有害甲藻Stoeckeria algicida在辽东湾的时空分布
|
摘要
Stoeckeria algicida为甲藻纲胸甲球藻科,有侵噬鱼类细胞杀鱼的能力,可导致鱼类成群死亡,同时也会杀死其他海洋微藻。由于该藻个体微小、形态学鉴定困难,研究较为迟缓,我国海域几乎没有该藻的研究报道。近几年,高通量测序技术的发展极大地推动了微型/微微型浮游植物的鉴定研究,为了解我国辽东湾海域是否存在Stoeckeria algicida及其分布情况,以18S rD NA V4区作为目标基因,结合高通量测序技术,专门设计了微型/微微型浮游植物鉴定引物对V4(F/R),随后对辽东湾2014年四季海水中微型和微微型浮游植物多样性进行了检测。结果发现,Stoeckeria algicida除了春季未检出外,其他季节均有检出,温度是影响该藻繁殖的主要因素。虽然Stoeckeria algicida在整个环境样品中优势度不太明显,但其夏季密度较高(最高达2.753×10~3个/L),高值区主要分布在辽东湾东西两岸,致灾风险较高,应引起有关方面足够重视。Stoeckeria algicida在我国海域首次报道,其危害后果严峻,必须加强监测监管。
The toxic dinoflagellate,Stoeckeria algicida,belongs to the family Thoracosphaeraceae. It invades fish cells,causing high fish mortality,and also kills other marine microalgae.. algicida was first found in Masan Bay,Korea,in 2004.The morphology and ecology of S. algicida have been reported,and it has been identified as an invasive microalgae. Its vegetative and biflagellate cells are oval,and measure 7. 3—15. 9 mm( mean 11. 6) and 2. 7—12. 2 mm( mean 7. 3),respectively. Based on morphological and genealogical analyses,a previous study suggested that it could be a new species in a new genus. Grazing coefficients of up to 0. 142 min~(-1) have been reported for S. algicida on Heterosigma akashiwo,suggesting that S. algicida grazing can have a considerable impact on H. akashiwo populations. Morphological identification of S. algicida is difficult because of its small size,which has delayed research progress. Therefore,research on S. algicida in the China Sea has been limited. Recently,the development of high-throughput next generation sequencing( NGS)technology has increased nano-and picophytoplankton research output. To identify S. algicida and its distribution in Liaodong Bay,we used the 18 S rDNA V4 region as the target gene to design the primer V4( F/R),and employed NGS technology to investigate nano-and picophytoplankton diversity in Liaodong Bay. The results revealed that S. algicida was present in Liaodong Bay in every season except spring. Temperature was a significant factor in S. algicida reproduction. S.algicida was not dominant in the phytoplankton community,but its density was higher in summer( 2.753 × 10~3cells/L). S.algicida density was high on the east and west coasts of Liaodong Bay,where the risk of disastrous ecological impacts is higher. In the study,S. algicida was found and reported in Liaodong Bay,China,S. algicida could be classified as a newly naturalized species based on its distribution in Liaodong Bay. Although there are no records of red tides caused by S.algicida,measures should be taken to prevent such an occurrence,rather than mitigating the effects should a red tide occur.Furthermore,monitoring and management of toxic microalgae in aquacultural areas should be increased and a red tide early warning system should be established to avoid disasters in fisheries ecosystems.
The toxic dinoflagellate,Stoeckeria algicida,belongs to the family Thoracosphaeraceae. It invades fish cells,causing high fish mortality,and also kills other marine microalgae.. algicida was first found in Masan Bay,Korea,in 2004.The morphology and ecology of S. algicida have been reported,and it has been identified as an invasive microalgae. Its vegetative and biflagellate cells are oval,and measure 7. 3—15. 9 mm( mean 11. 6) and 2. 7—12. 2 mm( mean 7. 3),respectively. Based on morphological and genealogical analyses,a previous study suggested that it could be a new species in a new genus. Grazing coefficients of up to 0. 142 min~(-1) have been reported for S. algicida on Heterosigma akashiwo,suggesting that S. algicida grazing can have a considerable impact on H. akashiwo populations. Morphological identification of S. algicida is difficult because of its small size,which has delayed research progress. Therefore,research on S. algicida in the China Sea has been limited. Recently,the development of high-throughput next generation sequencing( NGS)technology has increased nano-and picophytoplankton research output. To identify S. algicida and its distribution in Liaodong Bay,we used the 18 S rDNA V4 region as the target gene to design the primer V4( F/R),and employed NGS technology to investigate nano-and picophytoplankton diversity in Liaodong Bay. The results revealed that S. algicida was present in Liaodong Bay in every season except spring. Temperature was a significant factor in S. algicida reproduction. S.algicida was not dominant in the phytoplankton community,but its density was higher in summer( 2.753 × 10~3cells/L). S.algicida density was high on the east and west coasts of Liaodong Bay,where the risk of disastrous ecological impacts is higher. In the study,S. algicida was found and reported in Liaodong Bay,China,S. algicida could be classified as a newly naturalized species based on its distribution in Liaodong Bay. Although there are no records of red tides caused by S.algicida,measures should be taken to prevent such an occurrence,rather than mitigating the effects should a red tide occur.Furthermore,monitoring and management of toxic microalgae in aquacultural areas should be increased and a red tide early warning system should be established to avoid disasters in fisheries ecosystems.
引文
[1]宋伦,毕相东.渤海海洋生态灾害及应急处置.沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,2015:175-210.
[2]梁玉波,王斌.中国外来海洋生物及其影响.生物多样性,2001,9(4):458-465.
[3]Worden A Z.Picoeukaryote diversity in coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean.Aquatic Microbial Ecology,2006,43(2):165-175.
[4]Marie D,Zhu F,BalaguéV,Ras J,Vaulot D.Eukaryotic picoplankton communities of the Mediterranean Sea in summer assessed by molecular approaches(DGGE,TTGE,QPCR).FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2006,55(3):403-415.
[5]Not F,Latasa M,Scharek R,Viprey M,Karleskind P,BalaguéV,Ontoria-Oviedo I,Cumino A,Goetze E,Vaulot D,Massana R.Protistan assemblages across the Indian Ocean,with a specific emphasis on the picoeukaryotes.Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,2008,55(11):1456-1473.
[6]李绿砚.中国南海微型与超微型真核浮游生物的分子生态学研究[D].广州:中山大学,2008.
[7]于杰.浮游生物多样性高效检测技术的建立及其在渤海褐潮研究中的应用[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2014.
[8]江雪娇.北黄海微微型浮游植物的丰度及微微型真核浮游生物分子多样性研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2009.
[9]Gobler C J,Lonsdale D J,Boyer G L.A review of the causes,effects,and potential management of harmful brown tide blooms caused by Aureococcus anophagefferens(Hargraves et sieburth).Estuaries,2005,28(5):726-749.
[10]王丽平,南炳旭,扈培龙.秦皇岛褐潮暴发敏感海域细菌种群特征.环境科学研究,2015,28(6):899-906.
[11]Amaral-Zettler L,Artigas L F,Baross J,Loka Bharathi P.A.,Boetius A,Chandramohan D,Herndl G,Kogure K,Neal P,Pedrós-AlióC,Ramette A,Schouten S,Stal L,Thessen A,de Leeuw J,Sogin M.A global census of marine microbes.In:McL ntyre A D,ed.Life in the World's Oceans:Diversity,Distribution and Abundance.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2010:223-245.
[12]Howad E C,Henriksen J R,Buchan A,Reisch C R,Bürgmann H,Welsh R,Ye W Y,González J M,Mace K,Joye S B,Kiene R P,Whitman W B,Moran M A.Bacterial taxa that limit sulfur flux from the ocean.Science,2006,314(5799):649-652.
[13]刘瑞玉.中国海洋生物名录.北京:科学出版社,2008:301-870.
[14]辽宁省质量技术监督局.DB21/T 2427-2015海洋褐潮监测技术规程.辽宁省地方标准,2015.
[15]Stoeck T,Bass D,Nebel M,Christen R,Jones M D M,Breiner H W,Richards T A.Multiple marker parallel tag environmental DNA sequencing reveals a highly complex eukaryotic community in marine anoxic water.Molecular Ecology,2010,19(S1):21-31.
[16]Jeong H J,Kim J S,Park J Y,Kim J H,Kim S,Lee I,Lee S H,Ha J H,Yih W H.Stoeckeria algicida n.gen.,n.sp.(Dinophyceae)from the Coastal Waters off Southern Korea:Morphology and Small Subunit Ribosomal DNA Gene Sequence.The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology,2005,52(4):382-390.
[17]Jeong H J,Kim J S,Kim J H,Kim S T,Seong K A,Kim T H,Song J Y,Kim S K.Feeding and grazing impact of the newly described heterotrophic dinoflagellate Stoeckeria algicida on the harmful alga Heterosigma akashiwo.Marine Ecology Progress Series,2005,295:69-78.
[18]林旭吟,杨军霞,李扬,吴云辉.有害费氏藻(Pfiesteria)的研究进展.福建水产,2007,(4):54-60.
[19]中华人民共和国国家海洋局.HY/T 069-2005赤潮监测技术规程.北京:中国标准出版社,2005.
[20]孙军,刘东艳,徐俊,陈凯彪.1999年春季渤海中部及其邻近海域的网采浮游植物群落.生态学报,2004,24(9):2003-2016.
[21]蔡琨,秦春燕,李继影,张咏,牛志春,李旭文.基于浮游植物生物完整性指数的湖泊生态系统评价——以2012年冬季太湖为例.生态学报,2016,36(5):1431-1441.
[22]吕永龙,苑晶晶,李奇锋,张悦清,吕笑天,苏超.陆源人类活动对近海生态系统的影响.生态学报,2016,36(5):1183-1191.
[23]姜冰,宋伦,时明明,宋广军,王影.辽宁近海外来赤潮海洋微藻入侵现状.水产科学,2015.34(12):795-800.
[2]梁玉波,王斌.中国外来海洋生物及其影响.生物多样性,2001,9(4):458-465.
[3]Worden A Z.Picoeukaryote diversity in coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean.Aquatic Microbial Ecology,2006,43(2):165-175.
[4]Marie D,Zhu F,BalaguéV,Ras J,Vaulot D.Eukaryotic picoplankton communities of the Mediterranean Sea in summer assessed by molecular approaches(DGGE,TTGE,QPCR).FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2006,55(3):403-415.
[5]Not F,Latasa M,Scharek R,Viprey M,Karleskind P,BalaguéV,Ontoria-Oviedo I,Cumino A,Goetze E,Vaulot D,Massana R.Protistan assemblages across the Indian Ocean,with a specific emphasis on the picoeukaryotes.Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,2008,55(11):1456-1473.
[6]李绿砚.中国南海微型与超微型真核浮游生物的分子生态学研究[D].广州:中山大学,2008.
[7]于杰.浮游生物多样性高效检测技术的建立及其在渤海褐潮研究中的应用[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2014.
[8]江雪娇.北黄海微微型浮游植物的丰度及微微型真核浮游生物分子多样性研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2009.
[9]Gobler C J,Lonsdale D J,Boyer G L.A review of the causes,effects,and potential management of harmful brown tide blooms caused by Aureococcus anophagefferens(Hargraves et sieburth).Estuaries,2005,28(5):726-749.
[10]王丽平,南炳旭,扈培龙.秦皇岛褐潮暴发敏感海域细菌种群特征.环境科学研究,2015,28(6):899-906.
[11]Amaral-Zettler L,Artigas L F,Baross J,Loka Bharathi P.A.,Boetius A,Chandramohan D,Herndl G,Kogure K,Neal P,Pedrós-AlióC,Ramette A,Schouten S,Stal L,Thessen A,de Leeuw J,Sogin M.A global census of marine microbes.In:McL ntyre A D,ed.Life in the World's Oceans:Diversity,Distribution and Abundance.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2010:223-245.
[12]Howad E C,Henriksen J R,Buchan A,Reisch C R,Bürgmann H,Welsh R,Ye W Y,González J M,Mace K,Joye S B,Kiene R P,Whitman W B,Moran M A.Bacterial taxa that limit sulfur flux from the ocean.Science,2006,314(5799):649-652.
[13]刘瑞玉.中国海洋生物名录.北京:科学出版社,2008:301-870.
[14]辽宁省质量技术监督局.DB21/T 2427-2015海洋褐潮监测技术规程.辽宁省地方标准,2015.
[15]Stoeck T,Bass D,Nebel M,Christen R,Jones M D M,Breiner H W,Richards T A.Multiple marker parallel tag environmental DNA sequencing reveals a highly complex eukaryotic community in marine anoxic water.Molecular Ecology,2010,19(S1):21-31.
[16]Jeong H J,Kim J S,Park J Y,Kim J H,Kim S,Lee I,Lee S H,Ha J H,Yih W H.Stoeckeria algicida n.gen.,n.sp.(Dinophyceae)from the Coastal Waters off Southern Korea:Morphology and Small Subunit Ribosomal DNA Gene Sequence.The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology,2005,52(4):382-390.
[17]Jeong H J,Kim J S,Kim J H,Kim S T,Seong K A,Kim T H,Song J Y,Kim S K.Feeding and grazing impact of the newly described heterotrophic dinoflagellate Stoeckeria algicida on the harmful alga Heterosigma akashiwo.Marine Ecology Progress Series,2005,295:69-78.
[18]林旭吟,杨军霞,李扬,吴云辉.有害费氏藻(Pfiesteria)的研究进展.福建水产,2007,(4):54-60.
[19]中华人民共和国国家海洋局.HY/T 069-2005赤潮监测技术规程.北京:中国标准出版社,2005.
[20]孙军,刘东艳,徐俊,陈凯彪.1999年春季渤海中部及其邻近海域的网采浮游植物群落.生态学报,2004,24(9):2003-2016.
[21]蔡琨,秦春燕,李继影,张咏,牛志春,李旭文.基于浮游植物生物完整性指数的湖泊生态系统评价——以2012年冬季太湖为例.生态学报,2016,36(5):1431-1441.
[22]吕永龙,苑晶晶,李奇锋,张悦清,吕笑天,苏超.陆源人类活动对近海生态系统的影响.生态学报,2016,36(5):1183-1191.
[23]姜冰,宋伦,时明明,宋广军,王影.辽宁近海外来赤潮海洋微藻入侵现状.水产科学,2015.34(12):795-800.