2种不同土地利用方式对山麓耕地土壤养分的影响
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摘要
研究不同土地利用方式对土壤养分的影响,以便了解土壤质量状况,为实现不同植被管理和可持续利用提供科学依据。以小陇山山麓区移栽至耕地(前期种植柴胡)后生长3年的油松Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.苗木土壤为对象,并以长期种植柴胡Bupleurum chinense的耕地作对照,采用对比和主成分分析方法,对2种人工植被类型下不同土层(0～10、10～20和20～30 cm)土壤养分特征进行了分析。结果表明:1)油松苗地3个土壤层的有机质、全磷和全钾含量均小于柴胡耕地,除0～10 cm土层有机质外,其余差异均达到显著水平(P <0.05);3个土壤层的全氮含量在油松地和柴胡地两者之间均无显著差异(P> 0.05)。油松苗地3个土壤层的速效钾均显著大于柴胡地(P <0.05);而有效磷含量却小于柴胡地(10～20 cm除外),且仅在20～30 cm土层两者差异达显著水平(P <0.05);同样,3个土壤层的碱解氮含量在油松地和柴胡地两者之间均无显著差异(P> 0.05)。2)2种植被类型下土壤的有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量表现出"表聚现象",即养分含量从表层向下层呈递减趋势;而全钾含量在2种植被类型下均表现出相反的变化趋势,即从表层向下层呈递增趋势,但差异均不显著(P> 0.05)。3)主成分分析表明:速效钾和全磷是影响油松苗地土壤质量的最主要土壤因子,而全氮和全磷是影响柴胡地土壤质量的最主要土壤因子,且土壤养分综合得分表现为油松地(1.467)<柴胡地(1.504)。可见,油松人工苗明显地降低了耕地土壤养分含量,长期栽植将会导致土壤养分处在较低水平,因此在大苗培育期间要因土施肥,提高土壤肥力,尤其需要及时补充土壤有机磷肥;而对柴胡耕地也应该补充有机氮肥和磷肥。这些结论可为小陇山山麓区域耕地进行土地合理利用和土壤科学管理提供科学参考。
By taking the land soil of P. tabulaeformis seedlings after transplanted from piedmont to arable land(the land early stage planted Bupleurum chinensis) and having been grown in for 3 years as the tested materials, that of B. chinensis in which B. chinensis seedlings were planted long term as the control soil, and by means of comparison and principal component analysis, the soil nutrient characteristics of different soil layers(0 ～ 10, 10 ～ 20 and 20 ～ 30 cm) under two types of artificial vegetation were analyzed in the southeastern part of Gansu province. The findings are as follows. 1) The organic matter, total P and total K content in 3 layers soil were lower in P. tabulaeformis seedling land soil samples as compared to those of B. chinense land soil, except for 0 ～ 10 cm soil organic matter, the rest of the differences reached a significant level(P < 0.05). The total N contents in land soils of P. tabulaeformis seedling and B. chinense were not significant differences(P > 0.05) between in two types of seedlings. The available K contents in 3 layers soils of P. tabulaeformis seedlings were significantly greater than the available P contents in two layers(0 ～ 10 cm and 20 ～ 30 cm) soils of B. chinensis, while the content of available phosphorus was lower than that of B. chinensis(except 10 ～ 20 cm), and the difference was significant only in 20 ～ 30 cm soil layer(P < 0.05). Similarly, the contents of alkali hydrolysable nitrogen in 3 layers soil were not significant differences between P. tabulaeformis and B. chinensis(P > 0.05). 2) The organic matter, total N, total P, available nitrogen, available P and available K content in the soils of planting the two trees showed a surface gathering phenomenon, namely the soil nutrient contents all were a decreasing trend from upper to lower layer of soil, however, the total K content showed an increasing trend from upper to lower layer of soil, but their differences was not significant(P > 0.05). 3) The principal component analysis showed that the dominant soil factors influencing the soil quality of P. tabulaeformis respectively were available K and total P, while the dominant soil factors influencing the soil quality of B. chinense respectively were total N and total P, and the comprehensive scores of soil nutrients showed that: the score of P. tabulaeformis land(1.467) was less than that of B. chinensis land(1.504). Thus it can be senn, the seedlings of P. tabulaeformis plantation obviously reduced the soil nutrients content, long term planting artificial seedlings of P. tabulaeformis will lead to a low level of soil nutrients. Therefore, it is necessary to apply fertilizer to improve soil fertility according to soil condition during the seedling cultivation period, especially to supplement soil organic phosphorus fertilizer in time, and organic nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer should also be added to the farmland of B. chinensis.
By taking the land soil of P. tabulaeformis seedlings after transplanted from piedmont to arable land(the land early stage planted Bupleurum chinensis) and having been grown in for 3 years as the tested materials, that of B. chinensis in which B. chinensis seedlings were planted long term as the control soil, and by means of comparison and principal component analysis, the soil nutrient characteristics of different soil layers(0 ～ 10, 10 ～ 20 and 20 ～ 30 cm) under two types of artificial vegetation were analyzed in the southeastern part of Gansu province. The findings are as follows. 1) The organic matter, total P and total K content in 3 layers soil were lower in P. tabulaeformis seedling land soil samples as compared to those of B. chinense land soil, except for 0 ～ 10 cm soil organic matter, the rest of the differences reached a significant level(P < 0.05). The total N contents in land soils of P. tabulaeformis seedling and B. chinense were not significant differences(P > 0.05) between in two types of seedlings. The available K contents in 3 layers soils of P. tabulaeformis seedlings were significantly greater than the available P contents in two layers(0 ～ 10 cm and 20 ～ 30 cm) soils of B. chinensis, while the content of available phosphorus was lower than that of B. chinensis(except 10 ～ 20 cm), and the difference was significant only in 20 ～ 30 cm soil layer(P < 0.05). Similarly, the contents of alkali hydrolysable nitrogen in 3 layers soil were not significant differences between P. tabulaeformis and B. chinensis(P > 0.05). 2) The organic matter, total N, total P, available nitrogen, available P and available K content in the soils of planting the two trees showed a surface gathering phenomenon, namely the soil nutrient contents all were a decreasing trend from upper to lower layer of soil, however, the total K content showed an increasing trend from upper to lower layer of soil, but their differences was not significant(P > 0.05). 3) The principal component analysis showed that the dominant soil factors influencing the soil quality of P. tabulaeformis respectively were available K and total P, while the dominant soil factors influencing the soil quality of B. chinense respectively were total N and total P, and the comprehensive scores of soil nutrients showed that: the score of P. tabulaeformis land(1.467) was less than that of B. chinensis land(1.504). Thus it can be senn, the seedlings of P. tabulaeformis plantation obviously reduced the soil nutrients content, long term planting artificial seedlings of P. tabulaeformis will lead to a low level of soil nutrients. Therefore, it is necessary to apply fertilizer to improve soil fertility according to soil condition during the seedling cultivation period, especially to supplement soil organic phosphorus fertilizer in time, and organic nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer should also be added to the farmland of B. chinensis.
引文
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[18]赵中华,白登忠,惠刚盈,等.小陇山不同经营措施下次生锐齿栎天然林物种多样性研究[J].林业科学研究,2013,26(3):326-331.
[19]侯浩,张宋智,关晋宏,等.小陇山不同林龄锐齿栎林土壤有机碳和全氮积累特征[J].生态学报,2016,36(24):8025-8033.
[20]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[21]RAMESHA Y M,MANJUNATHA BHANUVALLY,ASHOKKUMAR GADDI,et al.Effect of tropical legumes on soil nutrient dynamics and its consequence on rice production[J].International Journal of Plant&Soil Science,2017,15(6):1-9.
[22]万盼,刘芸,黄小辉,等.农药和菌渣对三峡库区油桐生长及土壤化学性质的影响[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015,32(2):44-49.
[23]LUIZ P D,MáRIO L P,JUNIA M C,et al.Recovery efficiencies of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium of the garlic crop[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,2017,40(5):624-631.
[24]杨秉珣,刘泉,王彬.嘉陵江流域不同类型植被多样性与土壤养分和酶活性的关系[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(6):45-58.
[25]尹秋龙,寇萌,焦菊英,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植物群落的土壤养分及其化学计量特征[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(1):62-66.
[26]鲍乾,杨瑞,聂朝俊,等.贵州喀斯特高原花江峡谷区不同恢复模式的土壤养分特征[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(8):2094-2102.
[27]VELI U,AHMET I,SEMA K,et al.Mapping of total nitrogen,available phosphorous and potassium in Amik Plain,Turkey[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2010,59(5):1129-1138.
[28]林文树,穆丹,王丽平,等.针阔混交林不同演替阶段表层土壤理化性质与优势林木生长的相关性[J].林业科学,2016,52(5):17-25.
[29]吴金卓,蔡小溪,林文树.吉林蛟河不同演替阶段针阔混交林土壤健康评价[J].东北林业大学学报,2015,43(6):78-82.
[30]康雪莉,韩富根,王涵,等.植烟土壤养分和土壤酶活性的典型相关分析[J].河南农业科学,2013,42(7):52-56.
[31]魏佳宁,马红梅,邵新庆,等.三江源区土壤微生物和土壤养分空间分布特征研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016(2):27-31
[2]KENNETH R OLSON,MAHDI AL-KAISI,RATTAN LAL,et al.Soil ecosystem services and intensified cropping systems[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,72(3):64A-69A.
[3]KANNAN I,WEI S.Soil enzyme activities in two forage systems following application of different rates of swine lagoon effluent or ammonium nitrate[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2008,38(2):128-136.
[4]KLOSES,ACOSTA-MARTINEZV,AJ.Microbial community composition and enzyme activities in a sandy loam soil after fumigation with methyl bromide or alternative biocides[J].Soil Biology and Biochemist ry,2006,38(6):1243-1254.
[5]MARICE L A,ROBE RTO G,WOLFGANG H,et al.Anatomical physiological determination of surface bound phosphatase activity in ectomycorrhizae of Nothofagus oblique[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2005,37(1):125-132.
[6]雷明,李昌晓,陈伟,等.三峡水库岸坡系统不同用地类型对土壤酶活性和土壤化学性质的影响[J].林业科学,2012,48(11):15-22.
[7]LIU M,LI Z P,ZHANG T L.Changes of soil ecological stoichiometric ratios under different land uses in a small catchment of subtropical China[J].Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,Section B-Soil&Plant Science,2016,66(1):67-74.
[8]王雪梅,柴仲平,杨雪峰.荒漠绿洲区不同土地利用方式下土壤养分差异分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(1):91-96.
[9]黄茹,黄林,李杰,等.三峡库区不同植被恢复措施下土壤养分评价[J].云南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2016,30(2):328-334.
[10]崔东,李卫红,朱成刚,等.伊犁河谷不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳含量与土壤理化性质相关性分析[J].资源环境,2016,38(7):1239-1245.
[11]武朋辉,白高平,党坤良,等.抚育间伐对秦岭南坡油松中龄林生长的影响[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2017,37(1):20-26.
[12]焦建春.小陇山油松育苗技术探讨[J].农业与技术,2017,37(4):195.
[13]曹裕松,吴风云,肖宜安,等.退耕还林对土壤养分含量及其垂直分布的影响[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(2):196-201.
[14]冀晴,张永清,柴国丽,等.土地利用方式对晋南黄土高原村域范围内土壤pH值与养分的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2017,45(2):229-232.
[15]戴小芬,刘剑丛.小陇山林区油松播种育苗技术[J].现代园艺,2016(11):23.
[16]石小龙,李安明,张岗岗,等.小陇山林区油松人工林全林整体模型的研究[J].林业科技通讯,2016(11):3-6.
[17]刘建科,冯小芹,胡勐鸿,等.不同间伐强度对小陇山林区油松人工林结构和天然更新的影响[J].林业科技通讯,2017(1):3-9.
[18]赵中华,白登忠,惠刚盈,等.小陇山不同经营措施下次生锐齿栎天然林物种多样性研究[J].林业科学研究,2013,26(3):326-331.
[19]侯浩,张宋智,关晋宏,等.小陇山不同林龄锐齿栎林土壤有机碳和全氮积累特征[J].生态学报,2016,36(24):8025-8033.
[20]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[21]RAMESHA Y M,MANJUNATHA BHANUVALLY,ASHOKKUMAR GADDI,et al.Effect of tropical legumes on soil nutrient dynamics and its consequence on rice production[J].International Journal of Plant&Soil Science,2017,15(6):1-9.
[22]万盼,刘芸,黄小辉,等.农药和菌渣对三峡库区油桐生长及土壤化学性质的影响[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015,32(2):44-49.
[23]LUIZ P D,MáRIO L P,JUNIA M C,et al.Recovery efficiencies of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium of the garlic crop[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,2017,40(5):624-631.
[24]杨秉珣,刘泉,王彬.嘉陵江流域不同类型植被多样性与土壤养分和酶活性的关系[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(6):45-58.
[25]尹秋龙,寇萌,焦菊英,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植物群落的土壤养分及其化学计量特征[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(1):62-66.
[26]鲍乾,杨瑞,聂朝俊,等.贵州喀斯特高原花江峡谷区不同恢复模式的土壤养分特征[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(8):2094-2102.
[27]VELI U,AHMET I,SEMA K,et al.Mapping of total nitrogen,available phosphorous and potassium in Amik Plain,Turkey[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2010,59(5):1129-1138.
[28]林文树,穆丹,王丽平,等.针阔混交林不同演替阶段表层土壤理化性质与优势林木生长的相关性[J].林业科学,2016,52(5):17-25.
[29]吴金卓,蔡小溪,林文树.吉林蛟河不同演替阶段针阔混交林土壤健康评价[J].东北林业大学学报,2015,43(6):78-82.
[30]康雪莉,韩富根,王涵,等.植烟土壤养分和土壤酶活性的典型相关分析[J].河南农业科学,2013,42(7):52-56.
[31]魏佳宁,马红梅,邵新庆,等.三江源区土壤微生物和土壤养分空间分布特征研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016(2):27-31