广西优质高产柑橘水肥管理技术研究
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摘要
【目的】系统研究柑橘的需水肥规律,解决柑橘生产中存在的季节性干旱与过量施肥问题,为实现广西柑橘种植的高产优质提供技术指导。【方法】以柑橘田间试验为基础,水分管理设3个处理,即优化施肥不灌溉(A1)、优化施肥+柑橘生长水分不足时灌溉(A2)、水肥一体施肥管理(施肥量与优化施肥相同)(A3);肥料管理也设3个处理,即传统施肥(B1:氮肥以N含量计算设0.400 kg/株,磷肥以P2O5计算设0.215 kg/株,钾肥以K2O计算设0.333 kg/株)、优化施肥(B2:氮肥0.360 kg/株,磷肥0.080 kg/株,钾肥0.300 kg/株)、有机+无机肥(B3:氮肥0.360 kg/株,磷肥0.080 kg/株,钾肥0.300 kg/株,有机养分占30%)。测定种植区不同质地、类型土壤在不同处理下的饱和持水量、有效水含量等特征。【结果】广西柑橘种植区1—12月平均降水量为21.5～211.3 mm,但降水主要集中在5—9月,柑橘生产中存在季节性干旱问题;干旱胁迫对柑橘生产危害程度除与降水量紧密相关外,还与柑橘种植区的土壤类型、质地、有机质含量等因素紧密相关;优化施肥+灌溉和有机肥+无机肥处理的柑橘产量不仅比传统施肥处理增产30.85%～36.41%,且柑橘果品品质优于后者;同时,柑橘生长需水量为0.9～5.9 mm/d,年均需水量为1187 mm;另外,柑橘灌溉较缺乏灌溉条件处理增产25.38%～27.72%。【结论】优化施肥完全可替代传统施肥,水肥一体化管理更有助于解决春秋季干旱和缺水制约柑橘生产的问题,且有利于可实现柑橘高产和优质栽培。
【Objective】Water and fertilizer demand regulations of citrus were systematically studied to solve the problems of seasonal drought and excess fertilization in citrus planting and provide technical support for high-yield and highquality citrus production in Guangxi.【Method】Based on citrus field experiments,three irrigation managements were designed,including optimal fertilization without irrigation(A1),optimal fertilization+irrigation in dry seasons(A2),fertigation treatment(fertilization rate was the same with optimal fertilization rate)(A3). In addition,three fertilization treatments were set: traditional fertilization(B1,nitrogen fertilizer calculated with N content was set as 0.400 kg/plant,phosphorus fertilizer calculated with P2 O5 was set as 0.215 kg/plant,potassium fertilizer calculated with K2 O was set as 0.333 kg/plant),optimal fertilization(B2,N,P2 O5 and K2 O in rates of 0.360,0.080 and 0.300 kg/plant respectively)and organic and inorganic fertilizers(B3,N,P2 O5 and K2 O in rates of 0.360,0.080 and 0.300 kg/plant respectively,organic fertilizer accounted for 30%). Saturation moisture capacity and available water content of different texture soils in citrus planting areas were detected.【Result】The average precipitation in citrus planting area of Guangxi from January to December was 21.5 mm to 211.3 mm. However,the precipitation was mainly concentrated from May to September and seasonal drought problem was outstanding. The negative impact of drought stress to citrus production was not only closely related to precipitation,but also closely associated with soil types,textures and the contents of soil organic matter. The yields of citrus under B2 and B3 treatments were 30.85%-36.41% higher than that in B1 treatment,the quality of citrus in B2 and B3 treatments were also higher than that in B1 treatment. The water demands of citrus daily and annually were 0.9-5.9 mm/d and 1187 mm per year,respectively. The yields of citrus in irrigation treatments were 25.38%-27.72% higher than those without irrigation condition.【Conclusion】Optimal fertilization method can be used to replace the traditional fertilization,and the method of fertigation is more benefit to solve the problem of drought stress and short of water in spring and autumn,and is beneficial for the high-yield and high-quality cultivation of citrus.
【Objective】Water and fertilizer demand regulations of citrus were systematically studied to solve the problems of seasonal drought and excess fertilization in citrus planting and provide technical support for high-yield and highquality citrus production in Guangxi.【Method】Based on citrus field experiments,three irrigation managements were designed,including optimal fertilization without irrigation(A1),optimal fertilization+irrigation in dry seasons(A2),fertigation treatment(fertilization rate was the same with optimal fertilization rate)(A3). In addition,three fertilization treatments were set: traditional fertilization(B1,nitrogen fertilizer calculated with N content was set as 0.400 kg/plant,phosphorus fertilizer calculated with P2 O5 was set as 0.215 kg/plant,potassium fertilizer calculated with K2 O was set as 0.333 kg/plant),optimal fertilization(B2,N,P2 O5 and K2 O in rates of 0.360,0.080 and 0.300 kg/plant respectively)and organic and inorganic fertilizers(B3,N,P2 O5 and K2 O in rates of 0.360,0.080 and 0.300 kg/plant respectively,organic fertilizer accounted for 30%). Saturation moisture capacity and available water content of different texture soils in citrus planting areas were detected.【Result】The average precipitation in citrus planting area of Guangxi from January to December was 21.5 mm to 211.3 mm. However,the precipitation was mainly concentrated from May to September and seasonal drought problem was outstanding. The negative impact of drought stress to citrus production was not only closely related to precipitation,but also closely associated with soil types,textures and the contents of soil organic matter. The yields of citrus under B2 and B3 treatments were 30.85%-36.41% higher than that in B1 treatment,the quality of citrus in B2 and B3 treatments were also higher than that in B1 treatment. The water demands of citrus daily and annually were 0.9-5.9 mm/d and 1187 mm per year,respectively. The yields of citrus in irrigation treatments were 25.38%-27.72% higher than those without irrigation condition.【Conclusion】Optimal fertilization method can be used to replace the traditional fertilization,and the method of fertigation is more benefit to solve the problem of drought stress and short of water in spring and autumn,and is beneficial for the high-yield and high-quality cultivation of citrus.
引文
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江泽普,韦广泼,谭宏伟.2004.广西红壤果园土壤肥力演化与评价[J].植物营养与肥料学报,10(3):312-318.[Jiang Z P,Wei G P,Tan H W.2004.The evolution and evaluation of orchard soil fertility in red earth regions of Guangxi[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,10(3):312-318.]
廖春贵,胡宝清,陈月连.2018.2009-2016年广西水资源时空分布特征及影响因素[J].农村经济与科技,29(12):4-5.[Liao C G,Hu B Q,Chen Y L.2018.Spatial and temporal distribution and influencing factors of water resources in Guangxi during 2009-2016[J].Rural Economy and Science-Technology,29(12):4-5.]
陆利珍,陆玉英,阮经宙,覃绍强.2016.柑橘简便水肥一体化应用及主要配套技术[J].南方园艺,27(5):36-38.[Lu L Z,Lu Y Y,Ruan J Z,Qin S Q.2016.Application of simple fertigation system and its techniques on the growth of citrus[J].Southern Horticulture,27(5):36-38]
王蕊,魏幼璋,杨肖娥,童昌华,贾彦博,洪春来,石学根,韩常灿,Juhani Uoti.2004.不同复混肥对柑橘产量和品质的影响[J].浙江农业科学,(5):243-245.[Wang R,Wei YZ,Yang X E,Tong C H,Jia Y B,Hong C L,Shi X G,Han C C,Uoti J.2004.Effects of different ratios of nutrient elements in compound fertilizer on yield and quality of citrus fruits[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,(5):243-245.]
王硕,钱建平,裴晓宇,张坤,张璇.2019.广西水资源的时空分布及利用现状和保护建议[J].广西水利水电,(1):39-44.[Wang S,Qian J P,Pei X Y,Zhang K,Zhang X.2019.Temporal and spatial distribution,utilization status and protection suggestions of water resources in Guangxi[J].Guangxi Water Resources&Hydropower Engineering,(1):39-44.]
徐淑君,吴雪梅,任铮,曾明,隋宝强,刘勇.2008.滴灌技术对柑橘生长效应的研究[J].南方农业,2(7):7-9.[Xu SJ,Wu X M,Ren Z,Zeng M,Sui B Q,Liu Y.2008.Effect of fertigation on the growth of citrus[J].South China Agriculture,2(7):7-9.]
杨培丽,范琪琪,唐志鹏,黄奎威,陈家向,韦秋深.2014.柑橘水肥一体化对产量和效益的影响[J].安徽农业科学,42(14):4266-4268.[Yang P L,Fan Q Q,Tang Z P,Huang K W,Chen J X,Wei Q S.2014.Effects of water and fertilizer integration on yield and benefit of citrus[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,42(14):4266-4268.]
Kunihisa M,Hiroyasu Y,Shinnosuke K,Masahiko S,Seiji N,Norihiro H,Yoshinori H.2010.Development of drip irrigation and liquid fertigation system with plastic mulching and its extension for citrus fruit production[J].Horticultural Research,9(2):129-135.
Qin W,Assinck F B T,Heinen M,Oenema O.2016.Water and nitrogen use efficiencies in citrus production:A metaanalysis[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment.222:103-111.
Quaggioa J A,Souzaa T R,Zambrosia F C B,Matto sD,Boaretto R M,Silva G.2019.Citrus fruit yield response to nitrogen and potassium fertilization depends on nutrient-water management system[J].Scientia Horticulturae,249:329-333.
Zheng C S,Lan X,Tan Q L,Zhang Y,Gui H P,Hu C X.2015.Soil application of calcium and magnesium fertilizer influences the fruit pulp mastication characteristics of Nanfeng tangerine(Citrus reticulate Blanco cv.Kinokuni)[J].Scientia Horticulturae,191:121-126.doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.05.008.
陈大超,张跃强,甘涛,周双,唐晓东,石孝均,邓胜兴.2018.有机肥施用量及深度对柑橘产量和品质的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,(4):143-147.[Chen D C,Zhang Y Q,Gan T,Zhou S,Tang X D,Shi X J,Deng S X.2018.The response of citrus yield and quality to application of organic fertilizer with different depths and rates[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,(4):143-147.]
广西壮族自治区水利厅.2016.2015年广西水资源公报[R].南宁:广西壮族自治区水利厅.[Water Resources Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.2016.Guangxi water resources bulletin in 2015[R].Nanning:Water Resources Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.]
广西壮族自治区水利厅.2017.2016年广西水资源公报[R].南宁:广西壮族自治区水利厅.[Water Resources Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.2017.Guangxi water resources bulletin in 2016[R].Nanning:Water Resources Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.]
江泽普,韦广泼,谭宏伟.2004.广西红壤果园土壤肥力演化与评价[J].植物营养与肥料学报,10(3):312-318.[Jiang Z P,Wei G P,Tan H W.2004.The evolution and evaluation of orchard soil fertility in red earth regions of Guangxi[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,10(3):312-318.]
廖春贵,胡宝清,陈月连.2018.2009-2016年广西水资源时空分布特征及影响因素[J].农村经济与科技,29(12):4-5.[Liao C G,Hu B Q,Chen Y L.2018.Spatial and temporal distribution and influencing factors of water resources in Guangxi during 2009-2016[J].Rural Economy and Science-Technology,29(12):4-5.]
陆利珍,陆玉英,阮经宙,覃绍强.2016.柑橘简便水肥一体化应用及主要配套技术[J].南方园艺,27(5):36-38.[Lu L Z,Lu Y Y,Ruan J Z,Qin S Q.2016.Application of simple fertigation system and its techniques on the growth of citrus[J].Southern Horticulture,27(5):36-38]
王蕊,魏幼璋,杨肖娥,童昌华,贾彦博,洪春来,石学根,韩常灿,Juhani Uoti.2004.不同复混肥对柑橘产量和品质的影响[J].浙江农业科学,(5):243-245.[Wang R,Wei YZ,Yang X E,Tong C H,Jia Y B,Hong C L,Shi X G,Han C C,Uoti J.2004.Effects of different ratios of nutrient elements in compound fertilizer on yield and quality of citrus fruits[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,(5):243-245.]
王硕,钱建平,裴晓宇,张坤,张璇.2019.广西水资源的时空分布及利用现状和保护建议[J].广西水利水电,(1):39-44.[Wang S,Qian J P,Pei X Y,Zhang K,Zhang X.2019.Temporal and spatial distribution,utilization status and protection suggestions of water resources in Guangxi[J].Guangxi Water Resources&Hydropower Engineering,(1):39-44.]
徐淑君,吴雪梅,任铮,曾明,隋宝强,刘勇.2008.滴灌技术对柑橘生长效应的研究[J].南方农业,2(7):7-9.[Xu SJ,Wu X M,Ren Z,Zeng M,Sui B Q,Liu Y.2008.Effect of fertigation on the growth of citrus[J].South China Agriculture,2(7):7-9.]
杨培丽,范琪琪,唐志鹏,黄奎威,陈家向,韦秋深.2014.柑橘水肥一体化对产量和效益的影响[J].安徽农业科学,42(14):4266-4268.[Yang P L,Fan Q Q,Tang Z P,Huang K W,Chen J X,Wei Q S.2014.Effects of water and fertilizer integration on yield and benefit of citrus[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,42(14):4266-4268.]
Kunihisa M,Hiroyasu Y,Shinnosuke K,Masahiko S,Seiji N,Norihiro H,Yoshinori H.2010.Development of drip irrigation and liquid fertigation system with plastic mulching and its extension for citrus fruit production[J].Horticultural Research,9(2):129-135.
Qin W,Assinck F B T,Heinen M,Oenema O.2016.Water and nitrogen use efficiencies in citrus production:A metaanalysis[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment.222:103-111.
Quaggioa J A,Souzaa T R,Zambrosia F C B,Matto sD,Boaretto R M,Silva G.2019.Citrus fruit yield response to nitrogen and potassium fertilization depends on nutrient-water management system[J].Scientia Horticulturae,249:329-333.
Zheng C S,Lan X,Tan Q L,Zhang Y,Gui H P,Hu C X.2015.Soil application of calcium and magnesium fertilizer influences the fruit pulp mastication characteristics of Nanfeng tangerine(Citrus reticulate Blanco cv.Kinokuni)[J].Scientia Horticulturae,191:121-126.doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.05.008.