创业制度环境对创业决策的影响机制
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摘要
创业是我国推进创新驱动战略与经济结构转型的重要力量。对"为何同样制度环境下个体有着差异化创业决策"的问题,现有创业制度研究未能有效解答。因此本研究引入认知视角,试图揭示创业制度环境三类因素影响创业决策的微观机制,包括个体风险感知、机会评估及创业自我效能在这一"黑箱"中的作用。通过五省市1000份调研数据实证分析,结果表明:(1)三类创业制度的积极认知将显著促进创业决策生成;(2)制度环境通过影响个体风险感知、机会评估最终作用于创业决策;(3)三类制度作用机制有所不同,认知制度完全经由风险感知与机会评估的连续中介影响创业决策,规制制度与规范制度的作用路径则被二者部分中介;(4)风险感知会显著负向影响机会评估,即使个体具有较高自我效能,高风险感知仍会令其审慎评估机会,最终影响创业决策。研究结论有助于深入理解创业成因与制度影响,进而提升"双创"建设和我国创业质量。
Entrepreneurship is an important force for China to promote innovation-driven strategy and economic structural transformation. Why does individuals have differentiated entrepreneurial decisions under the same institutional environment? Therefore, the study reveals the micro mechanism by which the institutional environment effects individuals' entrepreneurial decision-making. Through the empirical analysis of 1000 research data, the results show:(1)positive cognition of institutions will significantly promote the entrepreneurial decision-making;(2)the entrepreneurial institutional environment ultimately acts on entrepreneurial decision-making by influencing individuals' risk perception and opportunity assessment;(3)the specific ways that the three institutions effect decision are different. The cognitive institution influences entrepreneurial decision-making through the continuous mediators of risk perception and opportunity evaluation. The regulatory institution and the normative institution are partly mediated by these factors;(4)individual's risk perception significantly negatively affects opportunity evaluation. The two cognitive factors have negative and positive effects on entrepreneurial decision-making respectively. These conclusions are helpful to improve the construction of institution and the quality of entrepreneurship in China.
Entrepreneurship is an important force for China to promote innovation-driven strategy and economic structural transformation. Why does individuals have differentiated entrepreneurial decisions under the same institutional environment? Therefore, the study reveals the micro mechanism by which the institutional environment effects individuals' entrepreneurial decision-making. Through the empirical analysis of 1000 research data, the results show:(1)positive cognition of institutions will significantly promote the entrepreneurial decision-making;(2)the entrepreneurial institutional environment ultimately acts on entrepreneurial decision-making by influencing individuals' risk perception and opportunity assessment;(3)the specific ways that the three institutions effect decision are different. The cognitive institution influences entrepreneurial decision-making through the continuous mediators of risk perception and opportunity evaluation. The regulatory institution and the normative institution are partly mediated by these factors;(4)individual's risk perception significantly negatively affects opportunity evaluation. The two cognitive factors have negative and positive effects on entrepreneurial decision-making respectively. These conclusions are helpful to improve the construction of institution and the quality of entrepreneurship in China.
引文
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[12] Kostova T.Country institutional profiles:Concept and measurement[J].Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings,1997,1997(1):180-184.
[13] Clercq D D,Lim D S K,Chang H O.Individual-level resources and new business activity:The contingent role of institutional context[J].Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice,2013,37(2):303-330.
[14] Mueller S L,Thomas A S.Culture and entrepreneurial potential:A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2004,16(1):51-75.
[15] Krueger N F,Brazeal D V.Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,1994,18.
[16] Sitkin S B,Pablo A L.Reconceptualizing the determinants of risk behavior[J].Academy of Management Review,1992,17(1):9-38.
[17] Simon M,Houghton S M,Aquino K.Cognitive biases,risk perception,and venture formation:How individuals decide to start companies[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2000,15(2):113-134.
[18] Keh H T,Foo M D,Lim B C.Opportunity evaluation under risky conditions:The cognitive processes of entrepreneurs[J].Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice,2002,27(2):125-148.
[19] Bandura A.Self-efficacy:Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change[J].Advances in Behaviour Research & Therapy,1977,1(4):139-161.
[20] 林嵩,刘青,李培馨.拆迁事件会提升农民的创业倾向吗?基于289个样本的实证研究[J].管理评论,2016,28(12):63-74.
[21] 陈瑞,郑毓煌,刘文静.中介效应分析:原理、程序、Bootstrap方法及其应用[J].营销科学学报,2013,(4):120-135.
① 样本基于经济发展水平及人文地理等差异,选取代表性省市。江苏,2017 年人均 GDP 排名第 3,南部区域沿海城市;辽宁,人均 GDP 排名第 15,北部区域沿海及内陆城市;山西,人均 GDP 排名第 27,中部区域内陆城市;京津属于直辖市。这样可以更好地控制并分析由地区经济、 文化、 制度等差异带来的变量变异。
[2] Mcmullen J S,Bagby D R,Palich L E.Economic freedom and the motivation to engage in entrepreneurial action[J].Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice,2008,32(5):875-895.
[3] Shapero A,Sokol L.The social dimensions of entrepreneurship[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,2009,25(8):28.
[4] Scott W R.Organizations and institutions[J].Research in the Sociology of Organizations,1995,2(5):44-45.
[5] Liňán F,Chen Y W.Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions[J].Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice,2009,33(3):593-617.
[6] Mitchell R K,Busenitz L,Lant T,et al.Toward a theory of entrepreneurial cognition:Rethinking the people side of entrepreneurship research[J].Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice,2002,27(2):93-104.
[7] Eckhardt J T,Shane S A.Opportunities and entrepreneurship[J].Journal of Management,2003,29(3):333-349.
[8] Manolova T S,Eunni R V,Gyoshev B S.Institutional environments for entrepreneurship:Evidence from emerging economies in eastern Europe[J].Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice,2008,32(1):203-218.
[9] Busenitz L W,Gómez C,Spencer J W.Country institutional profiles:Unlocking entrepreneurial phenomena[J].Academy of Management Journal,2000,43(5):994-1003.
[10] Lim D S K,Morse E A,Mitchell R K,et al.Institutional environment and entrepreneurial cognitions:A comparative business systems perspective[J].Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice,2010,34(3):491-516.
[11] Mcgee J E,Peterson M.The long-term impact of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial orientation on venture performance[J].Journal of Small Business Management,2017,(1):1-18.
[12] Kostova T.Country institutional profiles:Concept and measurement[J].Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings,1997,1997(1):180-184.
[13] Clercq D D,Lim D S K,Chang H O.Individual-level resources and new business activity:The contingent role of institutional context[J].Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice,2013,37(2):303-330.
[14] Mueller S L,Thomas A S.Culture and entrepreneurial potential:A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2004,16(1):51-75.
[15] Krueger N F,Brazeal D V.Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,1994,18.
[16] Sitkin S B,Pablo A L.Reconceptualizing the determinants of risk behavior[J].Academy of Management Review,1992,17(1):9-38.
[17] Simon M,Houghton S M,Aquino K.Cognitive biases,risk perception,and venture formation:How individuals decide to start companies[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2000,15(2):113-134.
[18] Keh H T,Foo M D,Lim B C.Opportunity evaluation under risky conditions:The cognitive processes of entrepreneurs[J].Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice,2002,27(2):125-148.
[19] Bandura A.Self-efficacy:Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change[J].Advances in Behaviour Research & Therapy,1977,1(4):139-161.
[20] 林嵩,刘青,李培馨.拆迁事件会提升农民的创业倾向吗?基于289个样本的实证研究[J].管理评论,2016,28(12):63-74.
[21] 陈瑞,郑毓煌,刘文静.中介效应分析:原理、程序、Bootstrap方法及其应用[J].营销科学学报,2013,(4):120-135.
① 样本基于经济发展水平及人文地理等差异,选取代表性省市。江苏,2017 年人均 GDP 排名第 3,南部区域沿海城市;辽宁,人均 GDP 排名第 15,北部区域沿海及内陆城市;山西,人均 GDP 排名第 27,中部区域内陆城市;京津属于直辖市。这样可以更好地控制并分析由地区经济、 文化、 制度等差异带来的变量变异。