新疆机采棉花实现叶片快速脱落需要的温度条件
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摘要
随着机采棉的快速推进,籽棉含杂率过高导致清理工序过多及纤维不必要的损伤。新疆棉区棉花生长后期的热量资源有限,如何合理喷施脱叶催熟剂是改善原棉品质的关键技术措施。本研究采用分期喷施脱叶催熟剂的方式,探讨了温度变化对棉花叶片脱落率的影响及实现棉花叶片快速脱落需要的温度条件。结果表明,在喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0)d内,棉花叶片脱落率最高,达55%～79%,且与最高温度和每日≥12°C有效积温呈显著的线性关系。若要在喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0)d内实现>55%的叶片脱落率,则应满足该时间段最高温度大于27.2°C、每日≥12°C有效积温大于7.0°C·日的要求。因此,喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0) d内是实现良好脱叶效果的关键时间段,期间的最高温度和每日≥12°C有效积温则是影响的关键因素。
Machinical harvesters have increasing used in recent years,but excessive seed-cotton cleaning processes resulting from the higher foreign matter of mechanically harvested cotton cause unintended fiber damage.How to apply the defoliant to improve lint quality is a dominant cultural practice,because temperatures are unstable in the Xinjiang cotton belt with minimum dropping sharply in early autumn.The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between temperatures and the rapid leaf abscission of cotton.The cotton leaf abscission rate was the highest,being from 55% to 79% at(7.0±1.0) days after defoliant application.And growing degree days(GDD) and maximum temperature were positively correlated with the cotton leaf abscission during(7.0±1.0) days after defoliant application.If obtaining more than 55% leaf abscission at(7.0±1.0) days after defoliant application,the maximum temperature and GDD should be more than 27.2°C and 7.0°C day,respectively.Therefore,the critical period promoting the good leaf abscission of cotton is during(7.0±1.0) days after defoliant application,and the dominant temperature factors influencing cotton leaf abscission are the maximum temperature and growing degree days.
Machinical harvesters have increasing used in recent years,but excessive seed-cotton cleaning processes resulting from the higher foreign matter of mechanically harvested cotton cause unintended fiber damage.How to apply the defoliant to improve lint quality is a dominant cultural practice,because temperatures are unstable in the Xinjiang cotton belt with minimum dropping sharply in early autumn.The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between temperatures and the rapid leaf abscission of cotton.The cotton leaf abscission rate was the highest,being from 55% to 79% at(7.0±1.0) days after defoliant application.And growing degree days(GDD) and maximum temperature were positively correlated with the cotton leaf abscission during(7.0±1.0) days after defoliant application.If obtaining more than 55% leaf abscission at(7.0±1.0) days after defoliant application,the maximum temperature and GDD should be more than 27.2°C and 7.0°C day,respectively.Therefore,the critical period promoting the good leaf abscission of cotton is during(7.0±1.0) days after defoliant application,and the dominant temperature factors influencing cotton leaf abscission are the maximum temperature and growing degree days.
引文
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[3]Brown L C,Rhyne C L.Chemical defoliation of cotton:II.The influence of boll maturity on the defoliability of species and varieties of cotton.Agron J,1954,46:128-132.
[4]上海植物生理研究所.乙烯利促进棉铃吐絮试验.植物学报,1977,19:20-24.Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology.The accelerating effect of ethrel on the opening of cotton bolls.Chin Bull Bot,1977,19:20-24(in Chinese with English abstract).
[5]Snipes C E,Baskin C C.Influence of early defoliation on cotton yield,seed quality,and fiber properties.Field Crops Res,1994,37:137-143.
[6]Bednarz C W,Shurley W D,Anthony W S.Losses in yield,quality,and profitability of cotton from improper harvest timing.Agron J,2002,94:1004-1011.
[7]李新裕,陈玉娟,乔江,陶学江.脱叶剂对棉花产量及纤维品质的影响.中国棉花,2001,28(2):11-13.Li X Y,Chen Y J,Qiao J,Tao X J.Effect of defoliation on cotton yield and quality.China Cotton,2001,28(2):11-13(in Chinese).
[8]Larson J A,Gwathmey C O,Hayes R M.Cotton defoliation and harvest timing effects on yields,quality,and net revenues.JCotton Sci,2002,6:13-27.
[9]Logan J,Gwathmey O.Effects of weather on cotton responses to harvest-aid chemicals.J Cotton Sci,2002,6:1-12.
[10]Faircloth J C,Edmisten K L,Wells R,Stewart A M.The influence of defoliation timing on yields and quality of two cotton cultivars.Crop Sci,2004,44:165-172.
[11]Craig C.W075:Cotton defoliation timing.TN:the University of Tennessee Agriculture Extension Service,2010[2010-03].http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_agexcrop/88.
[12]Banger M P,Long R T,Constable G A,Gordon S G.Minimizing immature fiber and neps in upland cotton.Agron J,2010,102:781-789.
[13]Faircloth J C,Edmisten K L,Wells R,Stewart A M.Timing defoliation applications for maximum yield and optimum quality in cotton containing a fruiting gap.Crop Sci,2004,44:158-164.
[14]Long R L,Bange M P.Consequences of immature fiber on the processing performance of upland cotton.Field Crops Res,2011,121:401-407.
[15]Cathey G W,Luckett K E,Rayburn Jr S T.Accelerated cotton boll dehiscence with growth regulator and desiccant chemicals.Field Crops Res,1982,5:113-120.
[16]Brown L C,Hyer A H.Chemical defoliation of cotton:V.Effects of premature defoliant and desiccant treatments on boll components,fiber properties,germination,and yield of cotton.Agron J,1956,48:50-55.
[17]Miller D,Stephenson D,Fromme D.Cotton harvest aid guidelines for Louisiana,LA:The LSU AgCenter,2014[2014-09-14].https://www.lsuagcenter.com/topics/crops/cotton/agronomy.
[18]Snipes C E,Wills G D.Influence of temperature and adjuvants on thidiazuron activity in cotton leaves.Weed Sci,1994,42:13-17.
[19]陈冠文,李新裕,王光强,韩树德,谢军,乔江,陶学江,闫志顺.南疆机采棉田化学脱叶技术试验.新疆农垦科技,2000,(6):9-11.Chen G W,Li X Y,Wang G Q,Han S D,Xie J,Qiao J,Tao X J,Yan Z S.Experiment of cotton picker chemical defoliation technique at Xinjiang.Xinjiang Farm Res Sci Tech,2000,(6):9-11(in Chinese).
[20]Supak J R,Snipes C E.Cotton Harvest Management:Use and Influence of Harvest Aids.Memphis:Cotton Foundation,2001.pp51-72.
[21]王林,赵冰梅,丁志欣,刘晨,高海明,张强,张虎,李峰,蒋智超,雷振华.机采棉脱叶剂喷施技术规范.新疆维吾尔自治区地方标准,DB65T 3980-2017,2017-03-20.Wang L,Zhao B M,Ding Z X,Liu C,Gao H M,Zhang Q,Zhang H,Li F,Jiang Z C,Lei Z H.Technical specification of spraying defoliant mechanical harvesting of cotton field.Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Standard,DB65T 3980-2017,2017-03-20(in Chinese).
[22]许建,丁志毅,许蓉,许莉.棉花化学脱叶催熟效果及其对棉子质量影响初报.新疆农业科学,2003,40:116-118.Xu J,Ding Z Y,Xu R,Xu L.Effects of chemical defoliation on cotton yield.Xinjiang Agric Sci,2003,40:116-118(in Chinese with English abstract).
[23]Stewart A M,Edmisten K L,Wells R.Boll openers in cotton:effectiveness and environmental influences.Field Crops Res,2000,67:83-90.
[24]过兴先,曾伟.新疆棉区的气温和棉铃发育关系的研究.作物学报,1989,15:202-212.Guo X X,Zeng W.A study on relationship between temperature and cotton boll development in Xinjiang.Acta Agron Sin,1989,15:202-212(in Chinese with English abstract).
[25]新疆维吾尔自治区统计局.新疆统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社,2017.p 335.Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Xinjiang Statistical Yearbook.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2017.pp 335(in Chinese).
[26]新疆生产建设兵团统计局,国家统计局兵团调查总队.新疆生产建设兵团统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社,2017.pp216-219.Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Production&Construction Corps,National Bureau Statistics Survey Office of Xinjiang.Xinjiang Production&Construction Corps Statistical Yearbook.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2017.pp 216-219(in Chinese).
[27]唐淑荣,杨伟华,彭振,褚平,侯爱玲,孟俊婷,冯翠萍.14年来我国棉花生产领域纤维品质状况分析.见:中国农学会棉花分会2012年年会论文汇编.运城:中国农学会棉花分会,2012.pp 18-21.Tang S R,Yang W H,Peng Z,Chu P,Hou A L,Meng J T,Feng CP.Analysis on the fiber quality of cotton sample from the field of production during 14 years.In:Proceedings of Chinese Agricultural Society of Cotton Branch Annual Conference in 2012.Yuncheng:Chinese Agricultural Society of Cotton Branch,2012.pp18-21(in Chinese with English abstract).
[28]Tian J S,Zhang X Y,Zhang W F,Dong H Y,Jiu X L,Yu Y C,Zhao Z.Leaf adhesiveness affects damage to fiber strength during seed cotton cleaning of machine-harvested cotton.Ind Crop Prod,2017,107:211-216.
[29]裴新民,王冰,忽晓葵,迪丽娜,王勇,刘朝宇.采棉机作业质量.中华人民共和国农业行业标准,NY/T 113-2006,2006-10-01.Pei X M,Wang B,Hu X K,Di L N,Wang Y,Liu C Y.Operating quality for cotton picker.The People’s Republic of China Standard,NY/T 113-2006,2006.10.01(in Chinese).
[30]姜伟丽,马艳,马小艳,马亚杰,李希风.不同脱叶催熟剂在棉花上的应用效果.中国棉花,2013,40(10):11-14.Jiang W L,Ma Y,Ma X Y,Ma Y J,Li X F.The application effect of different defoliants and ripeners on cotton.China Cotton,2013,40(10):11-14(in Chinese).
[31]樊庆鲁,陈云,陈冠文,尹飞虎.不同配方棉花脱叶与催熟应用技术研究.新疆农业科学,2010,47:2390-2396.Fan Q L,Chen Y,Chen G W,Yin F H.Study on and venli technology of maturation and defoliation of cotton under different formulations.Xinjiang Agric Sci,2010,47:2390-2396(in Chinese with English abstract).
[32]Supak J R,Snipes C E.Cotton Harvest Management:Use and Influence of Harvest Aids.Memphis:Cotton Foundation,2001.pp21-50.
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