解读2017年诺贝尔物理学奖:引力波的直接探测
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摘要
2017年的诺贝尔物理学奖被授予对引力波直接探测实验作出关键贡献的3位科学家。本文主要介绍引力波从理论预言、研究到实验成功探测的科学发现历程,不同频段的引力波源及其探测手段,以及引力波研究的前景。
The 2017 Nobel prize in physics was awarded to three scientists who made a key contribution to the direct detection of gravitational waves.This paper reviews the scientific discovery process of gravitational wave from theoretical prediction and research to the successful detection in the experiment,the gravitational wave sources and their detection methods in different frequency bands,and the prospect of gravitational wave research.
The 2017 Nobel prize in physics was awarded to three scientists who made a key contribution to the direct detection of gravitational waves.This paper reviews the scientific discovery process of gravitational wave from theoretical prediction and research to the successful detection in the experiment,the gravitational wave sources and their detection methods in different frequency bands,and the prospect of gravitational wave research.
引文
[1]诺贝尔奖官方网站https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2017/
[2]EINSTEIN A,Naeherungsweise integration der feldgleichungen der gravitation[J].Sitzungsber.K.Preuss.Akad.Wiss.1,1916:688.
[3]EINSTEIN A,Ueber gravitationswellen[J].Sitzungsber.K.Preuss.Akad.Wiss.1,1918:154.
[4]KENNEFICK D,Einstein versus the physical review[J].Physics Today,2005(58):43.
[5]PAIS A.Subtle is the Lord:the science and life of Albert Einstein[M].New York:Oxford U.Press,1982.
[6]EINSTEIN A,Rosen N,On gravitational wave[J].Journal of the Franklin Institute,1937(223):43-54.
[7]BONDI H,Plane gravitational waves in general relativity[J].Nature,1957(179):1072–1073.
[8]HULSE R A,Taylor J H,Discovery of a pulsar in a binary system[J].Astrophys.J.1975(195):L51.
[9]TAYLOR J H,Weisberg J M,A new test of general relativity:gravitational radiation and the binary pulsar PSR1913+16[J].Astrophys.J.1982(253):908.
[10]WEBER J,Detection and generation of gravitational waves[J].Phys.Rev.,1960(117):306-313.
[11]WEBER J,Evidence for discovery of gravitational radiation[J].Phys.Rev.Lett.,1969(22):1320-1324.
[12]WEBER J,Anisotropy and polarization in the gravitational-radiation experiments[J].Phys.Rev.Lett.,1970(25):180-184.
[13]SCIAMA D,Field G,Rees M.Upper limit to radiation of mass energy derived from expansion of galaxy[J].Phys.Rev.Lett.,1969(23):1514-1515.
[14]深圳特区报记者方磊,通讯员程建,陈嘉言:寻找引力波的深圳人[EB/OL][2017-12-12].http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2013_06/05/26094233_0.shtml
[15]GERTSENSHTEIN M E,Pustovoit V I,On the detection of low frequency gravitational waves[J].Sov.J.Exp.Theor.Phys.,1962(43):605-607.
[16]MOSS G E,Miller R L,Forward,R L,Photon-noise-limited laser transducer for gravitational antenna[J].Appl.Opt.,1971(10):2495-2498.
[17]WEISS R,Electromagnetically coupled broadband gravitational antenna[R].Quarterly Report of the Research Laboratory for Electronics,MIT Report No.105,1972,https://dcc.ligo.org/LIGO-P720002/public/main
[18]CERVANTES-COTA J L,Galindo-Uribarri S,Smoot G F,A brief history of gravitational waves[J].Universe,2016(2):22.arXiv:1609.09400.
[19]LIGO,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGO
[20]ABRAMOVICI A,et al.LIGO:The laser interferometer gravitational wave observatory[J].Science,1992(256):325-333.
[21]LIGO Scientific Collaboration,LIGO:The laser interferometer gravitational wave observatory[J].Rept.Prog.Phys.2009(72):076901.arXiv:0711.3041.
[22]“知识分子”特别报道.毫无悬念!引力波探测获2017年诺贝尔物理学奖[EB/OL][2017-10-03].https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/7Lxt1cjSs5zhACfG_hGrog
[23]ABBOTT B P,et al(LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration).Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger[J].Physical Review Letters,2016(116):061102.
[24]RUIZ M,Lang R N,Paschalidis V,et al.Binary neutron star mergers:ajet engine for short gamma-ray bursts[J].Astrophys.J.,2016(824):L6.
[25]ABBOTT B P,et al.,LIGO Scientific and Virgo Collaborations.GW170817:observation of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral[J].Phys.Rev.Lett.,2017(119):161101.
[26]ABBOTT B P,et al.,LIGO Scientific and Virgo and Fermi-GBM and INTEGRAL Collaborations,Gravitational waves and gamma-rays from a binary neutron star merger:GW170817 and GRB 170817A[J].Astrophys.J.,2017(848):L13.
[27]ABBOTT B P,et al.Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger[J].Astrophys.J.,2017(848):L12.
[28]LI T,et al.,Insight-HXMT Team,Insight-HXMT observations of the first binary neutron star merger GW170817[J].Sci.China Phys.Mech.Astron.,2018(61):031011.
[29]LASKY P D,et al.Gravitational-wave cosmology across29decades in frequency[J].Physical Review X,2016(6):011035.
[30]CAI R G,CAO Z J,GUO Z K,et al.The gravitationalwave physics[J].National Science Review,2017(4):687-706.arXiv:1703.00187.
[31]Sources and Types of Gravitational Waves,[EB/OL][2017-12-27]https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/gw-sources
[32]AUGER G(ed.),PLAGNOL E(ed.).An overview of gravitational waves:theory sources and detection[M].Singapore:World Scientific,2017.
[2]EINSTEIN A,Naeherungsweise integration der feldgleichungen der gravitation[J].Sitzungsber.K.Preuss.Akad.Wiss.1,1916:688.
[3]EINSTEIN A,Ueber gravitationswellen[J].Sitzungsber.K.Preuss.Akad.Wiss.1,1918:154.
[4]KENNEFICK D,Einstein versus the physical review[J].Physics Today,2005(58):43.
[5]PAIS A.Subtle is the Lord:the science and life of Albert Einstein[M].New York:Oxford U.Press,1982.
[6]EINSTEIN A,Rosen N,On gravitational wave[J].Journal of the Franklin Institute,1937(223):43-54.
[7]BONDI H,Plane gravitational waves in general relativity[J].Nature,1957(179):1072–1073.
[8]HULSE R A,Taylor J H,Discovery of a pulsar in a binary system[J].Astrophys.J.1975(195):L51.
[9]TAYLOR J H,Weisberg J M,A new test of general relativity:gravitational radiation and the binary pulsar PSR1913+16[J].Astrophys.J.1982(253):908.
[10]WEBER J,Detection and generation of gravitational waves[J].Phys.Rev.,1960(117):306-313.
[11]WEBER J,Evidence for discovery of gravitational radiation[J].Phys.Rev.Lett.,1969(22):1320-1324.
[12]WEBER J,Anisotropy and polarization in the gravitational-radiation experiments[J].Phys.Rev.Lett.,1970(25):180-184.
[13]SCIAMA D,Field G,Rees M.Upper limit to radiation of mass energy derived from expansion of galaxy[J].Phys.Rev.Lett.,1969(23):1514-1515.
[14]深圳特区报记者方磊,通讯员程建,陈嘉言:寻找引力波的深圳人[EB/OL][2017-12-12].http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2013_06/05/26094233_0.shtml
[15]GERTSENSHTEIN M E,Pustovoit V I,On the detection of low frequency gravitational waves[J].Sov.J.Exp.Theor.Phys.,1962(43):605-607.
[16]MOSS G E,Miller R L,Forward,R L,Photon-noise-limited laser transducer for gravitational antenna[J].Appl.Opt.,1971(10):2495-2498.
[17]WEISS R,Electromagnetically coupled broadband gravitational antenna[R].Quarterly Report of the Research Laboratory for Electronics,MIT Report No.105,1972,https://dcc.ligo.org/LIGO-P720002/public/main
[18]CERVANTES-COTA J L,Galindo-Uribarri S,Smoot G F,A brief history of gravitational waves[J].Universe,2016(2):22.arXiv:1609.09400.
[19]LIGO,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGO
[20]ABRAMOVICI A,et al.LIGO:The laser interferometer gravitational wave observatory[J].Science,1992(256):325-333.
[21]LIGO Scientific Collaboration,LIGO:The laser interferometer gravitational wave observatory[J].Rept.Prog.Phys.2009(72):076901.arXiv:0711.3041.
[22]“知识分子”特别报道.毫无悬念!引力波探测获2017年诺贝尔物理学奖[EB/OL][2017-10-03].https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/7Lxt1cjSs5zhACfG_hGrog
[23]ABBOTT B P,et al(LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration).Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger[J].Physical Review Letters,2016(116):061102.
[24]RUIZ M,Lang R N,Paschalidis V,et al.Binary neutron star mergers:ajet engine for short gamma-ray bursts[J].Astrophys.J.,2016(824):L6.
[25]ABBOTT B P,et al.,LIGO Scientific and Virgo Collaborations.GW170817:observation of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral[J].Phys.Rev.Lett.,2017(119):161101.
[26]ABBOTT B P,et al.,LIGO Scientific and Virgo and Fermi-GBM and INTEGRAL Collaborations,Gravitational waves and gamma-rays from a binary neutron star merger:GW170817 and GRB 170817A[J].Astrophys.J.,2017(848):L13.
[27]ABBOTT B P,et al.Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger[J].Astrophys.J.,2017(848):L12.
[28]LI T,et al.,Insight-HXMT Team,Insight-HXMT observations of the first binary neutron star merger GW170817[J].Sci.China Phys.Mech.Astron.,2018(61):031011.
[29]LASKY P D,et al.Gravitational-wave cosmology across29decades in frequency[J].Physical Review X,2016(6):011035.
[30]CAI R G,CAO Z J,GUO Z K,et al.The gravitationalwave physics[J].National Science Review,2017(4):687-706.arXiv:1703.00187.
[31]Sources and Types of Gravitational Waves,[EB/OL][2017-12-27]https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/gw-sources
[32]AUGER G(ed.),PLAGNOL E(ed.).An overview of gravitational waves:theory sources and detection[M].Singapore:World Scientific,2017.