一种可能的制革体系:三元溶剂(水-乙醇-乙酸乙酯)在制革中的应用
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摘要
报道了一种尝试利用三元混合溶剂代替水(7～10 m~3/t)在制革中的应用,该混合溶剂具有比水更低的沸点(便于通过蒸发回收),对传统染料、合成鞣剂及加脂剂具有较大溶解度。该三元混合溶剂(水-乙醇-乙酸乙酯)对制革试剂具有较好的溶解分散能力,合成鞣剂及染料在混合溶剂和水中的平均分散粒子大小是一样的,但是混合溶剂对染料及合成鞣剂粒子的分散更有利,即在混合溶剂中分散性更好。试验发现,与传统方法相比,鞣制后的中和过程在混合溶剂中使用中和合成鞣剂更容易获得性能优异的皮革。在水和混合溶剂中进行的染料吸附试验符合弗罗德利克吸附理论,说明染料的吸附是多分子层吸附。试验组的皮革的物理性能与对照组非常相似,说明该混合溶剂不会对胶原产生不利影响,并且对制革试剂具有较好的分散和固定作用。因此,该方法可以通过对制革生产工序中小的改变,提供有效的节水方案。
An attempt to replace water(7～10 m~3/ton) in leather processing with a ternary mixture of solvents that would have a lower boiling point than water(for easy recovery through evaporation) and also bring about maximum solubility of conventional dyes, syntans and fatliquors is reported. The ternary mixture(Water-ethanol-ethyl acetate) reported in this study provided for good solubility/dispersion of leather chemicals. Average particle size of the syntan/dye in solvent/water remaining the same, particle size distribution of dyes and syntans was advantageous in the solvent medium, leading to better diffusion. Amongst various trials, neutralization of the leathers after tanning in solvent medium followed by use of neutralization syntans was found to be more advantageous to obtain leather properties comparable to conventional controls. The adsorption studies of dye used in the present study followed Freundlich model in both solvent and water medium indicates multilayer adsorption. Physical properties of the leathers were similar to that of control, indicating clearly that the solvent had no adversary effect on collagen and also provided for good diffusion and fixation of chemicals. The method thus reported in this study could provide for a minimum change approach to leather processing with ample contribution to water saving.
An attempt to replace water(7～10 m~3/ton) in leather processing with a ternary mixture of solvents that would have a lower boiling point than water(for easy recovery through evaporation) and also bring about maximum solubility of conventional dyes, syntans and fatliquors is reported. The ternary mixture(Water-ethanol-ethyl acetate) reported in this study provided for good solubility/dispersion of leather chemicals. Average particle size of the syntan/dye in solvent/water remaining the same, particle size distribution of dyes and syntans was advantageous in the solvent medium, leading to better diffusion. Amongst various trials, neutralization of the leathers after tanning in solvent medium followed by use of neutralization syntans was found to be more advantageous to obtain leather properties comparable to conventional controls. The adsorption studies of dye used in the present study followed Freundlich model in both solvent and water medium indicates multilayer adsorption. Physical properties of the leathers were similar to that of control, indicating clearly that the solvent had no adversary effect on collagen and also provided for good diffusion and fixation of chemicals. The method thus reported in this study could provide for a minimum change approach to leather processing with ample contribution to water saving.
引文
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[2] Durai G, Rajasimman M. Biological treatment of tannery wastewater-A review[J]. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2011,4:1-17.
[3] Ozgunay H, Colak S, Mutlu M, et al. Characterization of leather industry wastes [J].Polish J Env Stud, 2007,16:867 .
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[7] Bhargavi N, Jayakumar G C, Sreeram K J, et al. Towards sustainable leather production: Vegetable tanning in non-aqueous medium[J]. JALCA,2015,110:97-102.
[8] Jayakumar G C, Ami M, Raghava Rao J, et al. Ionic liquids: new age materials for eco-friendly leather processing[J]. RSC Advances,2015,5:31 998-32 005.
[9] Raghava Rao J, Chandrababu N, Muralidharan C, et al. Recouping the wastewater: A way forward for cleaner leather processing[J]. J Cleaner Prodn,2003,11:591-599.
[10] Henderson R K, Jiménez-González C, Constable D J, et al. Expanding GSK’s solvent selection guide-embedding sustainability into solvent selection starting at medicinal chemistry[J]. Green Chem,2011,13:854-862.
[11] Capello C, Fischer U, Hungerbühler K. What is a green solvent? A comprehensive framework for the environmental assessment of solvents[J]. Green Chem,2007,9: 927-934.
[12] Ami M, Raghava Rao J, Nishad Fathima N. Can green solvents be alternatives for thermal stabilization of collagen?[J]. Int J Biol Macromol,2014, 69:361-368.
[13] Henderson R K, Jiménez-González C, Constable D J, et al. Expanding GSK’s solvent selection guide-embedding sustainability into solvent selection starting at medicinal chemistry[J]. Green Chemistry,2011,13:854-862.
[14] IUP2 Sampling[J]. J Soc Leather Technol Chem,2000,84:303-309.
[15] IUP6 Measurement of tensile strength and percentage elongation[J]. J Soc Leather Technol Chem,2000,84:317-321.
[16] IUP8 Measurement of tear load-Double edge tear[J]. J Soc Leather Technol Chem,2000: 327-329.
[17] Resa J M, Goenaga J M, Iglesias M, et al. Liquid-liquid equilibrium diagrams of ethanol+ water+(ethyl acetate or 1-pentanol) at several temperatures [J].Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data,2006,51:1 300-1 305.
[18] Trofimova M, Toikka M, Toikka A. Solubility, liquid-liquid equilibrium and critical states for the quaternary system acetic acid-ethanol-ethyl acetate-water at 29315 K[J]. Fluid Phase Equilibria,2012, 313:46-51.
[19] Burgess D. General aspects of fatliquoring: an introduction to the application and chemistry of fat liquoring[J]. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists,1993, 78:39-43.
[20] Boyd G, Adamson A, Myers Jr L. The exchange adsorption of ions from aqueous solutions by organic zeolites Ⅱ Kinetics1[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,1947, 69:2 836-2 848.
[21] Aravindhan R, Rao J R, Nair B U. Removal of basic yellow dye from aqueous solution by sorption on green alga Caulerpa scalpelliformis[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,142:68-76.
[22] Gupta V K, Ali I. Removal of DDD and DDE from wastewater using bagasse fly ash, a sugar industry waste[J]. Water Research, 2001,35:33-40.
[2] Durai G, Rajasimman M. Biological treatment of tannery wastewater-A review[J]. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2011,4:1-17.
[3] Ozgunay H, Colak S, Mutlu M, et al. Characterization of leather industry wastes [J].Polish J Env Stud, 2007,16:867 .
[4] MIDHA V, DEY A. Biological treatment of tannery wastewater for sulfide removal [J].Int J Chem Sc,2008,6:472-486.
[5] Jessop P G. Searching for green solvents[J]. Green Chem,2011,13:1 391-1 398.
[6] Abbott A P, Alaysuy O, Antunes P, et al. Processing of leather using deep eutectic solvents[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2015.
[7] Bhargavi N, Jayakumar G C, Sreeram K J, et al. Towards sustainable leather production: Vegetable tanning in non-aqueous medium[J]. JALCA,2015,110:97-102.
[8] Jayakumar G C, Ami M, Raghava Rao J, et al. Ionic liquids: new age materials for eco-friendly leather processing[J]. RSC Advances,2015,5:31 998-32 005.
[9] Raghava Rao J, Chandrababu N, Muralidharan C, et al. Recouping the wastewater: A way forward for cleaner leather processing[J]. J Cleaner Prodn,2003,11:591-599.
[10] Henderson R K, Jiménez-González C, Constable D J, et al. Expanding GSK’s solvent selection guide-embedding sustainability into solvent selection starting at medicinal chemistry[J]. Green Chem,2011,13:854-862.
[11] Capello C, Fischer U, Hungerbühler K. What is a green solvent? A comprehensive framework for the environmental assessment of solvents[J]. Green Chem,2007,9: 927-934.
[12] Ami M, Raghava Rao J, Nishad Fathima N. Can green solvents be alternatives for thermal stabilization of collagen?[J]. Int J Biol Macromol,2014, 69:361-368.
[13] Henderson R K, Jiménez-González C, Constable D J, et al. Expanding GSK’s solvent selection guide-embedding sustainability into solvent selection starting at medicinal chemistry[J]. Green Chemistry,2011,13:854-862.
[14] IUP2 Sampling[J]. J Soc Leather Technol Chem,2000,84:303-309.
[15] IUP6 Measurement of tensile strength and percentage elongation[J]. J Soc Leather Technol Chem,2000,84:317-321.
[16] IUP8 Measurement of tear load-Double edge tear[J]. J Soc Leather Technol Chem,2000: 327-329.
[17] Resa J M, Goenaga J M, Iglesias M, et al. Liquid-liquid equilibrium diagrams of ethanol+ water+(ethyl acetate or 1-pentanol) at several temperatures [J].Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data,2006,51:1 300-1 305.
[18] Trofimova M, Toikka M, Toikka A. Solubility, liquid-liquid equilibrium and critical states for the quaternary system acetic acid-ethanol-ethyl acetate-water at 29315 K[J]. Fluid Phase Equilibria,2012, 313:46-51.
[19] Burgess D. General aspects of fatliquoring: an introduction to the application and chemistry of fat liquoring[J]. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists,1993, 78:39-43.
[20] Boyd G, Adamson A, Myers Jr L. The exchange adsorption of ions from aqueous solutions by organic zeolites Ⅱ Kinetics1[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,1947, 69:2 836-2 848.
[21] Aravindhan R, Rao J R, Nair B U. Removal of basic yellow dye from aqueous solution by sorption on green alga Caulerpa scalpelliformis[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,142:68-76.
[22] Gupta V K, Ali I. Removal of DDD and DDE from wastewater using bagasse fly ash, a sugar industry waste[J]. Water Research, 2001,35:33-40.