不同泌乳量奶牛行为学差异及其与泌乳性能的相关性
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摘要
本试验旨在研究不同泌乳量奶牛的行为学差异,并分析奶牛行为学与泌乳性能的相关性。选择24头泌乳中期[(114.6±7.5) d]中国荷斯坦奶牛,平均体重为(670±24) kg,胎次为(2.6±0.4)胎,分为高产组[泌乳量(31.90±1.76) kg/d]和低产组[泌乳量(19.30±1.76) kg/d],每组12头。通过24 h视频监控系统、精准饲喂系统及计步器等,观察和统计奶牛48 h内采食(采食量、采食时间、采食次数、反刍时间、反刍次数)、饮水(饮水时间、饮水次数)、运动(躺卧时间、躺卧次数、站立/游走时间、游走步数)等参数,研究奶牛行为学与泌乳量的相关性。结果表明:1)低产组奶牛的乳蛋白率极显著高于高产组奶牛(P<0.01),低产组奶牛的乳脂产量、乳蛋白产量和乳糖率显著或极显著低于高产组奶牛(P<0.01)。2)高产组奶牛的干物质采食量、饮水时间和饮水次数显著或极显著高于低产组奶牛(P<0.05或P<0.01),高产组奶牛的游走步数极显著低于低产组奶牛(P<0.01)。3)总泌乳量与干物质采食量(r=0.829,P<0.01)、饮水时间(r=0.473,P<0.05)、饮水次数(r=0.429,P<0.05)呈正相关,而与游走步数(r=-0.574,P <0.01)呈负相关。综上所述,奶牛行为学与泌乳量之间存在相关性,这些行为的差异,可为寻找通过改变行为学提高奶牛产奶性能的方法提供理论依据。
This experiment was conducted to study the behavioral differences of different milk yield dairy cows,and to analysis the correlation of behavior and lactation performance of different milk yield dairy cows.Twenty-four mid-lactating [( 114. 6 ± 7. 5) d] China Holstein dairy cows with the average body weight of( 670±24) kg and( 2.6±0.4) parity were divided into high-yield group [milk yield was( 31.90±1.76) kg/d]and low-yield group [milk yield was( 19.30±1.76) kg/d],each group contained 12 cows. Through 24-hour video surveillance system,precision feeding system and pedometer,observated and statistics the feed( feed intake,feed time,intake times,ruminant time and ruminant times),drink( drink time and drink times),movement( lie time,lie times,walking/standing time and number of walking steps) within 48 hours,and to study the correlation of behavior and milk yield of dairy cows. The results showed as follows: 1) the milk protein percentage of dairy cows in low-yield group was significantly higher than that of dairy cows in high-yield group( P<0.01),the milk fat yield,milk protein yield and milk lactose percentage of dairy cows in low-yield group was significantly lower than that of dairy cows in high-yield group( P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). 2) The dry matter intake,drink time and drink times of dairy cows in high-yield group were significantly higher than those of dairy cows in low-yield group( P<0.01),and the number of walking steps of dairy cows in high-yield group was significantly lower than that of dairy cows in low-yield group( P<0.01). 3) The total milk yield had positive correlation with dry matter intake( r = 0.829,P<0.01),drink time( r = 0.473,P < 0.05) and drink times( r = 0.429,P<0.05),and had negative correlation with number of walking steps( r =-0.574,P<0.01). In conclusion,there is correlation between behavior and milk yield of dairy cows,and the differences of these behaviors can provide theoretical basis knowledge for improving milk production performance of dairy cows.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31(7):3156-3163]
This experiment was conducted to study the behavioral differences of different milk yield dairy cows,and to analysis the correlation of behavior and lactation performance of different milk yield dairy cows.Twenty-four mid-lactating [( 114. 6 ± 7. 5) d] China Holstein dairy cows with the average body weight of( 670±24) kg and( 2.6±0.4) parity were divided into high-yield group [milk yield was( 31.90±1.76) kg/d]and low-yield group [milk yield was( 19.30±1.76) kg/d],each group contained 12 cows. Through 24-hour video surveillance system,precision feeding system and pedometer,observated and statistics the feed( feed intake,feed time,intake times,ruminant time and ruminant times),drink( drink time and drink times),movement( lie time,lie times,walking/standing time and number of walking steps) within 48 hours,and to study the correlation of behavior and milk yield of dairy cows. The results showed as follows: 1) the milk protein percentage of dairy cows in low-yield group was significantly higher than that of dairy cows in high-yield group( P<0.01),the milk fat yield,milk protein yield and milk lactose percentage of dairy cows in low-yield group was significantly lower than that of dairy cows in high-yield group( P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). 2) The dry matter intake,drink time and drink times of dairy cows in high-yield group were significantly higher than those of dairy cows in low-yield group( P<0.01),and the number of walking steps of dairy cows in high-yield group was significantly lower than that of dairy cows in low-yield group( P<0.01). 3) The total milk yield had positive correlation with dry matter intake( r = 0.829,P<0.01),drink time( r = 0.473,P < 0.05) and drink times( r = 0.429,P<0.05),and had negative correlation with number of walking steps( r =-0.574,P<0.01). In conclusion,there is correlation between behavior and milk yield of dairy cows,and the differences of these behaviors can provide theoretical basis knowledge for improving milk production performance of dairy cows.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31(7):3156-3163]
引文
[1]顾静秋,王志海,高荣华,等.基于融合图像与运动量的奶牛行为识别方法[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(6):145-151.
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[3]姜富贵.粗饲料对泌乳奶牛咀嚼行为及瘤胃内环境的影响研究[D].博士学位论文.泰安:山东农业大学,2016:61-79.
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[7] NORRING M,MANNINEN E,DE PASSILLA M,et al. Preferences of dairy cows for three stall surface materials with small amounts of bedding[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(1):70-74.
[8] KRAWCZEL P D,MOONEY C S,DANN H M,et al.Effect of alternative models for increasing stocking density on the short-term behavior and hygiene of Holstein dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(5):2467-2475.
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[11] NOLDUS L P J J,SPINK A J,TEGELENBOSCH R A J. Ethovision:a versatile video tracking system for automation of behavioral experiments[J]. Behavior Research Methods,Instruments,&Computers,2001,33(3):398-414.
[12] SHAO B,XIN H W.A real-time computer vision assessment and control of thermal comfort for grouphoused pigs[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2008,62(1):15-21.
[13] WEI S,BAI Z H,QIN W,et al.Nutrient use efficiencies,losses,and abatement strategies for peri-urban dairy production systems[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2018,228:232-238.
[14]沈明霞,刘龙申,闫丽,等.畜禽养殖个体信息监测技术研究进展[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(10):245-251.
[15]赵宗胜,贺庆国,曹志辉,等.荷斯坦泌乳牛的行为观察[J].中国奶牛,2001(2):36-38.
[16] CONTRERAS G A,THELEN K,SCHMIDT S E,et al. Adipose tissue remodeling in late-lactation dairy cows during feed-restriction-induced negative energy balance[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(12):10009-10021.
[17] FOX D G,SNIFFEN C J,O’CONNOR J D,et al.A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets:Ⅲ. Cattle requirements and diet adequacy[J].Journal of Animal Science,1992,70(11):3578-3596.
[18]叶承荣,张克春,谭勋.能量负平衡对高产奶牛繁殖性能影响的研究进展[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2006,24(4):398-401.
[19] REYNOLDS C K,AIKMAN P C,LUPOLI B,et al.Splanchnic metabolism of dairy cows during the transition from late gestation through early lactation[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(4):1201-1217.
[20] ZARRIN M,GROSSEN-RSTI L,BRUCKMAIER R M,et al.Elevation of bloodβ-hydroxybutyrate concentration affects glucose metabolism in dairy cows before and after parturition[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2017,100(3):2323-2333.
[21] BAUMAN D E,GRIINARI J M.Nutritional regulation of milk fat synthesis[J].Annual Reviewof Nutrition,2003,23:203-227.
[22] TONG J J,ZHANG H,YANG D L,et al.Illumina sequencing analysis of the ruminal microbiota in highyield and low-yield lactating dairy cows[J]. PLoS One,2018,13(11):e0198225.
[23] HOSSEINKHANI A,DEVRIES T J,PROUDFOOT K L,et al. The effects of feed bunk competition on the feed sorting behavior of close-up dry cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2008,91(3):1115-1121.
[24] DEVRIES T J,VON KEYSERLINGK MA G. Time of feed delivery affects the feeding and lying patterns of dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2005,88(2):625-631.
[25] BACH A,VALLS N,SOLANS A,et al. Associations between nondietary factors and dairy herd performance[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2008,91(8):3259-3267.
[26] NORRING M,VALROS A,MUNKSGAARD L.Milk yield affects time budget of dairy cows in tie-stalls[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(1):102-108.
[27]谢云怡,司敬方,武轩宇,等.不同剩余采食量水平的奶牛采食行为及体尺指标差异分析[J].畜牧与兽医,2016,48(8):58-61.
[28]邵大富.奶牛反刍行为变化规律及其影响因素的相关性研究[D].硕士学位论文.长春:吉林大学,2015:60-72.
[29]张华琦,杨正德.不同泌乳时期荷斯坦奶牛的行为观察[J].中国奶牛,2008(3):19-21.
[30]鲁煜建,王朝元,赵浩翔,等.东北地区奶牛夏季热应激对其行为和产奶量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(16):225-231.
[31]胡仁超.荷斯坦牛活动量变化规律及其影响因素的相关性研究[D].硕士学位论文.杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016:72-79.
[2]熊本海,蒋林树,杨亮,等.奶牛饲喂自动机电控制系统的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(7):157-163.
[3]姜富贵.粗饲料对泌乳奶牛咀嚼行为及瘤胃内环境的影响研究[D].博士学位论文.泰安:山东农业大学,2016:61-79.
[4]梁海军.镇痛管理对难产奶牛行为学、营养代谢及生产性能的影响[D].博士学位论文.长春:吉林农业大学,2016:68-73.
[5]陈昭辉,刘玉欢,吴中红,等.饲养密度对饲养环境及肉牛生产性能的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(19):229-235.
[6] HART K D,MCBRIDE B W,DUFFIELD T F,et al.Effect of frequency of feed delivery on the behavior and productivity of lactating dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2014,97(3):1713-1724.
[7] NORRING M,MANNINEN E,DE PASSILLA M,et al. Preferences of dairy cows for three stall surface materials with small amounts of bedding[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(1):70-74.
[8] KRAWCZEL P D,MOONEY C S,DANN H M,et al.Effect of alternative models for increasing stocking density on the short-term behavior and hygiene of Holstein dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(5):2467-2475.
[9] OSBORNE V R,HACKER R R,MCBRIDE B W.Effects of heated drinking water on the production responses of lactating Holstein and Jersey cows[J]. Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2002,82(3):267-273.
[10]井霞,敖日格乐,王纯洁,等.夏季暑热期不同泌乳阶段奶牛维持行为的比较研究[J].中国牛业科学,2006,32(1):34-37.
[11] NOLDUS L P J J,SPINK A J,TEGELENBOSCH R A J. Ethovision:a versatile video tracking system for automation of behavioral experiments[J]. Behavior Research Methods,Instruments,&Computers,2001,33(3):398-414.
[12] SHAO B,XIN H W.A real-time computer vision assessment and control of thermal comfort for grouphoused pigs[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2008,62(1):15-21.
[13] WEI S,BAI Z H,QIN W,et al.Nutrient use efficiencies,losses,and abatement strategies for peri-urban dairy production systems[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2018,228:232-238.
[14]沈明霞,刘龙申,闫丽,等.畜禽养殖个体信息监测技术研究进展[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(10):245-251.
[15]赵宗胜,贺庆国,曹志辉,等.荷斯坦泌乳牛的行为观察[J].中国奶牛,2001(2):36-38.
[16] CONTRERAS G A,THELEN K,SCHMIDT S E,et al. Adipose tissue remodeling in late-lactation dairy cows during feed-restriction-induced negative energy balance[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(12):10009-10021.
[17] FOX D G,SNIFFEN C J,O’CONNOR J D,et al.A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets:Ⅲ. Cattle requirements and diet adequacy[J].Journal of Animal Science,1992,70(11):3578-3596.
[18]叶承荣,张克春,谭勋.能量负平衡对高产奶牛繁殖性能影响的研究进展[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2006,24(4):398-401.
[19] REYNOLDS C K,AIKMAN P C,LUPOLI B,et al.Splanchnic metabolism of dairy cows during the transition from late gestation through early lactation[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(4):1201-1217.
[20] ZARRIN M,GROSSEN-RSTI L,BRUCKMAIER R M,et al.Elevation of bloodβ-hydroxybutyrate concentration affects glucose metabolism in dairy cows before and after parturition[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2017,100(3):2323-2333.
[21] BAUMAN D E,GRIINARI J M.Nutritional regulation of milk fat synthesis[J].Annual Reviewof Nutrition,2003,23:203-227.
[22] TONG J J,ZHANG H,YANG D L,et al.Illumina sequencing analysis of the ruminal microbiota in highyield and low-yield lactating dairy cows[J]. PLoS One,2018,13(11):e0198225.
[23] HOSSEINKHANI A,DEVRIES T J,PROUDFOOT K L,et al. The effects of feed bunk competition on the feed sorting behavior of close-up dry cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2008,91(3):1115-1121.
[24] DEVRIES T J,VON KEYSERLINGK MA G. Time of feed delivery affects the feeding and lying patterns of dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2005,88(2):625-631.
[25] BACH A,VALLS N,SOLANS A,et al. Associations between nondietary factors and dairy herd performance[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2008,91(8):3259-3267.
[26] NORRING M,VALROS A,MUNKSGAARD L.Milk yield affects time budget of dairy cows in tie-stalls[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(1):102-108.
[27]谢云怡,司敬方,武轩宇,等.不同剩余采食量水平的奶牛采食行为及体尺指标差异分析[J].畜牧与兽医,2016,48(8):58-61.
[28]邵大富.奶牛反刍行为变化规律及其影响因素的相关性研究[D].硕士学位论文.长春:吉林大学,2015:60-72.
[29]张华琦,杨正德.不同泌乳时期荷斯坦奶牛的行为观察[J].中国奶牛,2008(3):19-21.
[30]鲁煜建,王朝元,赵浩翔,等.东北地区奶牛夏季热应激对其行为和产奶量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(16):225-231.
[31]胡仁超.荷斯坦牛活动量变化规律及其影响因素的相关性研究[D].硕士学位论文.杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016:72-79.