强流脉冲电子束辐照WC-13Ni硬质合金磨损机制
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摘要
采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、显微硬度计和环-块式摩擦磨损实验研究了强流脉冲电子束(IPEB)辐照WC-13Ni硬质合金的微观组织、硬度和摩擦磨损性能,并讨论了辐照硬质合金的磨损机制。结果表明,IPEB辐照WC-13Ni硬质合金表面发生快速重熔与Ni黏结相择优烧蚀,导致WC相向WC_(1-x)和W_2C相转变;同时,辐照诱发应力波使硬质合金表层深度硬化,硬化层深度约210μm。IPEB辐照硬质合金摩擦系数和磨损率分别由原始的0.8和1.2×10~(-6) mm~3/Nm降低至0.60和5.7×10~(-7) mm~3/Nm;IPEB辐照硬质合金表面改性组织显著改善硬质合金的磨损特性,表面熔层磨损以微观切削为主要特征,这与重熔相变、晶粒细化的熔层组织有关;而熔层以下区域磨损以轻微WC剥落为主要特征的磨粒磨损为主,并伴随少量黏着磨损,这与辐照硬质合金的深层硬化有关。
The microstructure,hardness,and tribological properties of WC-13 Ni cemented carbide before and after Intense Pulsed Electron Beam(IPEB)irradiation were investigated by using Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM),Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS),X-ray Diffraction(XRD),Vickers testers and block-on-ring tribometer.The wear mechanism of the irradiated samples was also discussed.It was found that the surface of the WC-13 Ni cemented carbide irradiated by IPEB undergoes rapid remelting and Ni bond phase ablation,which resulted in the phase transition from WC to WC_(1-x)and W_2 C.Deep hardening effect on the surface layer of WC-13 Ni cemented carbide was induced by the stress wave from the IPEB irradiation,and the depth of hardening layer was about 210μm.The friction coefficient and wear rate of IPEB irradiated cemented carbide reduced from 0.8 and 1.2×10~(-6) mm~3/Nm of the original samples to 0.60 and 5.7×10~(-7) mm~3/Nm,respectively.The surface modification microstructure of IPEB irradiated cemented carbide was significantly improved.The wear characteristics of cemented carbide and the wear of the surface remelted layer were mainly characterized by microcutting,which was related to the remelting phase transformation and grain refinement of the melted structure.The wear of the microstructure below the remelted layer was characterized by slight WC spalling.The wear of the abrasive particles was dominated by a small amount of adhesive wear,which was related with the deep hardening effect of the irradiated cemented carbide.
The microstructure,hardness,and tribological properties of WC-13 Ni cemented carbide before and after Intense Pulsed Electron Beam(IPEB)irradiation were investigated by using Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM),Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS),X-ray Diffraction(XRD),Vickers testers and block-on-ring tribometer.The wear mechanism of the irradiated samples was also discussed.It was found that the surface of the WC-13 Ni cemented carbide irradiated by IPEB undergoes rapid remelting and Ni bond phase ablation,which resulted in the phase transition from WC to WC_(1-x)and W_2 C.Deep hardening effect on the surface layer of WC-13 Ni cemented carbide was induced by the stress wave from the IPEB irradiation,and the depth of hardening layer was about 210μm.The friction coefficient and wear rate of IPEB irradiated cemented carbide reduced from 0.8 and 1.2×10~(-6) mm~3/Nm of the original samples to 0.60 and 5.7×10~(-7) mm~3/Nm,respectively.The surface modification microstructure of IPEB irradiated cemented carbide was significantly improved.The wear characteristics of cemented carbide and the wear of the surface remelted layer were mainly characterized by microcutting,which was related to the remelting phase transformation and grain refinement of the melted structure.The wear of the microstructure below the remelted layer was characterized by slight WC spalling.The wear of the abrasive particles was dominated by a small amount of adhesive wear,which was related with the deep hardening effect of the irradiated cemented carbide.
引文
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[22]LARSEN-BASSE J.Binder extrusion in sliding wear of WC-Co alloys[J].Wear,1985,105(3):247-256.
[23]ZHANG F G,ZHU X P,LEI M K.Tribological behavior of WC-Ni cemented carbide irradiated by highintensity pulsed ion beam[J],Surface and Coatings Technology,2014,258:78-85
[24]YANG G J,GAO P H,LI C X,et al.Simultaneous strengthening and toughening effects in WC-(nano WCCo)[J].Scripta Materialia,2012,66:777-780.
[2]温庆丰,刘莹,黄伟峰,等.机械密封端面材料WCNi硬质合金的研究进展[J].粉末冶金材料科学与工程,2011,16(1):1-6.WEN Qingfeng,LIU Ying,HUANG Weifeng,et al.Development of research on WC-Ni cemented carbides of mechanical seal face materials[J].Materials Science and Engineering of Powder Metallurgy,2011,16(1):1-6.
[3]吴月天.机械密封用耐磨、耐蚀硬质合金材料-YCN3合金研制[J].硬质合金,1996,13(2):95-98.WU Yuetian. A new kind of wear-resistance and corrosion-resistance alloy-YCN3made for mechanical seal[J].Cemented Carbide,1996,13(2):95-98.
[4]UGLOV V V,REMNEV G E,KULESHOV A K,et al.Formation of hardened layer in WC-TiC-Co alloy by treatment of high intensity pulse ion beam and compression plasma flows[J].Surface Coating and Technology,2010,204:1952-1956.
[5]UGLOV V V,KULESHVOV A K,SOLDATENKO E A,et al.Structure,phase composition and mechanical properties of hard alloy treated by intense pulsed electron beams[J].Surface and Coating Technology,2012,206:2972-2976.
[6]PROSKUROVSKY D I,ROTSHTEIN V P,OZUR G E,et al. Pulsed electron-beam technology for surface modification of metallic materials[J].Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A,1998,16(4):2480-2488.
[7]GAO B,HAO S,ZOU J,et al.Effect of high current pulsed electron beam treatment on surface microstructure and wear and corrosion resistance of an AZ91HP magnesium alloy[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2007,201:6297-6303.
[8]张锋刚,朱小鹏,雷明凯.强流脉冲电子束辐照WC-Ni硬质合金表面硬化行为[J].材料热处理学报,2017,38(1):126-132.ZHANG Fenggang, ZHU Xiaopeng, LEI Mingkai.Surface hardening behavior of WC-Ni hard alloy irradiated by intense pulsed electron beam[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2017,38(5):147-153.
[9]ZHANG F G.Surface characterization and tribological properties of WC-Ni cemented carbide irradiated by high intensity pulsed electron beam[J].Vacuum,2017,137:119-124.
[10]LIU J L,ZHANG H B,FAN Y W,et al.Study of low impedance intense electron-beam accelerator based on magnetic core tesla transformer[J].Laser and Particle Beams,2012,30(2):299-305.
[11]HAO S Z,ZHANG Y,XU Y,et al.WC/Co composite surface structure and nano graphite precipitate induced by high current pulsed electron beam irradaition[J].Applied Surface Science,2013,285:552-556.
[12]SARA R V.Phase equilibria in the system tugstencarbon[J].Jounal of the American Ceramic Society,1965,48(5):251-257.
[13]LI T J,LOU Q H,DONG J X,et al.Escape of carbon element in surface ablation of cobalt cemented tungsten carbide with pulsed UV laser[J].Applied Surface Science,2001,172:51-60.
[14]GNYUSOV S,TARASOV S,IVANOV YU,et al.The effect of pulsed electron beam melting on microstructure,friction and wear of WC-Hadfield steel hard metal[J].Wear,2004,257:97-103.
[15]VERDON C,KARIMI A,MARTIN J L.A study of high velocity oxy-fuel thermally thermally sprayed tungsten carbides based coatings. Part 1:microstructures[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,1998,246:11-24.
[16]ZHANG F G,ZHU X P,LEI M K.Microstructure evolution and its correlation with hardening of WC-Ni cemented carbides irradiated by high-intensity pulsed ion beam[J].Surface and Coating Technology,2012,206:4146-4155.
[17]张锋刚.强流脉冲电子束辐照WC-Ni硬质合金表面重熔相变[J].材料热处理学报,2017,38(1):126-132.ZHANG Fenggang.Surface remelting transformation of WC-Ni hard alloy irradiated by intense pulsed electron beam[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment2017,38(10)126-132.
[18]LEI M K,ZHU X P,LIU C,et al.A novel shock processing by high-intensity pulsed ion beam[J].Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,2009,131:031013.
[19]ZHANG X D,HAO S Z,GROSDIDIER T,et al.Surface modification of light alloy by low-energy highcurrent pulsed electron beam[J]. Journal of Metallurgy,2012,(4):1-10.
[20]VALYAEV A N,LADYSEV V S,MENDYGALIEV D R,et al.Defects inα-Fe induced by intense-pulsed ion beam(IPIB)[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B,2000,171:481-486.
[21]LANCASTER J K.The influence of substrate hardness on the formation and endurance of molybdenum disulphide films[J].Wear,1967,10:103-107.
[22]LARSEN-BASSE J.Binder extrusion in sliding wear of WC-Co alloys[J].Wear,1985,105(3):247-256.
[23]ZHANG F G,ZHU X P,LEI M K.Tribological behavior of WC-Ni cemented carbide irradiated by highintensity pulsed ion beam[J],Surface and Coatings Technology,2014,258:78-85
[24]YANG G J,GAO P H,LI C X,et al.Simultaneous strengthening and toughening effects in WC-(nano WCCo)[J].Scripta Materialia,2012,66:777-780.