航行体减阻特性影响,采用微孔材料并基于高速摄像系统和测力系统,针对微气泡与聚合物共同作用下水下航行体减阻特性开展水洞试验研究。基于高速摄像系统对比分析了不同速度和通气量下微气泡流形态变化规律;基于测力系统对比分析了微气泡和聚合物共同作用下航行体减阻特性变化规律。试验结果表明:采用微孔材料的航行体微气泡流均匀分布在航行体表面,模型尾部微气泡流上漂现象较为明显,且上漂的微气泡始终为离散形态;对于未通气状态下的聚合物减阻,在相同来流速度下,减阻效果随着聚合物浓度增加而增大,但存在聚合物饱和效应,且饱和聚合物浓度值随着来流速度增加而减小;聚合物和微气泡联合减阻效率大于单独一种减阻方式;在来流速度较小时,聚合物溶液减阻率随着通气量增加而逐渐增大,但随着聚合物溶液浓度增加,微气泡减阻率差异逐渐减小并最终趋于一致。
To reduce the drag of underwater vehicle,the experiment of axisymmetric body is conducted to study the combined drag reduction effect of microbubble injection and the homogeneous polymer solutions by using the high speed camera system and six-component balance system. The axisymmetric body is constructed with sintered porous material. The morphologic changes of microbubble flow are analyzed based on the high speed camera system,and the drag reduction characteristics of axisymmetric body are obtained by the six-component balance system. The experimental results show that the microbubbles are uniformly dispersed throughout the surface of the experimental model. The floating-upward phenomenon of microbubbles is distinct when the microbubbles reach the tail of the experimental model with the dispersed microbubbles. The drag reduction efficiency of combination of microbubbles and homogeneous polymer is larger than that of individual one. With the increase in air injection rate,the drag reduction rates of various homogeneous polymer solutions are all gradually increased but the difference among them declines.As the density of individual homogeneous polymer solution increases,the drag reduction rate of individual homogeneous polymer solution increases as well with the homogeneous polymer saturation effect. The saturation density decreases with the increase in free stream speed.
To reduce the drag of underwater vehicle,the experiment of axisymmetric body is conducted to study the combined drag reduction effect of microbubble injection and the homogeneous polymer solutions by using the high speed camera system and six-component balance system. The axisymmetric body is constructed with sintered porous material. The morphologic changes of microbubble flow are analyzed based on the high speed camera system,and the drag reduction characteristics of axisymmetric body are obtained by the six-component balance system. The experimental results show that the microbubbles are uniformly dispersed throughout the surface of the experimental model. The floating-upward phenomenon of microbubbles is distinct when the microbubbles reach the tail of the experimental model with the dispersed microbubbles. The drag reduction efficiency of combination of microbubbles and homogeneous polymer is larger than that of individual one. With the increase in air injection rate,the drag reduction rates of various homogeneous polymer solutions are all gradually increased but the difference among them declines.As the density of individual homogeneous polymer solution increases,the drag reduction rate of individual homogeneous polymer solution increases as well with the homogeneous polymer saturation effect. The saturation density decreases with the increase in free stream speed.
引文
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[18]王家楣,郑晓伟,姜曼松.船舶吃水对微气泡减阻影响的水池试验研究[J].船舶工程,2004,26(6):9-12.WANG Jia-mei,ZHENG Xiao-wei,JIANG Man-song.Test research on drag reduction of ship model at different draft by microbubble in towing basin[J].Ship Engineering,2004,26(6):9-12.(in Chinese)
[19]杨新峰,苑秉成,陈立纲,等.微气泡减阻实验研究[J].水动力学研究与进展,2009,24(1):89-94.YANG Xin-feng,YUAN Bing-cheng,CHEN Li-gang,et al.Experimental study on drag reduction by microbubbles[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics,2009,24(1):89-94.(in Chinese)
[20]傅慧萍.平板微气泡减阻数值模拟及影响因素分析[J].哈尔滨工程大学学报,2015,36(10):1297-1301.FU Hui-ping.Numerical simulation of microbubble drag reduction in a plate and factors in fluencing its practicality process[J].Journal of Harbin Engineering University,2015,36(10):1297-1301.(in Chinese)
[21]傅慧萍,李杰.微气泡减阻的数值模拟方法及尺寸效应[J].上海交通大学学报,2016,50(2):278-282.FU Hui-ping,LI Jie.Numerical simulation methods of microbubbles drag reduction and scale effect[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University,2016,50(2):278-282.(in Chinese)
[22]吴乘胜,何术龙.微气泡流的数值模拟及减阻机理分析[J].船舶力学,2005,9(5):30-37.WU Cheng-sheng,HE Shu-long.Numerical simulation of microbubble flow and analysis of the mechanism of drag reduction[J].Journal of Ship Mechanics,2005,9(5):30-37.(in Chinese)
[23]Bell C E,Brannon H D.Redesigning fracturing fluids for improving reliability and well performance in horizontal tight gas shale applications[C]∥Proceedings of SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference.The Woodlands,TX,US:Society of Petroleum Engineers,2011:24-26.
[24]Ptasinski P K,Nieuwstadt F T M,van den Brule B H A A,et al.Experiments in turbulent pipe flow with polymer additives at maximum drag reduction[J].Flow Turbulence&Combustion,2001,66(2):159-182.
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[26]Shah S N,Kamel A,Zhou Y.Drag reduction characteristics in straight and coiled tubing—an experimental study[J].Journal of Petroleum Science&Engineering,2006,53(3/4):179-188.
[27]王国兵,窦国仁.高分子聚合物减阻的试验研究[J].水利水运科学研究,1988(2):3-13.WANG Guo-bing,DOU Guo-ren.The turbulence structure of a viscoelastic sublayer model by dilute solutions of linear macromolecules[J].Journal of Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute,1988(2):3-13.(in Chinese)
[28]梁双.微管中聚丙烯酰胺的减阻特性研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2017.LIANG Shuang.Investigations on drag reduction with polyacrylamide in microtubes[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2017.(in Chinese)
[29]Lee C,Kim J,Choi H.Suboptimal control of turbulent channel flow for drag reduction[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1998,358:245-258.
[30]Fukagata K,Iwamoto K,Kasagi N.Contribution of Reynolds stress distribution to the skin friction in wall-bounded flows[J].Physics of Fluids,2002,14(11):L73-L76.
[31]张兵强,梁光川,郦利民,等.高分子聚合物的湍流减阻机理[J].油气储运,2012,31(12):895-897.ZHANG Bing-qiang,LIANG Guang-chuan,LI Li-min,et al.Drag reduction mechanism of polymer under turbulent flow[J].Oil&Gas Storage and Transportation,2012,31(12):895-897.(in Chinese)
[2]张孝石,王聪,曹伟,等.活性剂对水下航行体减阻特性的影响[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2017,49(4):137-141.ZHANG Xiao-shi,WANG Cong,CAO Wei,et al.Influence of surfactant on drag reduction characteristic of underwater vehicle[J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2017,49(4):137-141.(in Chinese)
[3]黄磊,彭雪明,王生捷,等.微孔阵列式绕回转体气泡减阻实验研究[J].兵工学报,2017,38(2):313-318.HUANG Lei,PENG Xue-ming,WANG Sheng-jie,et al.Experimental study of bubble drag reduction with microhole array on an axisymmetric model[J].Acta Armamentarii,2017,38(2):313-318.(in Chinese)
[4]向敏,张为华,张孜博,等.局部通气空泡尾部微气泡流减阻仿真研究[J].兵工学报,2011,32(6):733-738.XIANG Min,ZHANG Wei-hua,ZHANG Zi-bo,et al.Numerical research on microbubble drag reduction downstream of partial ventilated cavity[J].Acta Armamentarii,2011,32(6):733-738.(in Chinese)
[5]李勇.船舶微气泡减阻机理研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2011.LI Yong.Mechanism research on drag reduction of ship by microbubbles[D].Harbin:Harbin Engineering University,2011.(in Chinese)
[6]Deutsch S E,Castano J G.Microbubble skin friction reduction on an axisymmetric body[J].Physics of Fluids,1986,29(11):3590-3597.
[7]Merkle C L,Deutsch S.Microbubble drag reduction in liquid turbulent boundary layers[J].Applied Mechanics Reviews,1992,45(3):103-127.
[8]Deutsch S,Moeny M,Fontaine A A,et al.Microbubble drag reduction in rough walled turbulent boundary layers with comparison against polymer drag reduction[J].Experiments in Fluids,2004,37(5):731-744.
[9]Paik B G,Kim K Y,Kim K S,et al.The effects of microbubbles on skin friction in a turbulent boundary layer flow[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2016,80:164-175.
[10]Maryami R,Farahat S,Javadpour M,et al.Frictional drag reduction using small bubbles in a Couette-Taylor flow[J].Journal of Marine Science and Technology,2015,20(4):652-669.
[11]Maryami R,Farahat S,Poor M J,et al.Bubbly drag reduction in a vertical Couette-Taylor system with superimposed axial flow[J].Fluid Dynamics Research,2014,46(5):055504.
[12]Verschoof R A,von Der Veen R C A,Sun C,et al.Bubble drag reduction requires large bubbles[J].Physical Review Letters,2016,117(10):104502.
[13]Xu J,Maxey M R,Karniadakis G E.Numerical simulation of turbulent drag reduction using micro-bubbles[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2002,468(1):271-281.
[14]Pang M J,Wei J J,Yu B.Numerical study on modulation of microbubbles on turbulence frictional drag in a horizontal channel[J].Ocean Engineering,2014,81(5):58-68.
[15]Pang M J,Wei J J.A mechanism on liquid-phase turbulence modulation by microbubbles[J].Advances in Mechanical Engineering,2014(10):1-9.
[16]Mohanarangam K,Cheung S C P,Tu J Y,et al.Numerical simulation of micro-bubble drag reduction using population balance model[J].Ocean Engineering,2009,36(11):863-872.
[17]王家楣,姜曼松,郑晓伟,等.不同喷气形式下船舶微气泡减阻水池试验研究[J].华中科技大学学报:自然科学版,2004,32(12):78-80.WANG Jia-mei,JIANG Man-song,ZHENG Xiao-wei,et al.Study of drag reduction of vessel model by microbubble with different injection forms in the towing basin[J].Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology:Natural Science Edition,2004,32(12):78-80.(in Chinese)
[18]王家楣,郑晓伟,姜曼松.船舶吃水对微气泡减阻影响的水池试验研究[J].船舶工程,2004,26(6):9-12.WANG Jia-mei,ZHENG Xiao-wei,JIANG Man-song.Test research on drag reduction of ship model at different draft by microbubble in towing basin[J].Ship Engineering,2004,26(6):9-12.(in Chinese)
[19]杨新峰,苑秉成,陈立纲,等.微气泡减阻实验研究[J].水动力学研究与进展,2009,24(1):89-94.YANG Xin-feng,YUAN Bing-cheng,CHEN Li-gang,et al.Experimental study on drag reduction by microbubbles[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics,2009,24(1):89-94.(in Chinese)
[20]傅慧萍.平板微气泡减阻数值模拟及影响因素分析[J].哈尔滨工程大学学报,2015,36(10):1297-1301.FU Hui-ping.Numerical simulation of microbubble drag reduction in a plate and factors in fluencing its practicality process[J].Journal of Harbin Engineering University,2015,36(10):1297-1301.(in Chinese)
[21]傅慧萍,李杰.微气泡减阻的数值模拟方法及尺寸效应[J].上海交通大学学报,2016,50(2):278-282.FU Hui-ping,LI Jie.Numerical simulation methods of microbubbles drag reduction and scale effect[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University,2016,50(2):278-282.(in Chinese)
[22]吴乘胜,何术龙.微气泡流的数值模拟及减阻机理分析[J].船舶力学,2005,9(5):30-37.WU Cheng-sheng,HE Shu-long.Numerical simulation of microbubble flow and analysis of the mechanism of drag reduction[J].Journal of Ship Mechanics,2005,9(5):30-37.(in Chinese)
[23]Bell C E,Brannon H D.Redesigning fracturing fluids for improving reliability and well performance in horizontal tight gas shale applications[C]∥Proceedings of SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference.The Woodlands,TX,US:Society of Petroleum Engineers,2011:24-26.
[24]Ptasinski P K,Nieuwstadt F T M,van den Brule B H A A,et al.Experiments in turbulent pipe flow with polymer additives at maximum drag reduction[J].Flow Turbulence&Combustion,2001,66(2):159-182.
[25]Kalashnikov V N.Degradation accompanying turbulent drag reduction by polymer additives[J].Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics,2002,103(2/3):105-121.
[26]Shah S N,Kamel A,Zhou Y.Drag reduction characteristics in straight and coiled tubing—an experimental study[J].Journal of Petroleum Science&Engineering,2006,53(3/4):179-188.
[27]王国兵,窦国仁.高分子聚合物减阻的试验研究[J].水利水运科学研究,1988(2):3-13.WANG Guo-bing,DOU Guo-ren.The turbulence structure of a viscoelastic sublayer model by dilute solutions of linear macromolecules[J].Journal of Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute,1988(2):3-13.(in Chinese)
[28]梁双.微管中聚丙烯酰胺的减阻特性研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2017.LIANG Shuang.Investigations on drag reduction with polyacrylamide in microtubes[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2017.(in Chinese)
[29]Lee C,Kim J,Choi H.Suboptimal control of turbulent channel flow for drag reduction[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1998,358:245-258.
[30]Fukagata K,Iwamoto K,Kasagi N.Contribution of Reynolds stress distribution to the skin friction in wall-bounded flows[J].Physics of Fluids,2002,14(11):L73-L76.
[31]张兵强,梁光川,郦利民,等.高分子聚合物的湍流减阻机理[J].油气储运,2012,31(12):895-897.ZHANG Bing-qiang,LIANG Guang-chuan,LI Li-min,et al.Drag reduction mechanism of polymer under turbulent flow[J].Oil&Gas Storage and Transportation,2012,31(12):895-897.(in Chinese)