植物工厂生菜根际通风对冠层和根际环境影响
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摘要
随着植物工厂规模的不断扩大,传统环控方式难以实现各处均匀通风,环控效果难以保证,能源利用效率较低。该研究针对这一问题,提出了根际通风方法,使植物工厂环境空气流经水培系统中营养液面与栽培板之间的空气层后进入植物冠层下部,实现高效的通风。该文以成熟期的生菜作为试材,在同一环境条件下对低速连续通风(LCRV)、高速间隔通风(HIRV)与传统通风方式(CEC)下生菜冠层及根际环境参数变化进行对照,测试其通风调温效果。结果表明,各处理空气层温度均低于环境温度,湿度则普遍高于环境。其中,LCRV温度最低,与环境温差能够达到4.07℃;CEC湿度最高,可达100%。在冠层下部,LCRV温度低于环境3.47℃;CEC湿度较环境提高27.56%;该区域CO2浓度在LCRV作用下较CEC高139×10~(-6)。随着高度的增加与冠层遮挡的减小,根际通风对冠层上部环境参数的影响逐渐削弱,LCRV温度仍为最低,但其温差已经缩小至0.75℃,CEC温度则高于环境0.84℃;各处理相对湿度与环境的差异也有所减小,数值最高的LCRV较环境高15.8%。在营养液中,LCRV液温较CEC降低4.03℃;HIRV大幅减缓了溶解氧下降趋势,试验结束时仍维持在3.8 mg/L,同期LCRV和CEC处理只有1.8 mg/L。由此可见,传统环控方式下冠层与环境参数差异明显,以环境参数作为调控依据不够准确;相比之下,根际通风在解决传统环控方式通风温控不均匀的同时,对地上部及地下部多种微环境参数调控起到了积极作用,降低环控要求,提高空调温控效率,具有推广价值。
The plant factory has been developed for many years, a series of theory and approach of environmental control in such facilities have been established. However, the environmental parameters closed to the plants were significantly affected by the physiological activity of leaves and boundary layer resistance of the canopy, leading to suboptimal microclimate deviated from the set values, poor ventilation uniformity and inefficiency of air conditioning. In this study, a new environmental control technic was proposed to introduce the regulated ambient air into the interlayer between cultivation plates and nutrient solution surface in a deep flow hydroponic system, then flow out upward into the internal canopy through the reserved vent hole units on cultivation plates, which was called root zone ventilation(RV). By adjusting the fan speeds and their running modes, low rotation rate continuous root zone ventilation(LCRV) and high rotation rate intermittent root zone ventilation(HIRV) treatments were proposed. The effects of these treatments on microclimate change of mature butterhead lettuce(Lactuca sativa var. capitata) were examined, and the performances on environmental regulation were evaluated by comparison with conventional environment control(CEC) under identical ambient environment conditions at the same time. RV treatments were carefully isolated by black films to prevent airflow impact from ambient. The CEC cultivation area was in an open state, under the air distribution of the plant factory, air flowed over the canopy from one side to another, formed the traditional side ventilation mode. The results showed that the interlayer air temperature of all treatments were lower than ambient value, while higher in relative humidity(RH). Specifically, LCRV earned the lowest temperature, which was 2.67 °C lower than ambient. RH of CEC was the highest, which was 100%. Identical trend was also observed in the internal canopy, where LCRV temperature was 3.47 °C lower than ambient, and the RH of CEC was 27.56% higher. The CO2 concentration in such area under the action of LCRV is 139×10~(-6) higher than CEC. With the increasing of height and canopy occlusion, the influence of RV on the environmental parameters of canopy was gradually weakened. Although LCRV was still the lowest in temperature, the gap from ambient was narrowed down to 0.75 °C, while CEC temperature grew from below to 0.84 °C above ambient. Reduction was observed in RH differences as well. LCRV, the highest in RH, was only 15.8% higher than ambient. In nutrient solution, its temperature in LCRV was 4.03°C lower than CEC. Meanwhile, HIRV slowed down the dissolved oxygen(DO) depletion to a big extent. At the end of the experiment, DO in HIRV was still maintained at 3.8 mg/L, while the other treatments were only 2.8 mg/L. In conclusion, RV technique overcomes the airflow occlusion and boundary layer resistance of canopy effectively. Benefit from it, uniformity, efficiency of ventilation and environment control were improved. In addition, there were obvious differences between the microclimate around canopy in CEC and plant factory ambient, showed the importance of using microenvironment parameters around the plants as the temperature control targets, instead of the ambient. RV played a positive role in lowering internal canopy temperature. It was feasible to cut down energy consumption by increasing ambient setting temperature while reducing refrigeration capacity and start-up frequency of air condition system. For CEC, further refrigeration capacity and energy consumption were inquired to achieve approximate environmental parameters around canopy as RV did. In addition, RV influenced the rhizosphere parameters positively. The decreasing of nutrient solution temperature and DO descent rate may have great impact on root development and plant growth. In future technological renewal of plant factories, this kind of precise microclimate control technology for each cultivation units will replace existing whole space ventilation mode and applied in medium and large plant factories.
The plant factory has been developed for many years, a series of theory and approach of environmental control in such facilities have been established. However, the environmental parameters closed to the plants were significantly affected by the physiological activity of leaves and boundary layer resistance of the canopy, leading to suboptimal microclimate deviated from the set values, poor ventilation uniformity and inefficiency of air conditioning. In this study, a new environmental control technic was proposed to introduce the regulated ambient air into the interlayer between cultivation plates and nutrient solution surface in a deep flow hydroponic system, then flow out upward into the internal canopy through the reserved vent hole units on cultivation plates, which was called root zone ventilation(RV). By adjusting the fan speeds and their running modes, low rotation rate continuous root zone ventilation(LCRV) and high rotation rate intermittent root zone ventilation(HIRV) treatments were proposed. The effects of these treatments on microclimate change of mature butterhead lettuce(Lactuca sativa var. capitata) were examined, and the performances on environmental regulation were evaluated by comparison with conventional environment control(CEC) under identical ambient environment conditions at the same time. RV treatments were carefully isolated by black films to prevent airflow impact from ambient. The CEC cultivation area was in an open state, under the air distribution of the plant factory, air flowed over the canopy from one side to another, formed the traditional side ventilation mode. The results showed that the interlayer air temperature of all treatments were lower than ambient value, while higher in relative humidity(RH). Specifically, LCRV earned the lowest temperature, which was 2.67 °C lower than ambient. RH of CEC was the highest, which was 100%. Identical trend was also observed in the internal canopy, where LCRV temperature was 3.47 °C lower than ambient, and the RH of CEC was 27.56% higher. The CO2 concentration in such area under the action of LCRV is 139×10~(-6) higher than CEC. With the increasing of height and canopy occlusion, the influence of RV on the environmental parameters of canopy was gradually weakened. Although LCRV was still the lowest in temperature, the gap from ambient was narrowed down to 0.75 °C, while CEC temperature grew from below to 0.84 °C above ambient. Reduction was observed in RH differences as well. LCRV, the highest in RH, was only 15.8% higher than ambient. In nutrient solution, its temperature in LCRV was 4.03°C lower than CEC. Meanwhile, HIRV slowed down the dissolved oxygen(DO) depletion to a big extent. At the end of the experiment, DO in HIRV was still maintained at 3.8 mg/L, while the other treatments were only 2.8 mg/L. In conclusion, RV technique overcomes the airflow occlusion and boundary layer resistance of canopy effectively. Benefit from it, uniformity, efficiency of ventilation and environment control were improved. In addition, there were obvious differences between the microclimate around canopy in CEC and plant factory ambient, showed the importance of using microenvironment parameters around the plants as the temperature control targets, instead of the ambient. RV played a positive role in lowering internal canopy temperature. It was feasible to cut down energy consumption by increasing ambient setting temperature while reducing refrigeration capacity and start-up frequency of air condition system. For CEC, further refrigeration capacity and energy consumption were inquired to achieve approximate environmental parameters around canopy as RV did. In addition, RV influenced the rhizosphere parameters positively. The decreasing of nutrient solution temperature and DO descent rate may have great impact on root development and plant growth. In future technological renewal of plant factories, this kind of precise microclimate control technology for each cultivation units will replace existing whole space ventilation mode and applied in medium and large plant factories.
引文
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[20]Downs R J,Krizek D T.Air movement[C]//Langhans R W,Tibbitts T W.Plant Growth Chamber Handbook.Iowa:North Central Regional Res Publ,1997:87-104.
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[22]Foereid B,Bro R,Mogensen V O,et al.Effects of windbreak strips of willow coppice:Modelling and field experiment on barley in Denmark[J].Agr Eco Env,2002,93:25-32.
[23]Nishikawa T,Fukuda H,Murase H.Effects of airflow for lettuce growth in the plant factory with an electric turntable[J].IFAC Proceedings Volumes,2013,46(4):270-273.
[24]Chang Y C,Miller W.The relationship between leaf enclosure,transpiration,and upper leaf necrosis on lilium‘Star Gazer’[J].J Amer Soc Hort Sci,2004,129(1):128-133.
[25]Goto E,Takakura T.Prevention of lettuce tipburn by supplying air to inner leaves[J].Transactions of the ASABE,1992,35:641-645.
[26]Shibata T,Iwao K,Takano T.Effect of vertical air flowing on lettuce growing in a plant factory[J].Acta Hort,1995,399:175-183.
[27]Zhang Y,Kacira M,An L L.A CFD study on improving air flow uniformity in indoor plant factory system[J].Biosyst Eng,2016,147:193-205.
[28]Shibuya T,Tsuruyama J,Kitaya Y,et al.Enhancement of photosynthesis and growth of tomato seedlings by forced ventilation within the canopy[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2006,109:218-222.
[29]Dean J A.Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,Inc.,1998.
[30]马丽丽,张珍禛,郭锴.二氧化碳-水体系动态溶解平衡的探索性研究[J].北京化工大学学报:自然科学版,2009,36(6):11-15.Ma Lili,Zhang Zhenzhen,Guo Kai.Explorative research on the dynamic dissolution equilibrium in the carbon dioxide-water system[J].Journal of Beijing University of Chemical Technology:Natural Science,2009,36(6):11-15.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]K?rner O,Challa H.Process-based humidity control regime for greenhouse crops[J].Comp Elec Agri,2003,39:173-192.
[32]Sanogo S,Ji P.Water management in relation to control of Phytophthora capsici in vegetable crops[J].Agr Water M,2013,129:113-119.
[33]Krug B A,Whipker B E,Frantz J.Elevated relative humidity increases the incidence of distorted growth and boron deficiency in bedding plant plugs[J].Hort Sci,2013,48(3):311-313.
[34]Jaimes Y,Rojas J,Cilas C,et al.Suitable climate for rubber trees affected by the South American Leaf Blight(SALB):Example for identification of escape zones in the Colombian middle Magdalena[J].Crop Prot,2016,81:99-114.
[35]Clarkson J P,Fawcett L,Anthony S G,et al.A model for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection and disease development in lettuce,based on the effects of temperature,relative humidity and ascospore density[J].Plos One,2014,9(4):0094049.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094049
[36]Lyimo H J F,Pratt R C,Mnyuku R S O W.An effective integrated crop management strategy for enhanced maize production in tropical agroecosystems prone to gray leaf spot[J].Crop Prot,2012,41:57-63.
[37]Saure M C.Causes of the tipburn disorder in leaves of vegetables[J].Scientia Hort,1998,76:131-147.
[38]Kozai T.Sustainable plant factory closed plant production systems with artificial light for high resource use efficiencies and quality produce[C]//Zhu Weimin.ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1004:International Symposium on Soilless Cultivation.Eekhoutdriesstraat:Drukkerij Graphius,2013:27-40.
[39]Hansen L D,Smith B N,Criddle R S,et al.Calorimetry of plant respiration[J].Journal of Thermal Analysis,1998,51:757-763.
[40]Pamungkas A P,Hatou K,Morimoto T.Evapotranspiration model analysis of crop water use in plant factory system[J].Environmental Control in Biology,2014,52(3):183-188.
[41]Ohara H,Hirai T,Kouno K,et al.Automatic plant cultivation system(automated plant factory)[J].Environment Control in Biology,2015,53(2):93-99.
[42]Kwon S,Ryu S,Lim J.Design and implementation of an integrated management system in a plant factory to save energy[J].Cluster Computer,2014,17:727-740.
[43]Oguntoyinbo B,Saka M,Unemura Y,et al.Plant factory system construction:Cultivation environment profile optimization[J].Environment Control in Biology,2015,53(2):77-83.
[44]Benlloch-Gonzalez M,Bochicchio R,Berger J,et al.High temperature reduces the positive effect of elevated CO2 on wheat root system growth[J].Field Crops Research,2014,165:71-79.
[45]Fukuoka N,Enomoto T.The occurrence of internal browning induced by high soil temperature treatment and its physiological function in Raphanus root[J].Plant Science,2001,161:117-124.
[46]Ehret D L,Edwards D,Helmer T,et al.Effects of oxygen-enriched nutrient solution on greenhouse cucumber and pepper production[J].Sci Hort,2010,125:602-607.
[47]Chun C,Takakura T.Rate of root respiration of lettuce under various dissolved oxygen concentrations in hydroponics[J].Environ Control in Biol,1994,32(2):125-135.
[48]Morard P,Lacoste L,Silvestre J.Effect of oxygen deficiency on uptake of water and mineral nutrients by tomato plants in soilless culture[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,2000,23(8):1063-1078.
[49]Chérif M,Tirilly Y,Bélanger R R.Effect of oxygen concentration on plant growth,lipidperoxidation,and receptivity of tomato roots to pythium under hydroponic conditions[J].European Journal of Plant Pathology,1997,103:255-264.
[2]Kozai T.Resource use efficiency of closed plant production system with artificial light:Concept,estimation and application to plant factory[J].Proceedings of the Japan Academy,2013,89(10):447-461.
[3]Johkan M,Shoji K,Goto F,et al.Effect of green light wavelength and intensity on photomorphogenesis and photosynthesis in Lactuca sativa[J].Environ Exp Bot,2012,75:128-133.
[4]Park J,Nakamura K,Nishiura T,et al.Cultivation of lettuce and considerations of suitable item in plant factory adopted automatic transportation system[J].IFAC Proceedings Volumes,2013,46(4):328-331.
[5]Doo H S,Bae H J,Kim S J,et al.Production of Korean ginseng plants(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)in fully closed plant factories[J].Acta Hort,2014,1037:777-782.
[6]Okamura K,Matsuda Y,Igari K,et al.The optimal harvesting time of vaccine-producing transgenic lettuce cultivated in a closed plant factory[J].Environmental Control in Biology,2014,52(1):57-61.
[7]Miyagi H,Uchimiya H,Yamada M K.Synergistic effects of light quality,carbon dioxide and nutrients on metabolite compositions of head lettuce under artificial growth conditions mimicking a plant factory[J].Food Chem,2017,218:561-568.
[8]Moon S M,Kwon S Y,Lim J H.Minimization of temperature ranges between the top and bottom of an air flow controlling device through hybrid control in a plant factory[J].The Scientific World Journal,2014:801590.doi:10.1155/2014/801590
[9]Thongbai P,Kozai T,Ohyama K.CO2 and air circulation effects on photosynthesis and transpiration of tomato seedlings[J].Sci Hort,2010,126:338-344.
[10]Kitaya Y,Shibuya T,Yoshida M,et al.Effects of air velocity on photosynthesis of plant canopies under elevated CO2levels in a plant culture system[J].Adv Spaec Res,2004,34:1466-1469.
[11]Kitaya Y.Importance of air movement for promoting gas and heat exchanges between plants and atmosphere under controlled environments[C]//Omasa K,Nouchi I,De Kok L J.Plant Response to Air Pollution and Global Change.Tokyo:Springer-Verlag,2005:185-193.
[12]Kitaya Y,Tsuruyama J,Kawai M,et al.Effects of air current on transpiration and net photosynthetic rates of plants in a closed plant production system[C]//Kubota C,Chun C.Transplant Production in the 21st Century.Dordrecht:Springer,2000:83-90.
[13]Kitaya Y,Tsuruyama J,Shibuya T,et al.Effects of air current speed on gas exchange in plant leaves and plant canopies[J].Adv Space Res,2003,31(1):177-182.
[14]Korthals R L,Knight S L,Christianson L L,et al.Chambers for studying the effects of airflow velocity on plant growth[J].Biotronic,1994,23:113-119.
[15]Goto E,Takakura T.Promotion of Ca accumulation in inner leaves by air supply for prevention of lettuce tipburn[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1992,35(2):647-650.
[16]Frantz J M,Ritchie G.Exploring the limits of crop productivity:Beyond the limits of tipburn in lettuce[J].JAmer Soc Hort Sci,2004,129(3):331-338.
[17]Lee J G,Choi C S,Jang Y A,et al.Effects of air temperature and air flow rate control on the tipburn occurrence of leaf lettuce in a closed-type plant factory system[J].Hort Environ Biotechnol,2013,54(4):303-310.
[18]Langre E.Effects of wind on plants[J].Annu Rev Fluid Mech,2008,40:141-168.
[19]Runkle E.The boundary layer and its importance[N/OL].Greenhouse Product News,2016,03.[2018-09-25].https://gpnmag.com/article/the-boundary-layer-and-its-importance/
[20]Downs R J,Krizek D T.Air movement[C]//Langhans R W,Tibbitts T W.Plant Growth Chamber Handbook.Iowa:North Central Regional Res Publ,1997:87-104.
[21]Fitter A,Hay R.Environmental Physiology of Plants[M].3rd ed.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2012.
[22]Foereid B,Bro R,Mogensen V O,et al.Effects of windbreak strips of willow coppice:Modelling and field experiment on barley in Denmark[J].Agr Eco Env,2002,93:25-32.
[23]Nishikawa T,Fukuda H,Murase H.Effects of airflow for lettuce growth in the plant factory with an electric turntable[J].IFAC Proceedings Volumes,2013,46(4):270-273.
[24]Chang Y C,Miller W.The relationship between leaf enclosure,transpiration,and upper leaf necrosis on lilium‘Star Gazer’[J].J Amer Soc Hort Sci,2004,129(1):128-133.
[25]Goto E,Takakura T.Prevention of lettuce tipburn by supplying air to inner leaves[J].Transactions of the ASABE,1992,35:641-645.
[26]Shibata T,Iwao K,Takano T.Effect of vertical air flowing on lettuce growing in a plant factory[J].Acta Hort,1995,399:175-183.
[27]Zhang Y,Kacira M,An L L.A CFD study on improving air flow uniformity in indoor plant factory system[J].Biosyst Eng,2016,147:193-205.
[28]Shibuya T,Tsuruyama J,Kitaya Y,et al.Enhancement of photosynthesis and growth of tomato seedlings by forced ventilation within the canopy[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2006,109:218-222.
[29]Dean J A.Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,Inc.,1998.
[30]马丽丽,张珍禛,郭锴.二氧化碳-水体系动态溶解平衡的探索性研究[J].北京化工大学学报:自然科学版,2009,36(6):11-15.Ma Lili,Zhang Zhenzhen,Guo Kai.Explorative research on the dynamic dissolution equilibrium in the carbon dioxide-water system[J].Journal of Beijing University of Chemical Technology:Natural Science,2009,36(6):11-15.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]K?rner O,Challa H.Process-based humidity control regime for greenhouse crops[J].Comp Elec Agri,2003,39:173-192.
[32]Sanogo S,Ji P.Water management in relation to control of Phytophthora capsici in vegetable crops[J].Agr Water M,2013,129:113-119.
[33]Krug B A,Whipker B E,Frantz J.Elevated relative humidity increases the incidence of distorted growth and boron deficiency in bedding plant plugs[J].Hort Sci,2013,48(3):311-313.
[34]Jaimes Y,Rojas J,Cilas C,et al.Suitable climate for rubber trees affected by the South American Leaf Blight(SALB):Example for identification of escape zones in the Colombian middle Magdalena[J].Crop Prot,2016,81:99-114.
[35]Clarkson J P,Fawcett L,Anthony S G,et al.A model for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection and disease development in lettuce,based on the effects of temperature,relative humidity and ascospore density[J].Plos One,2014,9(4):0094049.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094049
[36]Lyimo H J F,Pratt R C,Mnyuku R S O W.An effective integrated crop management strategy for enhanced maize production in tropical agroecosystems prone to gray leaf spot[J].Crop Prot,2012,41:57-63.
[37]Saure M C.Causes of the tipburn disorder in leaves of vegetables[J].Scientia Hort,1998,76:131-147.
[38]Kozai T.Sustainable plant factory closed plant production systems with artificial light for high resource use efficiencies and quality produce[C]//Zhu Weimin.ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1004:International Symposium on Soilless Cultivation.Eekhoutdriesstraat:Drukkerij Graphius,2013:27-40.
[39]Hansen L D,Smith B N,Criddle R S,et al.Calorimetry of plant respiration[J].Journal of Thermal Analysis,1998,51:757-763.
[40]Pamungkas A P,Hatou K,Morimoto T.Evapotranspiration model analysis of crop water use in plant factory system[J].Environmental Control in Biology,2014,52(3):183-188.
[41]Ohara H,Hirai T,Kouno K,et al.Automatic plant cultivation system(automated plant factory)[J].Environment Control in Biology,2015,53(2):93-99.
[42]Kwon S,Ryu S,Lim J.Design and implementation of an integrated management system in a plant factory to save energy[J].Cluster Computer,2014,17:727-740.
[43]Oguntoyinbo B,Saka M,Unemura Y,et al.Plant factory system construction:Cultivation environment profile optimization[J].Environment Control in Biology,2015,53(2):77-83.
[44]Benlloch-Gonzalez M,Bochicchio R,Berger J,et al.High temperature reduces the positive effect of elevated CO2 on wheat root system growth[J].Field Crops Research,2014,165:71-79.
[45]Fukuoka N,Enomoto T.The occurrence of internal browning induced by high soil temperature treatment and its physiological function in Raphanus root[J].Plant Science,2001,161:117-124.
[46]Ehret D L,Edwards D,Helmer T,et al.Effects of oxygen-enriched nutrient solution on greenhouse cucumber and pepper production[J].Sci Hort,2010,125:602-607.
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[48]Morard P,Lacoste L,Silvestre J.Effect of oxygen deficiency on uptake of water and mineral nutrients by tomato plants in soilless culture[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,2000,23(8):1063-1078.
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