耕作方式对秸秆覆盖玉米田春播期土壤水热盐状况的影响
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摘要
为探究秸秆覆盖玉米田秋收后不同整地耕作措施对翌年春播期土壤水热盐状况及玉米出苗率的影响,试验设置免耕、少耕和旋耕共3个处理进行了对比研究。结果表明:不同耕作方式造成的秸秆覆盖量和土壤水分含量差异是影响土壤温度变化的主要因素,各处理不同土层温度整体表现为旋耕>少耕>免耕,春播期气温较低,相对较高的土壤温度有利于玉米种子的萌发;各处理不同土层含水率整体表现为免耕>少耕>旋耕,但各处理水分条件均适宜玉米种子的萌发;在一定的土壤含水率范围内,土壤含水率与土壤温度间呈现负相关关系;各处理不同土层含盐量整体表现为旋耕>少耕>免耕,0—20 cm土壤含盐量平均值分别为1.818 g/kg,1.845 g/kg,1.984 g/kg,均适宜玉米的种植;不同耕作方式对玉米出苗率影响显著,且旋耕处理出苗率最高,平均较免耕和少耕处理高9.25%和6.21%。
In order to explore the effect of different tillage methods on soil water, heat, salt and the emergence rate of maize with straw mulching after autumn harvest, three treatments including no tillage, less tillage and rotary tillage were set up. The results showed that the different straw mulching patterns caused by different tillage methods and soil moisture contents were the main factors affecting soil temperature, the soil temperature of different soil layers decreased in the order: rotary tillage>less tillage>no tillage, the temperature was lower during period of spring sowing, so relatively high soil temperature was favorable for germination of maize seeds; the soil water contents of different soil layers decreased in the order: no tillage>less tillage>rotary tillage, but all the water conditions were suitable for maize seed germination. In a certain range of soil water content, the soil water and heat showed a negative correlation. The soil salts of different soil layers decreased in the order: rotary tillage>less tillage>no tillage, average contents of soil salt in 0—20 cm layer under no tillage, less tillage and rotary tillage were 1.818 g/kg, 1.845 g/kg and 1.984 g/kg, respectively, which were suitable for planting maize. The effects of different tillage methods on the emergence rates of maize were significant, and the rate of emergence was highest under rotary tillage, which was 9.25% and 6.21% higher than those under no tillage and less tillage, respectively.
In order to explore the effect of different tillage methods on soil water, heat, salt and the emergence rate of maize with straw mulching after autumn harvest, three treatments including no tillage, less tillage and rotary tillage were set up. The results showed that the different straw mulching patterns caused by different tillage methods and soil moisture contents were the main factors affecting soil temperature, the soil temperature of different soil layers decreased in the order: rotary tillage>less tillage>no tillage, the temperature was lower during period of spring sowing, so relatively high soil temperature was favorable for germination of maize seeds; the soil water contents of different soil layers decreased in the order: no tillage>less tillage>rotary tillage, but all the water conditions were suitable for maize seed germination. In a certain range of soil water content, the soil water and heat showed a negative correlation. The soil salts of different soil layers decreased in the order: rotary tillage>less tillage>no tillage, average contents of soil salt in 0—20 cm layer under no tillage, less tillage and rotary tillage were 1.818 g/kg, 1.845 g/kg and 1.984 g/kg, respectively, which were suitable for planting maize. The effects of different tillage methods on the emergence rates of maize were significant, and the rate of emergence was highest under rotary tillage, which was 9.25% and 6.21% higher than those under no tillage and less tillage, respectively.
引文
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[2]张少良,张兴义,于同艳,等.秸秆覆盖对农田黑土春季地温的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(6):169-173.
[3]于庆峰,苗庆丰,史海滨,等.秸秆覆盖量对土壤温度和春玉米耗水规律及产量的影响[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(3):111-116.
[4]白岗栓,杜社妮,于健,等.激光平地改善土壤水盐分布并提高春小麦产量[J].农业工程学报,2014,29(8):125-134.
[5]倪东宁,李瑞平,史海滨,等.秋灌对冻融期土壤水盐热时空变化规律影响及灌水效果评价[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(4):141-145.
[6]孟宪欣,王洪刚,方仁柱.水分对玉米种子发芽及苗期生长的影响[J].安徽农学通报,2008,14(4):40.
[7]侯玉虹,尹光华,刘作新,等.土壤含水量对玉米出苗率及苗期生长的影响[J].安徽农学通报,2007,13(1):70-73.
[8]霍轶珍,郭彦芬,韩翠莲,等.不同覆膜处理对土壤水热效应及春玉米产量的影响[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(5):124-128.
[9]龚雪文,李仙岳,史海滨,等.番茄、玉米套种膜下滴灌条件下农田地温变化特征试验研究[J].生态学报,2015,35(2):1-13.
[10]李兴,程满金,勾芒芒,等.黄土高原半干旱区覆膜玉米土壤温度的变异特征[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(1):218-222.
[11]李尚中,王勇,樊廷录,等.旱地玉米不同覆膜方式的水温及增产效应[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(5):922-931.
[12]李殿祥.永傲强.刘志军.温度对大豆生育的影响[J].中国科技信息,2006(22):71.
[13]彭振阳,黄介生,伍靖伟,等.秋浇条件下季节性冻融土壤盐分运动规律[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(6):77-81.
[14]张殿发,郑琦宏,董志颖.冻融条件下土壤中水盐运移机理探讨[J].水土保持通报,2005,25(6):14-18.
[15]Wiggert D C,Andersland O B,Davies S H.Movement of liquid contaminants in partially saturated frozen granular soils[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,1997,25(2):111-117.
[16]童文杰,陈中督,陈阜,等.河套灌区玉米耐盐性分析及生态适宜区划分[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(10):131-137.