从自我构念的视角分析独生子与非独生子的日常应激水平差异
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摘要
为了解独生子与非独生子的心理应激差异,将被试区分为独生子、长子和非长子,从自我构念的视角考察独生子与非独生子的日常心理应激水平差异及其表现出的不同日常心理应激水平的原因.研究1以唾液皮质醇觉醒反应水平作为心理应激的指标,发现长子的应激水平显著高于独生子;研究2以主观应激报告为指标,同时测量了被试的自我构念水平,结果发现长子的应激水平高于独生子和非长子,并且发现互依自我构念中介因是否独生子而对日常应激水平产生不同的影响,研究结果提示由于长子具有更高的互依自我构念,较多的考虑自我与他人的关系,导致了其比独生子有更高的日常应激水平.
Stress is an important and common feeling everyone may encounter. The differences of stress level between only children and non-only children are inconsistent. In the present studies the participants were classified into three groups: only children, firstborn children and non-firstborn children, so as to investigate the differences of daily psychological stress level among the three groups and the causes for them from the perspective of self-construal. In Study 1, we used the cortisol awaking responses(CAR) as the index of daily psychological stress. The results indicated that the daily stress level of the firstborns was significantly higher than that of the only children(p=0.022) and the non-firstborns(p=0.042). In Study 2, we measured the subjective reports of the psychological stress and the self-construal of the subjects. The results showed that the daily stress level of the firstborns was significantly higher than that of the only children(p=0.031) and the non-firstborns(p=0.008) and that the interdependent self-construal completely mediated the effect between groups(only child/firstborn) and daily stress level. The results of the above two studies suggested that the firstborns, who possess higher interdependent self-construal and consider more relationships with others, perceive higher daily stress level than only children.
Stress is an important and common feeling everyone may encounter. The differences of stress level between only children and non-only children are inconsistent. In the present studies the participants were classified into three groups: only children, firstborn children and non-firstborn children, so as to investigate the differences of daily psychological stress level among the three groups and the causes for them from the perspective of self-construal. In Study 1, we used the cortisol awaking responses(CAR) as the index of daily psychological stress. The results indicated that the daily stress level of the firstborns was significantly higher than that of the only children(p=0.022) and the non-firstborns(p=0.042). In Study 2, we measured the subjective reports of the psychological stress and the self-construal of the subjects. The results showed that the daily stress level of the firstborns was significantly higher than that of the only children(p=0.031) and the non-firstborns(p=0.008) and that the interdependent self-construal completely mediated the effect between groups(only child/firstborn) and daily stress level. The results of the above two studies suggested that the firstborns, who possess higher interdependent self-construal and consider more relationships with others, perceive higher daily stress level than only children.
引文
[1] 钱建花. 浅谈幼儿意志薄弱的原因及对策 [J]. 教育现代化, 2005(10): 37.
[2] 官旭明, 何红. 独生子女大学生的心理特征及其教育策略 [J]. 西南民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版), 2002, 23(2): 233-235.
[3] 唐久来, 唐茂志, 余世成, 等. 独生子女智力, 行为和社会生活能力研究 [J]. 中华儿科杂志, 1994, 32(6): 347-349, 386.
[4] 安芹, 贾晓明. 北京市独生与非独生子女中学生行为及情绪反应比较 [J]. 中国学校卫生, 2009, 30(11): 1003-1005.
[5] 苏林雁, 李雪荣, 唐效兰. 独生子女行为及情绪特点的研究 [J]. 中国心理卫生杂志, 1993, 7(1): 19-18.
[6] 茅于燕. 独生子与非独生子行为特点的比较研究 [J]. 心理学报, 1987(2): 113-123.
[7] 陶国泰, 邱景华, 李宝林, 等. 独生与非独生儿童心理发展的纵向分析: 南京的十年追踪研究 [J]. 中国心理卫生杂志, 1999, 13(4): 210-212.
[8] 崔伊薇, 高文华, 王桂英. 独生子女心理特点与心理健康教育探讨 [J]. 中国学校卫生, 1994, 15(4): 244-246, 320.
[9] 赵凯, 赵国胜. 在校独生子女心理健康的特点 [J]. 中国学校卫生, 1996, 17(5): 394.
[10] 李红政, 王创, 陈海燕, 等. 新兵成人依恋与训练影响: 神经质和消极应对的中介效应 [J]. 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志, 2015, 24(1): 59-62.
[11] 李权超, 王应立, 杨阳, 等. 独生子女新兵心理应激及其应对方式、 社会支持水平的研究 [J]. 中国职业医学, 2004, 31(6): 7-9.
[12] 邹鸣. 江苏某公安院校独生子与非独生子心理健康状况调查报告 [J]. 新课程学习(学术教育), 2012(11): 178.
[13] 张燕萍, 李静. 独生子女大学生心理健康调查研究 [J]. 文教资料, 2010(10): 224-225.
[14] 薛朝霞, 卢莉, 梁执群. 大学新生生活应激调查研究 [J]. 中国健康心理学杂志, 2009, 17(1): 4-5.
[15] 许红, 张秀瑜, 王宏, 等. 大学生应激性生活事件现况调查 [J]. 现代预防医学, 2009, 36(18): 3478-3480.
[16] 龚文进, 方欣, 陆绮君, 等. 出生次序对青少年心理健康的影响 [J]. 中国健康心理学杂志, 2012, 20(9): 1389-1391.
[17] RIMMELE U, ZELLWEGER B C, MARTI B, et al. Trained Men Show Lower Cortisol, Heart Rate and Psychological Responses to Psychosocial Stress Compared with Untrained Men [J]. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2007, 32(6): 627-635.
[18] CHILDS J H, STOEBER J. Do You Want Me to Be Perfect? Two Longitudinal Studies on Socially Prescribed Perfectionism, Stress and Burnout in the Workplace [J]. Work and Stress, 2012, 26(4): 347-364.
[19] FIRK C, MARKUS C R. Differential Effects of 5-HTTLPR Genotypes on Mood, Memory, and Attention Bias Following Acute Tryptophan Depletion and Stress Exposure [J]. Psychopharmacology, 2009, 203(4): 805-818.
[20] FOLEY P, KIRSCHBAUM C. Human Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Responses to Acute Psychosocial Stress in Laboratory Settings [J]. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 2010, 35(1): 91-96.
[21] STEPTOE A, HAMER M, CHIDA Y. The Effects of Acute Psychological Stress on Circulating Inflammatory Factors in Humans: A Review and Meta-Analysis [J]. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 2007, 21(7): 901-912.
[22] WVST S, WOLF J, HELLHAMMER H, et al. The Cortisol Awakening Response-Normal Values and Confounds [J]. Noise and Health, 2000, 2(7): 79-88.
[23] CHIDA Y, STEPTOE A. Cortisol Awakening Response and Psychosocial Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [J]. Biological Psychology, 2009, 80(3): 265-278.
[24] SCHLOTZ W, HELLHAMMER J, SCHULZ P, et al. Perceived Work Overload and Chronic Worrying Predict Weekend-Weekday Differences in the Cortisol Awakening Response [J]. Psychosomatic Medicine, 2004, 66(2): 207-214.
[25] 万传文, 范存仁, 林国彬. 五岁至七岁独生和非独生子女某些个性特征的比较及性别差异的研究 [J]. 心理学报, 1984(4): 383-391.
[26] 姚卿, 陈荣, 赵平. 自我构念对想象广告策略的影响与分析 [J]. 心理学报, 2011, 43(6): 674-683.
[27] 邹璐, 姜莉, 张西超, 等. 自我构念对主观幸福感的影响机制分析: 自我效能感和关系和谐的中介作用 [J]. 心理与行为研究, 2014, 12(1): 107-114, 135.
[28] 齐铭铭, 张庆林, 关丽丽, 等. 急性心理性应激诱发的神经内分泌反应及其影响因素 [J]. 心理科学进展, 2011, 19(9): 1347-1354.
[29] BRANTLEY P J, WAGGONER C, JONES G N, et al. A Daily Stress Inventory: Development, Reliability, and Validity [J]. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1987, 10(1): 61-73.
[30] SINGELIS T M. The Measurement of Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals [J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1994, 20(5): 580-591.
[31] HUANG R Z, LIU M F, YAO S Q, et al. The Self-Construal Scale: An Examination of Its Reliability and Validity Among Chinese University Students [J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2009, 17(3): 306-308.
[32] HARADA T, LI Z, CHIAO J Y. Differential Dorsal and Ventral Medial Prefrontal Representations of the Implicit Self Modulated by Individualism and Collectivism: An fMRI Study [J]. Social Neuroscience, 2010, 5(3): 257-271.
[33] MA Y N, WANG C B, LI B F, et al. Does Self-Construal Predict Activity in the Social Brain Network? A Genetic Moderation Effect [J]. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2014, 9(9): 1360-1367.
[34] PODSAKOFF P M, ORGAN D W. Self-Report in Organizational Research [J]. Journal of Management, 1986, 12(4): 531-544.
[35] ZHAO X S, LYNCH J G, CHEN Q M. Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and Truths about Mediation Analysis [J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 2010, 37(2): 197-206.
[36] 焦书兰, 纪桂萍, 荆其诚. 独生与非独生儿童认知发展的比较研究(广州市) [J]. 心理学报, 1992(1): 12-19.
[37] 张樱樱, 童辉杰. 独生子女与非独生子女心理健康的元分析 [J]. 苏州科技学院学报(社会科学), 2006, 23(4): 112-115.
[38] 赵鹏霞. 生活事件对震后灾区大学生心理应激状况的影响 [J]. 牡丹江大学学报, 2010, 19(4): 162-164, 167.
[39] 黄艳苹, 李玲. 出生顺序对大学生人格及心理健康的影响研究 [J]. 医学与社会, 2011, 24(8): 89-91, 95.
[40] MARKUS H R, KITAYAMA S. Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation [J]. Psychological Review, 1991, 98(2): 224-253.
[41] YANG J Y, HOU X, WEI D T, et al. Only-Child and non-Only-Child Exhibit Differences in Creativity and Agreeableness: Evidence from Behavioral and Anatomical Structural Studies [J]. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2017, 11(2): 493-502.
[42] ROHRER J M, EGLOFF B, SCHMUKLE S C. Examining the Effects of Birth Order on Personality [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2015, 112(46): 14224-14229.
[43] 刘苹. 大学生个人主义与集体主义倾向的调查 [D]. 南昌; 江西师范大学, 2017.
[44] HARDIN E E, VARGHESE F P, TRAN U V, et al. Anxiety and Career Exploration: Gender Differences in the Role of Self-Construal [J]. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2006, 69(2): 346-358.
[45] KIM Y, KASSER T, LEE H. Self-Concept, Aspirations, and Well-Being in South Korea and the United States [J]. Journal of Social Psychology, 2003, 143(3): 277-290.
[46] XIE D, LEONG F T L, FENG S D. Culture-Specific Personality Correlates of Anxiety among Chinese and Caucasian College Students [J]. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2008, 11(2): 163-174.
[47] OKAZAKI S. Sources of Ethnic Differences between Asian American and White American College Students on Measures of Depression and Social Anxiety [J]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1997, 106(1): 52-60.
[48] SATO T, MCCANN D. Individual Differences in Relatedness and Individuality: An Exploration of Two Constructs [J]. Personality and Individual Differences, 1998, 24(6): 847-859.
[49] ALLEN A P, KENNEDY P J, CRYAN J F, et al. Biological and Psychological Markers of Stress in Humans: Focus on the Trier Social Stress Test [J]. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 2014, 38: 94-124.
[50] DICKERSON S S, GRUENEWALD T L, KEMENY M E. When the Social Self Is Threatened: Shame, Physiology, and Health [J]. Journal of Personality, 2004, 72(6): 1191-1216.
[2] 官旭明, 何红. 独生子女大学生的心理特征及其教育策略 [J]. 西南民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版), 2002, 23(2): 233-235.
[3] 唐久来, 唐茂志, 余世成, 等. 独生子女智力, 行为和社会生活能力研究 [J]. 中华儿科杂志, 1994, 32(6): 347-349, 386.
[4] 安芹, 贾晓明. 北京市独生与非独生子女中学生行为及情绪反应比较 [J]. 中国学校卫生, 2009, 30(11): 1003-1005.
[5] 苏林雁, 李雪荣, 唐效兰. 独生子女行为及情绪特点的研究 [J]. 中国心理卫生杂志, 1993, 7(1): 19-18.
[6] 茅于燕. 独生子与非独生子行为特点的比较研究 [J]. 心理学报, 1987(2): 113-123.
[7] 陶国泰, 邱景华, 李宝林, 等. 独生与非独生儿童心理发展的纵向分析: 南京的十年追踪研究 [J]. 中国心理卫生杂志, 1999, 13(4): 210-212.
[8] 崔伊薇, 高文华, 王桂英. 独生子女心理特点与心理健康教育探讨 [J]. 中国学校卫生, 1994, 15(4): 244-246, 320.
[9] 赵凯, 赵国胜. 在校独生子女心理健康的特点 [J]. 中国学校卫生, 1996, 17(5): 394.
[10] 李红政, 王创, 陈海燕, 等. 新兵成人依恋与训练影响: 神经质和消极应对的中介效应 [J]. 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志, 2015, 24(1): 59-62.
[11] 李权超, 王应立, 杨阳, 等. 独生子女新兵心理应激及其应对方式、 社会支持水平的研究 [J]. 中国职业医学, 2004, 31(6): 7-9.
[12] 邹鸣. 江苏某公安院校独生子与非独生子心理健康状况调查报告 [J]. 新课程学习(学术教育), 2012(11): 178.
[13] 张燕萍, 李静. 独生子女大学生心理健康调查研究 [J]. 文教资料, 2010(10): 224-225.
[14] 薛朝霞, 卢莉, 梁执群. 大学新生生活应激调查研究 [J]. 中国健康心理学杂志, 2009, 17(1): 4-5.
[15] 许红, 张秀瑜, 王宏, 等. 大学生应激性生活事件现况调查 [J]. 现代预防医学, 2009, 36(18): 3478-3480.
[16] 龚文进, 方欣, 陆绮君, 等. 出生次序对青少年心理健康的影响 [J]. 中国健康心理学杂志, 2012, 20(9): 1389-1391.
[17] RIMMELE U, ZELLWEGER B C, MARTI B, et al. Trained Men Show Lower Cortisol, Heart Rate and Psychological Responses to Psychosocial Stress Compared with Untrained Men [J]. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2007, 32(6): 627-635.
[18] CHILDS J H, STOEBER J. Do You Want Me to Be Perfect? Two Longitudinal Studies on Socially Prescribed Perfectionism, Stress and Burnout in the Workplace [J]. Work and Stress, 2012, 26(4): 347-364.
[19] FIRK C, MARKUS C R. Differential Effects of 5-HTTLPR Genotypes on Mood, Memory, and Attention Bias Following Acute Tryptophan Depletion and Stress Exposure [J]. Psychopharmacology, 2009, 203(4): 805-818.
[20] FOLEY P, KIRSCHBAUM C. Human Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Responses to Acute Psychosocial Stress in Laboratory Settings [J]. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 2010, 35(1): 91-96.
[21] STEPTOE A, HAMER M, CHIDA Y. The Effects of Acute Psychological Stress on Circulating Inflammatory Factors in Humans: A Review and Meta-Analysis [J]. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 2007, 21(7): 901-912.
[22] WVST S, WOLF J, HELLHAMMER H, et al. The Cortisol Awakening Response-Normal Values and Confounds [J]. Noise and Health, 2000, 2(7): 79-88.
[23] CHIDA Y, STEPTOE A. Cortisol Awakening Response and Psychosocial Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [J]. Biological Psychology, 2009, 80(3): 265-278.
[24] SCHLOTZ W, HELLHAMMER J, SCHULZ P, et al. Perceived Work Overload and Chronic Worrying Predict Weekend-Weekday Differences in the Cortisol Awakening Response [J]. Psychosomatic Medicine, 2004, 66(2): 207-214.
[25] 万传文, 范存仁, 林国彬. 五岁至七岁独生和非独生子女某些个性特征的比较及性别差异的研究 [J]. 心理学报, 1984(4): 383-391.
[26] 姚卿, 陈荣, 赵平. 自我构念对想象广告策略的影响与分析 [J]. 心理学报, 2011, 43(6): 674-683.
[27] 邹璐, 姜莉, 张西超, 等. 自我构念对主观幸福感的影响机制分析: 自我效能感和关系和谐的中介作用 [J]. 心理与行为研究, 2014, 12(1): 107-114, 135.
[28] 齐铭铭, 张庆林, 关丽丽, 等. 急性心理性应激诱发的神经内分泌反应及其影响因素 [J]. 心理科学进展, 2011, 19(9): 1347-1354.
[29] BRANTLEY P J, WAGGONER C, JONES G N, et al. A Daily Stress Inventory: Development, Reliability, and Validity [J]. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1987, 10(1): 61-73.
[30] SINGELIS T M. The Measurement of Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals [J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1994, 20(5): 580-591.
[31] HUANG R Z, LIU M F, YAO S Q, et al. The Self-Construal Scale: An Examination of Its Reliability and Validity Among Chinese University Students [J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2009, 17(3): 306-308.
[32] HARADA T, LI Z, CHIAO J Y. Differential Dorsal and Ventral Medial Prefrontal Representations of the Implicit Self Modulated by Individualism and Collectivism: An fMRI Study [J]. Social Neuroscience, 2010, 5(3): 257-271.
[33] MA Y N, WANG C B, LI B F, et al. Does Self-Construal Predict Activity in the Social Brain Network? A Genetic Moderation Effect [J]. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2014, 9(9): 1360-1367.
[34] PODSAKOFF P M, ORGAN D W. Self-Report in Organizational Research [J]. Journal of Management, 1986, 12(4): 531-544.
[35] ZHAO X S, LYNCH J G, CHEN Q M. Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and Truths about Mediation Analysis [J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 2010, 37(2): 197-206.
[36] 焦书兰, 纪桂萍, 荆其诚. 独生与非独生儿童认知发展的比较研究(广州市) [J]. 心理学报, 1992(1): 12-19.
[37] 张樱樱, 童辉杰. 独生子女与非独生子女心理健康的元分析 [J]. 苏州科技学院学报(社会科学), 2006, 23(4): 112-115.
[38] 赵鹏霞. 生活事件对震后灾区大学生心理应激状况的影响 [J]. 牡丹江大学学报, 2010, 19(4): 162-164, 167.
[39] 黄艳苹, 李玲. 出生顺序对大学生人格及心理健康的影响研究 [J]. 医学与社会, 2011, 24(8): 89-91, 95.
[40] MARKUS H R, KITAYAMA S. Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation [J]. Psychological Review, 1991, 98(2): 224-253.
[41] YANG J Y, HOU X, WEI D T, et al. Only-Child and non-Only-Child Exhibit Differences in Creativity and Agreeableness: Evidence from Behavioral and Anatomical Structural Studies [J]. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2017, 11(2): 493-502.
[42] ROHRER J M, EGLOFF B, SCHMUKLE S C. Examining the Effects of Birth Order on Personality [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2015, 112(46): 14224-14229.
[43] 刘苹. 大学生个人主义与集体主义倾向的调查 [D]. 南昌; 江西师范大学, 2017.
[44] HARDIN E E, VARGHESE F P, TRAN U V, et al. Anxiety and Career Exploration: Gender Differences in the Role of Self-Construal [J]. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2006, 69(2): 346-358.
[45] KIM Y, KASSER T, LEE H. Self-Concept, Aspirations, and Well-Being in South Korea and the United States [J]. Journal of Social Psychology, 2003, 143(3): 277-290.
[46] XIE D, LEONG F T L, FENG S D. Culture-Specific Personality Correlates of Anxiety among Chinese and Caucasian College Students [J]. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2008, 11(2): 163-174.
[47] OKAZAKI S. Sources of Ethnic Differences between Asian American and White American College Students on Measures of Depression and Social Anxiety [J]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1997, 106(1): 52-60.
[48] SATO T, MCCANN D. Individual Differences in Relatedness and Individuality: An Exploration of Two Constructs [J]. Personality and Individual Differences, 1998, 24(6): 847-859.
[49] ALLEN A P, KENNEDY P J, CRYAN J F, et al. Biological and Psychological Markers of Stress in Humans: Focus on the Trier Social Stress Test [J]. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 2014, 38: 94-124.
[50] DICKERSON S S, GRUENEWALD T L, KEMENY M E. When the Social Self Is Threatened: Shame, Physiology, and Health [J]. Journal of Personality, 2004, 72(6): 1191-1216.